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PAVYH: Afrotheria PAVYH: Afrotheria Los estudios paleontológicos y moleculares muestran que después de los xenartros, el siguiente grupo en diferenciarse fue el de los Afrotheria: elefantes, cerdos hormigueros (Tubulidentata), tenrecs y topos dorados, hiraxes y vacas marinas o bacamarinas) Kriegs et al., 2006 www.aragosaurus.com Afrotheria: Tubulidentata •Sólo una especie viviente: el Orycteropus afer el cerdo hormiguero •Mioceno – Actual •Nocturno y excavador •Alimentación especializada: hormigas (como los osos hormigueros) •Sin incisivos ni caninos •10 dientes tubulares en los lados, sólo de cemento, sin esmalte Afrotheria: No es un tenrec, es un erizo Tenrecs •Madagascar y Africa subsahariana occidental •Alrededor de una treintena de especies vivientes •Tenrec ecaudatus •Muchos tienen espinas por lo que se asemejan a los erizos (Lipotyphla) African insectivore mammals Molecular evidence for multiple origins of Insectivora and for a new order of endemic Gregory C. Cleven, Diana Kao, and Mark S. Springer Michael J. Stanhope, Victor G. Waddell, Ole Madsen, Wilfried de Jong, S. Blair Hedges, doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9967 1998;95;9967-9972 PNAS Afrotheria: topos dorados: Chrysochloridae • Topos dorados • Son animales insectívoros, excavadores • 17 especies africanas • Aparecen en el Mioceno Chrysospalax trevelyani Michigan Science Art Afrotheria: Hyracoidea, Hyrax, damanes I-Shapan-im tierra de damanes (Shaphan en hebreo) es el nombre que le dieron los fenicios a España, tierra de conejos: confundieron los abundantes Oryctolagus de la península con los damanes africanos. De I- shapan-im deriva Ispahan, y finalmente Hispania y España •Los damanes, emparentados con los elefantes, aparecen en el Eoceno en África •Hoy pequeños, parecidos superficialmente a los conejos por lo que se les confunde a menudo. •Las primeras traducciones europeas del hebreo citan conejo en lugar de damán •En el Eoceno y Oligoceno alcanzaron gran tamaño y los únicos herbívoros de la biota africana, desplazados por los bóvidos en el Mioceno Heterohyrax brucei http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrax Afrotheria: Elefantes, mastodontes y mamuts Orden Proboscidea • La mayoría de los proboscídeos son grandes animales extintos del Eoceno-Pleistoceno: gonfoterios, mamuts, stegododontes y elefantes que son los únicos supervivientes • Sólo hay dos especies de elefantes vivientes: el elefante africano, Loxodonta africana, y el elefante indio, Elephas maximus • Aparecen en el Eoceno en Africa, como todos los Afrotheria y fueron enormemente diversos durante el Plio-Pleistoceno con grandes poblaciones como lo muestran sus restos fósiles http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/proboscidea.html Restos de Elefantes Craneal de elefantes Elephas maximus Myers, P. 2000. "Proboscidea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 28, 2006 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Proboscidea.html. Los dientes de los elefantes Stegodon airawana molar from Sangiran, Java. Nat. History Museum Vienn • Incisivos: (Photo © Jutta Kirchner, Vie defensas o “colmillos” • Molares Mammuthus Los dientes de los elefantes • Son lofodontos loxodontos ADW: animal diversity web Postcraneal de elefantes: piezas de museos Adrian Lister en el Museo Numantino de Soria Senckenberg Historia evolutiva de los Elefantes Primeros proboscídeos: Phosphatherium Encontrado recientemente por Manu Gheerbrant y su equipo en el Eoceno inf del norte de Africa (Marruecos) Sólo pesaba 15 kg Sus dientes, lofodontos, son una réplica en miniatura de los de Numidotherium Nature 383, 68 - 70 (05 September 1996); doi:10.1038/383068a0 A Palaeocene proboscidean from Morocco Emmanuel Gheerbrant*, Jean Sudre† & Henri Cappetta† *Laboratoire de Paléontologie des Vertébrés (Case 106), CNRS-URA 1761, Université Paris 6, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France †Institut des Sciences de I'Evolution (Case 64), E.P.H.E. and CNRS-UMR 5554, Université Montpellier II, Place E. http://www.dinosoria.com/proboscidiens htm Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France UNTIL recently, the oldest known Arabo-African fossils of the elephant order (Proboscidea) were scarce Moeritherium- like remains from the Middle Eocene epoch of Mali1 and Senegal2. In 1984 the discovery in Algeria of Numidotherium koholense 3 pushed back the record to the late Early Eocene. Here we report the discovery of a new genus in the late Palaeocene (Thanetian) epoch of Morocco (Ouled Abdoun Basin), about 7 million years older than Numidotherium. The new specimen is not only the oldest and smallest known proboscidean, but also the first modern ungulate from pre-Eocene strata. Though indirect data support an early eutherian radiation, close to the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, this is also among the very few known occurrences of modern placental orders before the Eocene. Unexpectedly, it belongs to what is, according to current phylogenetic studies4,5, one of the most derived eutherian orders, providing new evidence for a very early radiation of modern orders of placentals. Moeritherium: Eoceno Africa Posible habitante de riveras, tendría una vida semiacuática, como los hipopótamos Al igual que Phosphatherium y Numidotherium tendrían unas defensas y trompa poco desarrolladas Phiomia Este proboscideo es el primero en tener un tamaño grande, semejante en tamaño a un caballo Phiomia vivió en el Oligoceno africano En el Mioceno los elefantes se diversifican. Aparece el gran Deinotherium, de cuatro metros de altura, que vive hasta el Pleistoceno inferior Hace 18 ma (Mioceno medio) colonizan eurasia junto con otros proboscídeos, los elefantoideos Deinotherium Los primeros elefantoideos Los primeros elefantoideos como el gonfoterio, el amebelodon, se originaron en Africa hace 20 ma y junto con los deinoterios colonizaron Eurasia y tambien NA. A diferencia de estos últimos (arriba) los elefantoideos como Amebelodon (abajo) tienen un doble par de defensas, unos largos y anchos incisivos inferiores y unos I sup. curvos y estrechos Gomphoterium • Proboscideo africano del Oligo-Mioceno, extinguido en el Pleistoceno podría ser el ancestro de Stegodon, los mamuts y los elefantes actuales • Los incisivos superiores tenían esmalte y el cráneo era alargado, con los incisivos excavarían para encontrar bulbos y raices • http://www.elephant.se/gomp hotherium.php Stegodon Desde gigantescos a diminutos elefantes del Pleistoceno asiático. Los pequeños fueron cazados por Flores. Plioceno hasta el Pleistoceno en Asia http://www.indiana9fossils.com/Teeth/Stegodon.htm Los elefantidos: la familia de los elefantes actuales Los dientes de crecimiento continuo y sus largas defensas son característicos de los elefantes. Los molares están formados por láminas de esmalte rodeando campos de dentina Recientemente extinguidos, los elefantes enanos (1m) de Sicilia y otras islas Mediterráneas y los mamut, forman parte de la familia Elephantidae En la foto http://www.nmr.nl/werkstCC.html Evolución cráneo y defensas en proboscídeos Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) La Granja de Obón • El elefante de defensas rectas del Pleistoceno La Granja, Obón La Granja • El elefante de defensas rectas La Granja: el elefante de Obón • Un macho de Palaeoloxodon por morfometría (Aguirre, 1968, Tassy, 1990) • A este género pertenecen los elefantes enanos de Sicilia (P. falconeri) • Bioestratigrafía: los primeros elefantinos aparecen en Africa, hace 6ma con Primelephas. P. antiquus aparece a finales del Plioceno (2ma) • Desaparece a finales del Pleistoceno superior • En España la mayoría de los restos son fósiles de yacimientos del Pleistoceno medio (Torralba y Ambrona, Cuesta de la Bajada) • También se encuentra en el Pleistocenos superior, con los Barco, J.L., Cuenca Bescos, G., Gutierrez Santolalla, F., Rubio, C. y Rubio, C.J. (2001): Restos de elefante (Proboscidea, neandertales de Cova Negra Mammalia) en el Pleistoceno de Obón (Cordillera Ibérica, Teruel). Geogaceta 30, 231-233 Los mamuts del Pleistoceno Se originaron en el Plioceno (4,8 ma) de Africa, Mammuthus africanavus, lo gigantescos elefantes lanudos ocuparon toda Holárctica en el Pleistoceno. Están relacionados con el actual Elephas y derivan del elefante de estepa Mammuthus trogontherii, del Pleistoceno (línea M. meridionalis, M. trogotheri, M. primigenius) En Eurasia estaban representados En Norteamérica por varias: por una sola especie: Mammuthus columbii entre Mammuthus primigenius otras http://www.crystalinks.com/woollymammoth html MAMUTS Mammuthus primigenius Mamuts congelados o momificados Bernard Buigues, Yves Coppens et Dick Mol mesurent le bloc contenant les restes du mammouth Dima, la bebé mamut del Jarkov avant d’en entreprendre la Senkenberg Museum en lente décongélation http://www.lagruyere.ch/archives/2003/03 Franckfurt An Main .03.11/magazine.htm Descubierta en el permafrost de Siberia en 1977 Faunas frías en el arte paleolítico Fósiles de Faunas frías 38aTambién en Alicante o Murcia (Daniel Jiménez de Cisneros).
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