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Les Relations De La Corée Du Sud Et Les Pays D'asie Du Sud-Est. Quelle Les relations de la Corée du Sud et les pays d’Asie du Sud-Est. Quelle stratégie pour une puissance moyenne ? Arnaud Leveau To cite this version: Arnaud Leveau. Les relations de la Corée du Sud et les pays d’Asie du Sud-Est. Quelle stratégie pour une puissance moyenne ?. Science politique. Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012ENSL0718. tel-00727603 HAL Id: tel-00727603 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00727603 Submitted on 4 Sep 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur de l'École Normale Supérieure de Lyon - Université de Lyon Discipline : Science politique Laboratoire : Institut d’Asie Orientale École Doctorale en Sciences sociales (ED 483 ScSo) présentée et soutenue publiquement le 22 juin 2012 par M. Arnaud LEVEAU LES RELATIONS DE LA COREE DU SUD AVEC LES PAYS D’ASIE DU SUD-EST : QUELLE STRATEGIE POUR UNE PUISSANCE MOYENNE ? Directeur de thèse : M. Guy FAURE Après l'avis de : M. Michel KORINMAN M. Eric SEIZELET Devant la commission d'examen formée de : (ordre alphabétique) M. Alain DELISSEN, Membre, Directeur d’études à l’EHESS M. Guy FAURE, Directeur, CR CNRS, ENS Lyon, IAO M. Alain FOREST, Membre, professeur à Paris VII M. Michel KORINMAN, Rapporteur, professeur à Paris IV M. Eric SEIZELET, Rapporteur, professeur VII Remerciements : A Guy Faure pour avoir accepté de diriger et d’encadrer cette étude ainsi que Bae Geung Chan de l’Institute of Foreign Affairs and National Security pour son accueil chaleureux et ses nombreux conseils. Nous tenons également à remercier Shin Yoon- hwan et Lee Sang-kook de l’université Sogang, Yoo Jin-sook de l’Asean-Korea Centre, Pavin Chachavalpongpun de l’Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, David Steinberg de l’université de Georgetown, Jean-François Sabouret et Jacques Ivanoff du CNRS, Shiraishi Masaya de l’université Waseda, Pierre Jaffre d’EADS ainsi que celles et ceux qui ont contribué d’une manière ou d’un autre au bon déroulement de cette étude. ! Cette étude a bénéficié d’une bourse de terrain 2011 de la fondation de Corée (Korea Foundation) ainsi que du soutien financier de la société EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space) ! 1! RESUME Au cours de cette étude, nous avons cherché à déterminer le niveau et les moyens de la puissance sud-coréenne. Nous nous sommes demandés si la Corée du Sud ne pourrait pas se présenter comme un Etat pivot capable de faire le lien entre des Etats ou des partenaires antagonistes, aussi bien en Asie du Nord-Est qu’en Asie du Sud- Est. Aussi après avoir examiné les moyens de la puissance sud-coréenne nous avons conclu que le pays était une puissance moyenne traditionnelle n’ayant pas encore acquis le statut de puissance régionale et qu’en ce sens elle constituait une puissance atypique. Confrontée aux trois grandes puissances que sont la Chine, les Etats-Unis et le Japon, la Corée du Sud ne dispose que d’une marge de manœuvre très étroite pour affirmer sa présence internationale. Le développement de sa présence en Asie du Sud-Est est donc devenu en l’espace de quelques années un impératif de sa politique étrangère du pays. A l’instar du Japon d’après-guerre, le Sud-Est asiatique constitue une aire d’apprentissage privilégiée pour la diplomatie sud-coréenne et pour son action extérieure. ABSTRACT In this study, we tried to determine the exact level and means of the South Korean power. We wondered if South Korea could present itself as a pivotal state that is able to bridge antagonistic partners, both in Northeast and Southeast Asia. After considering the aspects of the South Korean power we concluded that the country is a traditional middle size power that has not yet acquired the status of regional power. In that sense the country is an untypical power. Facing three major powers such as China, the United States and Japan, South Korea has only a very narrow latitude to establish its international presence. Therefore developing its presence in Southeast Asia has become in just a few years an priority of its foreign Policy. For South Korea Southeast Asia is a privileged place where to learn and to develop its own external action, like it was for the post war Japan. Mots clefs : Aide publique au développement, ASEAN, Asie du Sud-Est, bilatéralisme, Corée du Sud, immigration, puissance moyenne, influence, multilatéralisme, relations internationales, vague coréenne. ! 2! LES RELATIONS DE LA COREE DU SUD AVEC LES PAYS D’ASIE DU SUD-EST : QUELLE STRATEGIE POUR UNE PUISSANCE MOYENNE ? SOMMAIRE TABLE GÉNÉRALE Remerciements p.1 Résumé en français et abstract en anglais p.2 Introduction p.8 TABLE DES MATIÈRES Première partie : LES SPECIFICITES DU DEVELOPPEMENT DE LA COREE DU SUD 1.1 - Des marges de manœuvre limitées p.24 1.1.1 - La perception de la menace p.25 1.1.2 - Les menaces actuelles p.27 1.1.3 - Le besoin de stabilité p.29 1.1.4 - La recherche de nouvelles opportunités p.32 1.2 - Une aspiration à une plus grande indépendance p.35 1.2.1 - Éléments de mesure de la puissance sud-coréenne p.35 1.2.2 - La Corée du Sud : une puissance moyenne ? p.40 1.2.3 - La Corée du Sud : une puissance traditionnelle ? p.46 1.2.4 - Les moyens de la puissance régionale sud-coréenne p.49 1.3 - Un intérêt récent pour l’Asie du Sud-Est p.62 1.3.1 - Un intérêt pour le reste de l’Asie longtemps limité p.62 1.3.2 - La priorité au développement économique p.64 1.3.3 - Une ouverture timide et tardive p.67 1.3.4 - L’Asie du Sud-Est, un réservoir de main-d’œuvre p.70 ! 3! Seconde partie : POSITION INTERNATIONALE ET STYLE DIPLOMATIQUE SUD-COREEN 2 .1 - D’assisté à donateur p.75 2.1.1 - Les prémices de l’aide publique sud-coréenne au développement p.75 2.1.2 - L’organisation de l’aide publique sud-coréenne au développement p.76 2.1.3 - Les cinq pays stratégiques d’Asie du Sud-Est p.81 2.1.4 - Un pays clé : le Viêt Nam p.86 2.1.5 – Une politique de prêts p.90 2.2 - Une politique culturelle dynamique p.93 2.2.1 – Audiovisuel : un changement de paradigme p.94 2.2.2 – Occuper le terrain p.96 2.2.3 – La vague culturelle en Asie du Sud-Est p.99 2.3.4 – Renforcer l’influence culturelle p.100 2.3 - Un acteur de la sécurité mondiale p.103 2.3.1 - Une présence sur plusieurs théâtres d’opérations p.103 2.3.2 - L’opportunité vietnamienne p.106 2.3.3 - L’impératif sud-est asiatique p.110 2.3.4 - Sécuriser ses intérêts en mer de Chine du Sud p.112 Troisième partie : UNE PUISSANCE DEFENSIVE EN ASIE DU NORD-EST, UNE PUISSANCE OFFENSIVE EN ASIE DU SUD-EST 3.1 - La question de la Corée du Nord p.118 3.1.1 - Une éclaircie momentanée p.118 3.1.2 - Un regain de tensions p.121 3.1.3 – Un retour en arrière p.123 3.1.4 - Le risque nucléaire p.127 3.2 - La montée en puissance de la Chine p.131 3.2.1 - La Chine et le programme nucléaire nord-coréen p.131 3.2.2 - Pour le maintien du statu quo p.134 3.2.3 – Des prétentions impériales p.138 3.2.4 – Un partenaire incontournable p.141 ! 4! 3.3 - Entre multilatéralisme et bilatéralisme p.146 3.3.1 - Pour une coalition des moyens p.146 3.3.2 - Une nouvelle initiative pour l’Asie : l’avant et l’arrière-cour p.148 3.3.3 - Devenir un acteur mondial p.150 3.3.4 - Le bilatéralisme, un facteur d’efficacité p.154 Quatrième partie : LA PRESENCE SUD-COREENNE EN ASIE DU SUD-EST 4.1 - Une présence avant tout économique p.158 4.1.1 - Une arrivée tardive p.158 4.1.2 - Un effet de rattrapage p.160 4.1.3 - Des secteurs ciblés p.165 4.1.4 – Des possibilités limitées p.167 4.2 - Flux migratoires et professionnels p.174 4.2.1 - Une immigration professionnelle p.174 4.2.2 - Une intégration difficile dans une société ethniquement homogène p.182 4.2.3 - Une tentative de réponse à la dénatalité p.184 4.2.4 - Des mariages internationaux p.190 4.2.5 - Vers une société multiculturelle ? p.192 4.2.6 - Les expatriés sud-coréens en Asie du Sud-Est p.196 4.3 - Des ambitions politiques et diplomatiques p.200 4.3.1 - Distinguer le politique de l’économique p.200 4.3.2 – Une adaptation permanente p.202 4.3.3 - Un activisme régional croissant p.207 4.3.4 - Entre autonomie et alliance p.209 4.3.5 – La niche régionale p.210 Cinquième partie : LES FREINS A L’ACTION INTERNATIONALE DE LA COREE DU SUD EN ASIE DU SUD-EST 5.1 - Des connaissances limitées p.212 5.1.1 - La première vague de recherche académique p.212 5.1.2 - Un intérêt croissant à partir de 1990 p.216 5.1.3 - L’état de la recherche sud-coréenne sur l’Asie du Sud-Est p.219 5.1.4 - Les tendances pour l’avenir p.221 ! 5! 5.2 - Un activisme désordonné p.225 5.2.1 - Un management autoritaire qui pose problème p.225 5.2.2 - Un faible respect des lois locales p.228 5.2.3 - La gestion du tourisme p.229 5.2.4 - Un prosélytisme incontrôlé p.231 5.3 – L’instabilité stratégique p.234 5.3.1 - Le poids nord-coréen p.234 5.3.2 - Un environnement difficile p.237 5.3.3 - Des changements de direction trop fréquents p.239 5.3.4 - Une quête identitaire inachevée p.241 Conclusion p.244 Liste des sigles p.254 Listes de tableaux p.257 Bibliographie p.259 Table of contents p.302 Annexes p.305 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6! ! ! CARTE DE L’ASIE ORIENTALE ! ! ! ! ! ! (Source Irasec, Mikaël Brodu) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 7! ! ! INTRODUCTION « Dans l’âge d’or de l’Asie La Corée était un de ses porteurs de lumière Et la lampe attend d’être rallumée Pour illuminer l’Orient »1 Tagore Au cours de son troisième séjour au Japon en 1929, le poète indien Gurudeva Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1942) fut invité par un groupe de jeunes nationalistes coréens installés à Tokyo à se rendre en Corée.
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