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Global Corruption Report 2008 (Transparency International, 2008) More than 1 billion people live with inadequate access to safe drinking water, with dramatic consequences for lives, livelihoods and development. Transparency International’s Global Corruption Report 2008 demonstrates in its thematic section that corruption is a cause and cat- alyst for this water crisis, which is likely to be further exacerbated by climate change. Corruption affects all aspects of the water sector, from water resources management to drink- ing water services, irrigation and hydropower. In this timely report, scholars and profession- als document the impact of corruption in the sector, with case studies from all around the world offering practical suggestions for reform. The second part of the Global Corruption Report 2008 provides a snapshot of corruption-related developments in thirty-five countries from all world regions. The third part presents sum- maries of corruption-related research, highlighting innovative methodologies and new empir- ical findings that help our understanding of the dynamics of corruption and in devising more effective anti-corruption strategies. Transparency International (TI) is the civil society organisation leading the global fight against corruption. Through more than ninety chapters worldwide and an international secretariat in Berlin, Germany, TI raises awareness of the damaging effects of corruption, and works with partners in government, business and civil society to develop and implement effective meas- ures to tackle it. For more information, go to www.transparency.org. Global Corruption Report 2008 Corruption in the Water Sector TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL the global coalition against corruption CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521727952 © Transparency International 2008 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2008 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-72795-2 ISSN: 1749-3161 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Edited by Dieter Zinnbauer and Rebecca Dobson Contributing editors: Krina Despota, Craig Fagan, Michael Griffin, Robin Hodess and Mark Worth Every effort has been made to verify the accuracy of the information contained in this report, including allegations. All information was believed to be correct as of September 2007. Nevertheless, Transparency International cannot guarantee the accuracy and the completeness of the contents. Nor can Transparency International accept responsibility for the consequences of its use for other purposes or in other contents. Contributions to the Global Corruption Report 2008 by authors external to Transparency International do not necessarily reflect the view of Transparency International or its national chapters. Contents Illustrations xi Contributors xiii Preface xvii Huguette Labelle Foreword – Water in the community: why integrity matters xix Wangari Maathai Acknowledgements xxi Executive summary xxiii Transparency International Part one: Corruption in the water sector 1 Introducing water and corruption Water and corruption: a destructive partnership 3 Janelle Plummer Corruption in water: a matter of life and death 16 Charles Kenny 2 Water resources management Corruption and water resources management: threats to quality, equitable access and environmental sustainability 18 Kristen Lewis and Roberto Lenton Climate change: raising the stakes for cleaning up corruption in water governance 28 Transparency International Can integrated water resources management prevent corruption? 31 John Butterworth Afghanistan’s upstream powers, downstream woes 33 Drewery Dyke Corruption fuels housing boom and water stress along Spain’s coast 35 Enriqueta Abad v vi Contents Corruption without borders: the challenges of transboundary water management 37 Transparency International 3 Water and sanitation Water for the poor: corruption in water supply and sanitation 40 Muhammad Sohail and Sue Cavill Corruption in urban water use by the poor 52 Bernard Collignon Building water integrity: private water operators’ perspective 54 Jack Moss Water corruption in industrialised countries: not so petty? 55 Per Ljung The public and private faces of corruption in water 57 Transparency International Pipe manufacturers in Colombia and Argentina take the anti-corruption pledge 62 Virginia Lencina, Lucila Polzinetti and Alma Rocío Balcázar Clearing muddied waters: groups in India fight corruption with information 64 Venkatesh Nayak 4 Water for food Water for food: corruption in irrigation systems 67 Frank R. Rijsberman Power, bribery and fairness in Pakistan’s canal irrigation systems 77 Jean-Daniel Rinaudo Questionable irrigation deals ignore plight of Filipino farmers 79 Sonny Africa Sealing water aid against corruption: donor interventions, donor responsibilities 82 Grit Martinez and Kathleen Shordt 5 Water for energy Water for energy: corruption in the hydropower sector 85 Lawrence Haas Hydropower corruption and the politics of resettlement 96 Thayer Scudder Contents vii The disappearance of homes and money: the case of the Three Gorges Dam 99 Gørild M. Heggelund Industry view: public–private hydropower – minimising the corruption risks 102 Kathy Shandling and Reinier Lock Grand projects – grand corruption? 104 Peter Bosshard and Nicholas Hildyard 6 Conclusions Fighting corruption in water: strategies, tools and ways forward 106 Donal T. O’Leary and Patrik Stålgren Part two: Country reports 7 Corruption through a national lens Introduction 121 Rebecca Dobson (Transparency International) 7.1 Africa and the Middle East Cameroon 123 Raymond Dou’a and Maurice Nguefack (TI Cameroon) Kenya 128 Lisa Karanja, Kennedy Masime, Fred Owegi and Lawrence Gikaru (TI Kenya) Niger 134 Idrissa Alichina Kourgueni (Association Nigérienne de Lutte contre la Corruption – TI Niger) Palestinian Authority 137 Frosse Dabit (Transparency Palestine – AMAN) Senegal 141 Semou Ndiaye (Forum Civil – TI Senegal) Sierra Leone 145 Yusuf Umaru Dalhatu (National Accountability Group – TI local partner, Sierra Leone) Zambia 150 Louis Bwalya, Goodwell Lungu and Kavwanga Yambayamba (TI Zambia) 7.2 Americas Argentina 156 Federico Arenoso, Gastón Rosenberg, Martín Astarita, Pablo Secchi, Varina Suleiman and Lucila Polzinetti (Poder Ciudadano – TI Argentina) viii Contents Chile 161 Felipe de Solar (TI Chile) Mexico 165 Transparencia Mexicana (TI Mexico) Nicaragua 170 Byron López Rivera (Grupo Cívico Ética y Transparencia – TI Nicaragua) Paraguay 173 Carlos Filártiga (TI Paraguay) United States 177 TI USA 7.3 Asia and the Pacific Bangladesh 181 Iftekhar Zaman and Tanvir Mahmud (TI Bangladesh) India 187 Paramjit S. Bawa (TI India) Indonesia 191 Anung Karyadi (TI Indonesia) Japan 197 Toru Umeda, Keiichi Yamazahi and Minoru O’uchi (TI Japan) Malaysia 201 Richard Y. W. Yeoh and Natalie P. W. Ng (TI Malaysia) Nepal 207 Ramesh Nath Dhungel (TI Nepal) Pakistan 211 Syed Adil Gilani (TI Pakistan) Papua New Guinea 216 TI Papua New Guinea Philippines 220 Segundo Romero, Dolores Español and Aileen Laus (TI Philippines) 7.4 Europe and Central Asia Armenia 225 Sona Ayvazyan (Center for Regional Development – TI Armenia) Austria 231 Hubert Sickinger (TI Austria) Contents ix Georgia 236 Camrin Christensen and Tamuna Karosanidze (TI Georgia) Germany 242 Dagmar Schröder-Huse (TI Germany) Israel 247 Doron Navot (Hebrew University and the Israel Democracy Institute) Latvia 252 Lı˜ga Stafecka and Zanda Garanca (TI Latvia) Montenegro 256 Vanja Calovic (The Network for Affirmation of the NGO Sector – MANS) Romania 261 Iulia Cospanaru, Matthew Loftis and Andreea Nastase (TI Romania) Slovakia 267 Emilia Sicˇáková-Beblava (TI Slovakia) Spain 271 Manuel Villoria (TI Spain) Switzerland 276 TI Switzerland Ukraine 280 Anna Yarovaya and Olga Mashtaler (NGO ‘Anticorruption Committee’ – TI national contact group, Ukraine) United Kingdom 286 TI UK Part three: Research Introduction 293 Dieter Zinnbauer 8 The big picture: measuring corruption and benchmarking progress in the fight against corruption Corruption Perceptions Index 2007 296 Johann Graf Lambsdorff Global Corruption Barometer 2007 303 Juanita Riaño Global Integrity Report 307 Jonathan Werve and Nathaniel Heller x Contents The Americas Barometer 2006: report on corruption 312 Mitchell A. Seligson and Dominique Zéphyr The World Governance Assessment: corruption and other dimensions of governance 315 Verena Fritz, Ken Mease, Marta Foresti and Goran Hyden National Integrity System scoring system 319 Sarah Repucci 9 Sectoral insights: capturing corruption risks and performance in key sectors Promoting Revenue Transparency Project: from resource curse to resource blessing? 321 Juanita Olaya Crinis: measuring accountability, disclosure and oversight on who finances whom in politics 323 Bruno W. Speck and Silke Pfeiffer 10 Understanding the details: investigating
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