“The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural area is the medium, the cultural landscape is the result.”
~ Carl O. Sauer PLAN ELEMENT
Chapter 11 HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Image Credit: City of Albuquerque 11-1 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
11.1 Background & Analysis
11.1.1 Introduction and many others, contributing to our rich is related to all other Comp Plan elements history and cultural traditions. Culture is to the extent that they contribute to Albuquerque and Bernalillo County comprise broadly defined to include the values, ongoing sustainability, identity, and vibrancy a tapestry of cultures and histories, cultivated traditions, and arts of a particular community of neighborhoods and special places by our Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo in a particular place or time. throughout the Albuquerque area and to American residents over time. Our region is maintaining a full range of lifestyle choices Throughout the city and county, people more diverse than ever, with robust African as viable options. Land use and enjoy a range of lifestyles from urban to American communities, Asian communities transportation patterns, discussed in agrarian. In order for these choices to remain separate chapters of this Plan, may be viable and sustainable, we must value the Image credit: City of Albuquerque the predominant factors of the built ways of life that reflect our heritage and environment; however, cultural and historic balance the sometimes competing needs assets lie at the heart of our community. and resulting pressures. If we work to preserve and protect our unique cultural This chapter addresses our rural and resources, we have an opportunity to agricultural heritage, historic resources, leverage the area’s distinctive culture and archaeological and paleontological history to strengthen our economy and resources, and public art and cultural compete successfully as a region for the events and programming. Together, these growth and development we want. elements contribute to the sense of place in Albuquerque and Bernalillo County, and Heritage conservation refers to a set of goals and policies guide how these elements actions that keep the cultural resources we should be enhanced and preserved. have inherited from our predecessors safe from harm, decay, or loss and to preserve those resources from damaging change. It
11-2 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Applying STRONG ECONOMIC the Guiding NEIGHBORHOODS VITALITY SUSTAINABILITY • Preserving agricultural, • Development that protects • Protecting historic, Principles historical, archaeological, and leverages cultural archaeological and and cultural assets reinforces heritage reinforces paleontological, and cultural our shared heritage and community values. resources helps sustain our multi-layered identities that • Arts and culture contribute built, natural, and cultural contribute to our rich sense to the local economy and environments. of place. promote tourism. • Renovating historic structures • Cultural events and public art • Placemaking that leverages is more socially and Each element of the celebrate our special places unique historic assets environmentally sustainable and diverse cultures. Comp Plan uses guiding and places creates value than replacing them with new for property owners and development. principles for the basis increases revenues for for its goals, policies, and businesses and governments. MOBILITY actions. The six guiding COMMUNITY principle themes and their • Network planning HEALTH strengthens connections to • Rich cultural places definitions were developed historic districts and cultural EQUITY contribute to quality of life centers. from input received during • Cultural programming and and the mental and physical the public involvement • Customized street standards historic preservation in health of the community. process, detailed in the honor historic patterns and older, historic, and diverse provide better options for neighborhoods raise Vision chapter. pedestrians and cyclists. awareness of how these key communities contribute to The following guiding our cultural and social vitality. principles relate to heritage conservation goals, policies, and actions.
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11.1.2 Context & In the future… Analysis Albuquerque and Bernalillo County Our key cultural landscapes and 11.1.2.1 RURAL & maintain a unique sense of place. resources, including the volcanoes The metropolitan area will provide and Northwest Mesa Escarpment, AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE opportunities for those seeking a range the Bosque, and the Sandias, will Traditional, rural, and agricultural lifestyles be protected from the negative of lifestyles and traditions, from rural and are important features of Albuquerque agrarian areas to vibrant, urban districts. impacts of nearby development and preserved in perpetuity for future and Bernalillo County that comprise part Important remnants of our history are generations as priceless community of our unique identity and livelihood and preserved and redeveloped respectfully assets and key contributors to our require ongoing support and preservation to enable future generations to sense of place and identity as a efforts. These lifestyle choices, which appreciate the cultural resources that we community of diverse cultures and represent vital aspects of our collective ourselves have inherited. Both the public rich heritage. and private sectors value investment heritage, face major challenges in light of in historic preservation to deepen and Local residents and tourists urban expansion in our region. enrich our sense of place. alike enjoy the diverse cultural opportunities that Albuquerque and Over the past hundred years, not unlike Downtown and surrounding Bernalillo County have to offer. most other metropolitan areas in the country, neighborhoods will be vibrant, Albuquerque’s urban footprint has expanded The City’s Route 66 heritage is alive sustainable, pedestrian environments dramatically outward to accommodate that showcase historic buildings and well with historic architecture its growing population (see Figure 4-2 in through adaptive use and homeowner associated with the Mother Road investment. and a plethora of locally owned the Community Identity chapter). This businesses offering food, lodging, growth translates into increasing pressures
Image credit: City of Albuquerque and shopping. on rural and agricultural areas to convert to additional housing and other uses that serve Public art and cultural programs will continue to provide opportunities residents. However, for those neighborhoods to enrich and celebrate local history that desire to remain suburban or even and culture, including our traditions, revert to rural levels of density and intensity, food, and festivities. there is sometimes resistance to additional development or redevelopment.
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In order for rural and agrarian areas to remain viable and sustainable, efforts to increase density and intensity need to be concentrated in existing urban areas, drawing the gravity of development away from the outlying areas. Additionally, To achieve our vision the City STRATEGIES future growth should be respectful of and and County need to address • Preserving and enhancing farmland compatible with the surrounding context, key challenges and strategies. and the acequia system and culture. whether urban or rural, to ensure the full • Building partnerships with county, range of lifestyle options. CHALLENGES state and federal agencies and local • Maintaining the economic and cultural organizations to identify and manage Indigenous Peoples viability of rural lifestyles. historic and archaeological assets. The Rio Grande valley has been continuously • Providing needed management for the • Increasing public awareness by inhabited for thousands of years and is home diversity and richness of our cultural, providing opportunities to learn to several Native American communities. historic, architectural, archaeological, about the benefits and constraints of Albuquerque/Bernalillo County is situated and paleontological assets. preservation through education and marketing. between Sandia Pueblo to the north, Isleta • Coordination needed among many Pueblo to the south, and Laguna Pueblo and agencies/departments. • Expanding our information about area To’hajiilee Navajo community to the west. history and identifying significant • Conflict between preserving and historic and archaeological resources Native American heritage has fundamentally providing access to our natural and shaped the area’s cultural landscape cultural resource assets. • Providing staffing and funding to and continues to make our community support preservation and management • Limited awareness of the economic a unique place to live and visit. Pueblo of our assets. benefits of heritage conservation and and Native American cultures deserve the constraints of historic preservation. • Encouraging and promoting public art, to be preserved and perpetuated while planning for the arts, art and cultural advancing understanding by presenting activities, and community celebrations. the accomplishments and evolving history of native people with dignity and respect. These cultures are sacred, and history, beliefs, traditions, and legacies are to be respected and celebrated.
11-5 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION Image credit: City of Albuquerque Image credit: Bernalillo County Land Grants During Spanish settlement, Spain established land grants, which were later recognized by the U.S. government, including the Town of Albuquerque Grant, the Antonio Sedillo Land Grant, the Town of Atrisco Grant, the Town of Alameda Grant, the Chilili Land Grant, the Elena Gallegos Land Grant, the Los Padillas Land Grant, the Pajarito Land Grant, and the San Pedro Land Grant extending across the Sandia Mountains.
The settlement patterns found in the valley along the river today were established by
the land grant communities of the early 17th Rural traditions are alive in this community. century. This land grant history and ongoing voice of land grant heirs have defined and Rural & Agrarian Communities Community Identity chapter). The valley shaped development and redevelopment was occupied for hundreds of years, long Rural areas are found along the Rio Grande efforts into the present. before the founding of Albuquerque in 1706. and in the East Mountains and comprise Communities in the Albuquerque/Bernalillo some of the region’s oldest settlements, First to use the river lands and to irrigate County area are distinctive given their many organized around agriculture with them were the Pueblo Indians who raised rootedness in a land-based identity that has irrigation networks. The Albuquerque area beans, wheat, squash, and native tobacco. survived over generations and represents was shaped by its centuries-old acequias, the The Spaniards, who came in the late 1500s, the core of these communities. These lifeblood of many of its historic communities established small farmsteads and larger communities are grounded in a unique and at the heart of their ensuing identities. haciendas in the area and introduced grapes, landscape shaped by the presence of the fruit orchards, and sheep ranching. They also Physically, the North Valley was formed people who have occupied it for thousands began the centuries-long process of expanding by the Rio Grande and its floodplain, of years – communities that have come to the irrigation ditches, making our acequia water which runs through what is otherwise a co-exist as one, yet manage to preserve their systems. An acequia is a community-operated dry, high desert landscape (see also the cultural heritage, pride, and identities amid irrigation ditch, but the term also refers to a Historic Development Era & Patterns in the great challenges.
11-6 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION system of self-governance of irrigators with channel gates were part of this branching related strongly to the irrigation system. Even water rights and their community. Acequias water system, a system that still exists, after the Middle Rio Grande Conservancy remain a defining characteristic of the agrarian despite major modifications, today. District (MRGCD) drainage and flood control culture of this region, and are some of the program was completed in the mid-20th An important influence on the valley’s oldest water-management organizations in the century and much of the swampy land in the settlement patterns can be traced to the United States. area became newly available for agriculture way the land was divided to provide access and homes, the ditches continued to be The deep and wide irrigation ditches had to the life-giving waters of the irrigation maintained, so that today the acequias their headwaters upstream at points along ditches. As landowners passed property meander past fields, older ranchos, and new the river’s curving banks and generally flowed on to family members, they created long tract housing alike. in a southerly direction across the valley floor. and narrow fields that shared a common Secondary ditches, log bridges, and small acequia. The villages and isolated farms all Smaller community managed systems were consolidated into the MRGCD in the 1920s. While the MRGCD manages and regulates over 300 miles of ditches and drains in the North and South Valleys, water rights belong to the landowners and are regulated by a set of state statues (see Figure 11-2).1
As an irrigation system, acequias are part of a physical utility providing irrigation and drainage services. These linear ditches also serve as an informal part of the transportation system, providing pedestrian and equestrian connections between properties and neighborhoods along the Rio Grande valley. They have been and continue to be a vital connection in the Albuquerque/Bernalillo County area between land, water, and community. Acequia preservation is integral Figure 11-1: Schematic of Canals, Ditches, Drains, and Acequias along the Rio Grande in maintaining the unique cultural landscape that respects and celebrates our Hispano Source: MRGCD
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Figure 11-2: Middle Rio Grande Conservancy District (MRGCD) Boundaries and Facilities
11-8 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Traditional, rural, and Image credit: City of Albuquerque agricultural lifestyles require support and preservation efforts.
roots. Acequias make it possible to cultivate locally grown food, contribute to a healthy ecosystem, provide economic benefits, and provide communities with a sense of place. Residents and visitors can explore examples of traditional development patterns throughout the city and county. Historically, communities along the Rio Grande have been land-based, and the in the North and South valleys and the East increasingly, distributed to local schools, valley has developed with rural patterns and Mountain area. grocery stores, and restaurants. traditions that reflect a land-based society. An agricultural census of Bernalillo County Maintaining the connection of people to Agricultural families have been able to by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2012 the land and the viability of local agricultural sustain themselves with limited resources found an increase in the number of farms traditions is essential to conserving cultural by sharing communal lands and acequias. (1,006) and farm land (350,600 acres) from five identity and agrarian way of life, preserving Albuquerque and Bernalillo County is years earlier. During the same period, the rural places, providing healthy lifestyles, steeped and rooted in several hundred average size of farms has become smaller, contributing to our community’s sense of years of historical agricultural acequia- with the majority comprising less than ten place, progressing toward food security, and based heritage and culture, a major and acres. Farm products sold in the County were providing economic benefits (see also the undervalued community asset. valued at $18.1 million (42 percent crops Resilience & Sustainability chapter). The agricultural character and sparse versus 58 percent livestock). Over 90 percent The Centers and Corridors Vision is a key population gave the Rio Grande Valley a of farmland is used for livestock pasture. The strategy to pull development toward urban distinctly lush and rural appearance well into local food movement has resulted in several and village centers where additional density is the 20th century, although the city has now dozen small farms producing organic fruits desired and away from rural areas. Providing enveloped most of the formerly rural and and vegetables. Most of these urban farms gravity for infill and redevelopment in centers agrarian lands. Some rural and agricultural regularly sell in the dozen or more local is intended to help preserve agricultural land uses and land development patterns remain growers markets, at local food festivals, and (see also the Land Use chapter).
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11.1.2.2 HISTORIC and catalyze community development. villages and communities along the historic RESOURCES Understanding our history and layers of route include Pajarito and Martineztown. culture can be a rich avenue for education, Historic resources are primarily intact and Following the “Laws of the Indies,” Spanish tourism, and community engagement. above-ground features (made by humans) settlers arranged villages around central that postdate European contact. Their Long-Lasting Impacts of Historic plazas anchored by a church, government locations and details are often promoted Settlement & Development buildings, and places of commerce. This as expressions of community pride and pattern is still recognizable in Old Town, first Today, there are many historic resources frequently contribute to heritage tourism established in 1706 as Villa de Alburquerque. associated with the sequence of the city’s and economic development efforts. Historic Haciendas and villages were located a few settlement and development eras, including resources include not only buildings, miles apart along the 1,600 mile long El not only residential neighborhoods, but structures, and districts, but also landscape Camino Real, the oldest continuously used also churches, institutional buildings, resources such as tree-lined streets, parks, highway in North America, which runs from and industrial and commercial buildings. gardens, cemeteries, plazas, and acequias Mexico City to Santa Fe. El Camino Real runs Together, these create the city’s fabric. and objects such as signs. Landscape along the west side of the Rio Grande in the resources may be composed of natural Historic Neighborhoods & Plazas southern part of the county (west section), features (such as the soil and geology of until it crosses the river at Bridge Boulevard. Existing neighborhoods near the Rio the site) and human-designed, constructed, It then runs east to 4th Street, then north to Grande still show the long, linear platting and placed features (such as introduced Tijeras Avenue, and then north along Edith dating from Spanish settlement starting in plantings, water features, lighting, and small Boulevard (high road segment). This National the 17th century, as farms and haciendas buildings and objects). Landscape resources Historic Trail has its terminus in Santa Fe, were established in the floodplain of the frequently represent various layers of history, where it connects to another National Rio Grande and along El Camino Real. including underground archeology. Historic Trail, the Santa Fe Trail. These neighborhoods still bear the names The Albuquerque area is a place shaped of founding families of these small farming The legacy of El Camino Real is also evident in in large part by the historic buildings and villages: Los Duranes, Los Candelarias, and the alignment of the Pan American Highway, development patterns that continue to Los Griegos in the North Valley; Los Padillas which links North and South America from provide a connection to the area’s past. in the South Valley. Neighborhoods in the Canada to Argentina. Interstate 25 is the These historic resources contribute to the South Valley were established as early as portion of the Pan American Highway that runs quality of life for residents and visitors and 1692 in Atrisco, followed by Armijo (1695), through Bernalillo County and Albuquerque. become key assets for defining the character Barelas (1707), and Alameda (1710). Other The exchanges between people from many of an area. They can be used to leverage backgrounds, including Native Americans,
11-10 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION Image credit: City of Albuquerque Spaniards and other Europeans, Mexicans, the railroad tracks running north-south. and New Mexicans that began with El Retail establishments emerged along these Camino Real have profoundly influenced the corridors, and the railroad was lined with small settlement and development patterns in not manufacturing enterprises, such as brickyards, only the city and the county, but throughout packing houses, wool scrubbing, lumber mills, the southwestern United States. and warehouses to help distribute shipped goods and products. Address locations in Early Development of New Town Albuquerque still reflect the political wards After Mexico’s independence from Spain of New Town with the use of the quadrant in 1821, the Santa Fe Trail contributed to system (NW, NE, SW, and SE). local commerce. Ambitious traders braved rugged journeys to bring goods from the Although several small subdivisions were east to the remote settlements in the west. added to this urban nucleus over the next La Villa de Alburquerque developed slowly two decades, Albuquerque remained a as a commercial center until the arrival walkable town until just after the turn of the of the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe century. In 1904 an electric streetcar line Railroad (AT&SF) in 1880. The “new town” replaced the horse-drawn trolley that ran that sprung up around the railroad depot from the New Town to the Old Albuquerque quickly surpassed that of Old Town and its Plaza. As automobile ownership became outlying villages. In cooperation with the more widespread, private transportation railroad, enterprising businessmen quickly and Albuquerque’s bus system, which The Rail Yards - yesterday and today. platted adjacent land in a grid pattern. For replaced the streetcars in 1928, led to the the first two decades, much of that growth creation of additional suburbs, especially on city grew, its boundaries expanded. The occurred within the three square miles of the the East Mesa, the direction of much of the City annexed newly formed subdivisions original town site, with the earliest residential town’s growth. and three previously unincorporated sections appearing on all sides of a small AT&SF Railroad communities into its boundaries: the original commercial core located just west of the new Through an aggressive policy of annexation Villa de Alburquerque (located two miles town’s depot. beginning in the mid-1920s, City leaders west of the railroad town); the seventeenth The townsite was divided into four began to shape a pattern of growth, largely century Hispanic village of Barelas political wards separated by Railroad (now influenced by the AT&SF Railroad, that (situated immediately south of the original Central) Avenue running east-west and continued through the 20th century. As the townsite); and the once semi-autonomous,
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-11 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
communities of Martineztown and Santa surrounding neighborhoods is now a high multiple public entities and departments, Barbara (located to the northeast of the priority for the City. property owners, and developers. historic downtown’s commercial center). Historic Route 66 There are three primary historic preservation Even as the train depot was being finished U.S. Route 66, a collection of roadways strategies: 1) local incentives, 2) ordinances in 1880, the AT&SF shops and maintenance connecting automobile travel from Chicago to and regulations, including historic yards were under construction. By the Santa Monica, was designated in 1926. From designations and design standards, and 3) mid-1880s, the locomotive and car-repair the 1930s through the 1950s, Albuquerque, programs and efforts to increase public and shops and the roundhouse were completed. like many other cities along the route, interagency awareness of historic resources Within twenty years, 52,000 freight cars were experienced increased tourism, as dozens of and preservation efforts. passing through the city annually, and its filling stations, cafes, tourist courts, and curio Preservation Incentives shops and passenger facilities represented shops lined Central Avenue, 4th Street, and Preservation incentives include state an investment by the company of more Isleta Boulevard. These buildings were often 2 and federal tax credits. These programs than $3.5 million. As a result, AT&SF designed in the regionally influenced Spanish encourage the preservation of significant quickly became the town’s largest employer. Pueblo Revival style of architecture. The local properties that would not otherwise In addition to employment, the railway railroad also brought tourists to the region to qualify for investment tax credits. company opened up numerous economic stay at Harvey accommodations, such as the opportunities for other businesses to flourish. Alvarado Hotel, while touring nearby Pueblos Preservation Ordinances & Regulations and scenic sites. During World War I, the locomotive repair The City has two main historic preservation shop complex in Barelas directly west of Historic Resource ordinances from 1978. One established San Jose expanded to include the historic Preservation Strategies the Landmarks and Urban Conservation buildings we see today. Eventually, after Commission; the second enacted the World War II, diesel engines replaced the As one of the oldest and most diverse cities Historic and Urban Conservation Overlay steam locomotives, and the locomotive in the United States, Albuquerque faces zone. The Landmarks Commission shops were phased out of use. The shops the challenge of preserving significant recommends mapping overlay zones and complex built between 1914 and 1956 is historic resources. Past failures, such as the recommending landmarks to be designated now on the State and National Registers demolition of the Alvarado and Franciscan to the Mayor and the City Council. The as the “Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Hotels, underline the importance of ongoing Landmarks Commission also reviews and Railroad Historic District.” The preservation assessment, identification, and preservation of approves major alterations, demolitions, and and redevelopment of the beautiful historic assets in the future. Preservation efforts new construction in overlay zones and upon utilitarian buildings and significant history for are often challenging, requiring significant landmark structures. financial resources and coordination across
11-12 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION Image credit: City of Albuquerque Since the adoption of the Landmarks and these neighborhoods. Historic Overlays Conservation Ordinance in 1978, 20 historic are the most effective when supported by districts in Albuquerque and Bernalillo property owners in the district, since they County have been listed on the State add regulatory controls over development. Register of Cultural Properties and the They also require sufficient professional staff National Register of Historic Places – the to review an increased number of properties state and nation’s list of places deemed and to work with the neighborhoods to raise to be worthy of preservation. The majority awareness of the value of regulatory review, of these historic districts are residential as well as associated procedures. neighborhoods but also include institutional Given the quantity and variety of historic properties such as Menaul School and resources in Albuquerque, historic overlay Veterans Hospital Administrative Complex. zoning is a cumbersome approach to Hundreds of individual historic buildings addressing all of our neighborhoods and have also been listed. See Appendix M for resources. Policies and regulations that more about historic sites and districts. support heritage conservation can be Although recognized on these lists of integrated with development regulations that the State and the Country’s cultural ensure high-quality development citywide. resources, there are no regulatory controls While the County currently does not have associated with the listing. Only local a historic preservation ordinance, there are historic zoning can protect neighborhoods several communities in the unincorporated and historic buildings from unwarranted area that have historic properties worthy of destruction and detrimental changes. There protection. In the North Valley, a number of are five historic districts protected by historic historic buildings and properties are located overlay zoning in the city. The City also has along North Edith Boulevard between Osuna 22 locally designated landmarks protected Rd. and the Sandia Indian Reservation part by historic overlays. of the original El Camino Real route and Additional zoning protection through the road from Albuquerque to Bernalillo. historic overlays in the existing historic Several of these are on the National Register districts would provide more control over of Historic Places. Likewise in the South changes and unwarranted demolition in Valley, historic properties are clustered in the Albuquerque’s historic buildings are important resources for the community.
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-13 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION Image credit: Bernalillo County original villages such as Los Padillas, Pajarito, has been interpreted by extension to and Armijo along Isleta Boulevard and La include religious significance and cultural Vega Road that comprised El Camino Real. In activities. The Albuquerque area is rich in the East Mountains, historic properties, such cultural landscapes, where we can see and as churches and farmhouses, are located in experience the stories of the meaning of the old villages of Carnuel, San Antonito, these places to Native Americans, early Tijeras, and Chilili. colonists, and today’s residents.
Education & Awareness Programs The volcanoes, escarpment, and volcanic There are many planning and educational rock outcroppings on the Northwest Mesa opportunities to increase public and inter- have been used for thousands of years – and agency awareness of historic resources continue to be used – for sacred pilgrimages and preservation efforts and deepen the by Native American pueblos. Arroyo corridors understanding of how Albuquerque developed through this area provide the historic spine Agriculture and traditional food production practices as a city. Public awareness of the area’s of trails connecting sacred sites from the Rio help make up the cultural landscape of the area. heritage and the policies and regulations Grande, up the escarpment, past petroglyphs that preserve and protect important districts and other shrines, to the volcanic cones. also become cultural landscapes. Open Space and buildings are crucial to both public inherently operates as a cultural landscape, The acequia system, constructed and used by appreciation and preservation actions. since it includes natural areas used by humans, Spanish Colonists to irrigate their farmland, Measures to provide information about historic while also serving as a home to wildlife and and the Rio Grande Bosque, with its system resources and regulations would enhance plants. The feel of a street and adjacent of levees that tamed the once unpredictable public and private preservation efforts. development as you move through it can be flood plain in the valley are also important described as a cultural landscape in areas with examples of this living interface between distinctive character, including Rio Grande 11.1.2.3 CULTURAL humans and nature (see Section 11.1.2.1 and Alameda Boulevards in the North Valley, LANDSCAPES above for more about the acequia system). Tramway Boulevard in the foothills, and Route Cultural landscapes, as defined by the World Cultural landscapes can also include views to 66/Central Avenue. Heritage Committee, are cultural properties important natural or built features. Along many that represent the combined works of Preserving, enhancing, and leveraging these corridors, views to the Sandia Mountains, the nature and man. Cultural landscapes exhibit cultural landscapes can be accomplished Bosque, the volcanoes, and the valley become the interaction between human activity through zoning and regulatory standards cultural corridors to those walking, driving, or and natural habitat. Such human activity for development within or adjacent to biking. Views into and from Open Space can
11-14 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION Image credit: City of Albuquerque these areas. Controls related to the built the 1988 update of the Comp Plan recognized environment often regulate access; sensitive the national importance of these cultural edge treatments; materials; building height, properties, the City worked to establish the massing, and placement; walls and fences; area as the Petroglyph National Monument. signs; and utilities (see also Section 13.1.3.4 Petroglyphs, rock etchings on above ground of the Resilience & Sustainability chapter rock, are not only an artistic expression of for a discussion of potential environmental prehistoric peoples, but also a record of impacts of development). their culture and history. Petroglyphs are Petroglyph National Monument considered archaeological sites with the same significance and value as sub-surface sites. The Petroglyph National Monument, Found in abundance along the Northwest authorized by the U.S. Congress on June 27, Mesa Escarpment, they are directly associated 1990, is a unit of the national park system with other sub-surface archaeological sites and comprises 7,236 acres, jointly managed and are one of the most significant and by the City Open Space Division and the extensive examples of this kind of cultural National Park Service. Cultural properties artifact located within an American city. conserved by the Monument include more than 300 archaeological sites and Most petroglyphs were etched between The Petroglyph National Monument is a destination for more than 15,000 prehistoric and historic 1330 and 1650 AD, although some may be local residents and visitors alike petroglyphs. The Monument preserves in closer to 3,000 years old. Native American perpetuity the Northwest Mesa Escarpment petroglyphs are powerful cultural symbols Marcadas Canyon, Boca Negra Canyon, (a 17-mile narrow band of escarpment that reflect the complex society of Pueblo Rinconada Canyon, and Mesa Prieta. formed by lava flows), the Las Imagines people. Themes include Pueblo sacred For Native American Pueblos, the site National Archaeological District, a portion images. Not just realistic representations encompasses the entire lava bed, the of the Atrisco Land Grant, five dormant of specific animals or people, the images volcanoes’ caves and shafts, the petroglyphs, volcanoes, and other significant natural and are used to transmit thought, energy, and and additional features of importance in cultural resources and will facilitate research learning across space and time into other meaning and use. In many native cultural and associated with these important resources. dimensions within a defined and bounded spiritual beliefs, places where underground world. They appear in clusters across the Part of the petroglyph-rich area was acquired forces erupt above ground hold tremendous Escarpment. There are four areas with by the City in 1973 and improved with state spiritual power. Pilgrimages to and through relatively concentrated petroglyphs: Piedras funds as Indian Petroglyph State Park. After these sacred sites provide opportunities to
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-15 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
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pueblo in the middle Rio Grande Valley. The Existing Roadway ruins are what remains of a two- and three-story Proposed Roadway Bernalillo County Boundary ¦¨§25 al Av pueblo that is thought to have contained 1,000 City of Albuquerque Centr ¤£66 Unincorporated Bernalillo County rooms. At least a dozen ancient pueblo sites Other Jurisdiction 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 have been discovered throughout the county. Bridg ± Miles e Blvd Path: N:\AGISFILE\PROJECTS\CompPlanUDO\Draft2016\AGIS_Chapter11_Heritage_Conservation.mxd | Date: 12/5/2016 Volcano Mesa Figure 11-3: Petroglyph National Monument, Northwest Mesa Escarpment, and Volcano Volcano Mesa refers to privately held land Mesa Areas that lies between the publicly owned lands
11-16 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION that preserve the escarpment and protect mile watershed. The watershed is generally American cultures. According to pueblo the volcanoes and geologic windows. The bounded by the Calabacillas Arroyo basin on belief, the Sandia Mountains form one edge 3,532 acres-area is surrounded on three the north and the San Antonio arroyo basin of the bowl that represents the Pueblo sides by the Petroglyph National Monument on the south. The Bear Canyon and other World. The Sandias include important and Major Public Open Space (MPOS) and arroyos east of the Rio Grande also form shrines connected to ceremonial prayers includes a small portion of the Petroglyph natural and cultural corridors through the city to the highest earth spirits, who protect National Monument. From east to west, from the foothills to the river. Pueblo communities below and who visit the the Volcano Mesa area extends from the volcanoes and nearby volcanic lava bed on While key geologic and cultural features have Northwest Mesa escarpment to the City’s the Northwest Mesa. been set aside as national park and MPOS, MPOS surrounding five dormant volcanoes. urbanization around these wilderness areas will Visual connection between the Sandias Volcano Mesa is part of the cultural dramatically change them. Urbanization that and other areas is therefore an important landscape connected to the volcanoes and disconnects or destroys the interconnected part of the cultural landscape for many petroglyphs that provides a unique portal network of arroyos and rivers reduces Albuquerque-area residents. The City has into the rich interplay of cultures in New the viability of plant and animal species. adopted overlay regulations to preserve Mexico with the area’s geological past. Preserving the arroyos not only maintains the views along key corridors, including Coors richest habitat, but also the very features that and Unser Boulevards. Arroyos ecologically link the largest expanses of open Historically, arroyos played an important space to each other and all the way west to Bosque cultural role for Native American the Rio Puerco wilderness. The City’s Facility The Bosque – which includes the Rio Grande, communities, connecting ceremonial sites to Plan for Arroyos provides detailed policy its surrounding cottonwood forest, state park former Pueblo villages along the Rio Grande. guidance to preserve and protect arroyo land, trails, and natural habitat – is a unique corridors throughout the Albuquerque area. cultural landscape that serves as a natural Arroyos still provide natural connective tissue and recreational spine of the Albuquerque in natural ecosystems in the Albuquerque Sandia Mountains area. Pueblo people have lived on the Rio area. On the Northwest Mesa, arroyos were One of the most distinctive natural features Grande for thousands of years. used as east-west pathways connecting in the Albuquerque area are the dramatic ceremonial sites on the western mesa The Bosque is the longest forest corridor Sandia Mountains, which frame the eastern across the Northwest Escarpment to Pueblo in a City in all of the United States. Sloping edge of the urban area. villages along the Rio Grande. At the heart land on the east and west sides of the river of this ecosystem are the Boca Negra/ Beyond their natural beauty, the Sandias are creates spectacular views into and from the Mariposa arroyos, making up a 21 square- important cultural features for some Native Bosque from many areas of our community.
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-17 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
The Rio Grande Valley State Park preserves, shopping predominate. Low-riders cruise Downtown, in addition to being a center for in perpetuity, the integrity of this cultural downtown and on West Central weekend arts and cultural activities, is a key part of the and natural ecosystem. The City’s Bosque nights. In all the ways we use, remember, and urban history of Albuquerque. As discussed Action Plan, MPOS Facility Plan, and the celebrate Route 66, it continues to contribute earlier, New Town grew up between the Rio Grande Valley State Park Management to Albuquerque’s heritage. The City’s Route AT&SF Railroad tracks and Old Town. Plan provide policy guidance for publicly 66 Action Plan provides policy guidance to Today, views of the Downtown skyline, with managed land (see Section 10.1.2.2 of the protect and enhance this cultural landscape. the mountains, Northwest Mesa, volcanoes, Parks & Open Space chapter for discussion escarpment, and Mt. Taylor beyond, form an of the Rio Grande Valley State Park and City Downtown Skyline important cultural landscape that connects and County Open Space policies). The v-shape of the city’s valley sets up our unique geography with our urban history spectacular views from the east westward to Policies and regulations guiding contextual and ongoing cultural center. Views from public the Downtown skyline, with the Northwest and respectful development adjacent to rights-of-way from eastern slopes westward Mesa, volcanoes, and – on clear days – Mt. the Bosque, are needed to protect and to Downtown deserve protection for their Taylor beyond. Similar vistas are visible enhance this cultural landscape as our region importance as a cultural landscape. These from the west looking east across the valley continues to grow. views are an anchoring image for placemaking, toward Downtown, with the Sandia and with their focal point on our region’s Manzano Mountains beyond (see Figure 2-6.) Route 66/Central Avenue metropolitan center, connecting the east and Historic Route 66 is a collection of cultural The Sandia and Manzano Mountains, west sides of the river, and its historical center landscapes traversing the country from Northwest Mesa, volcanoes, escarpment, and connecting our Native American, Hispanic, and Chicago to Los Angeles. In Albuquerque and Mt. Taylor are all part of a sacred landscape Anglo American cultures. Bernalillo County, historic Route 66 includes for Pueblo and Native American people. The Central Avenue, North and South 4th Streets, volcanic landscape on the Northwest Mesa, 11.1.2.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL and the Isleta and Laguna Pueblos. in particular, has been used for thousands of & PALEONTOLOGICAL years as part of the rituals and pilgrimages RESOURCES The flavor of Route 66, and how people related to the spiritual power of these places use it, changes within these areas as it In general, archaeological resources are where the underworld meets the earth and relates to the surrounding built and natural at or below ground level and are usually sky. The visual integrity of the Northwest environment. In some segments, the “Main partial rather than intact features. Although Mesa has been preserved in perpetuity Street” feel encourages strolling pedestrians they are most often prehistoric Native by acquiring MPOS and designating the and outdoor dining. In other segments, American sites, there are also historic-period Petroglyph National Monument. drive-ups, drive-throughs, and auto-related archaeological resources. Paleontological
11-18 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION resources are the fossilized or unfossilized Preserving Archaeological & ways. These differences require specialized remains of organisms or animals and provide Paleontological Resources planning and site management techniques. a link to our pre-human history and deep There is an inherent tension between the • They may be partly or entirely below place-based roots. need to preserve and protect these resources, the ground’s surface and invisible to the The Albuquerque area has a rich and which may require limiting access or use, and untrained eye. lengthy history as evidenced by the desire to use these resources to educate • Their value may lie wholly or in part in the archaeological remains in and around the residents and deepen their understanding of information they contain and not in their modern city and the historical oral traditions and connection to our past and current mix of aesthetic qualities or in their capacity for and written documentation. Ancestors of cultures. Archaeological resources are often adaptive reuse. today’s Pueblo people are thought to have tied to sacred cultural practices, so access for migrated from the Four Corners area to the education and scientific purposes must be • They require the involvement of Jemez and Rio Grande Valley around 1200 carefully balanced with acknowledging and professionals more than historic AD. Nomadic Athabascan people, from respecting religious traditions. properties. whom the Navajos (Diné) and Apaches are Preserving historic, archaeological, • The confidentiality of site locations descended, settled in the region around paleontological, and cultural resources is required except where protective 1300 AD. More remote parts of the West includes protecting irreplaceable assets measures have occurred. Mesa have yielded several Paleo-Indian sites and leveraging them in responsible ways to dating back 12,000 years (or more). Archaeological sites can be compromised enhance neighborhoods, distinct districts, by unintentional removal, unintentional It is important to continue to acknowledge, and cultural landscapes. Ongoing efforts damage, looting, and vandalism. Many of respect, and celebrate the diverse cultures to provide educational, interpretive, and these priceless and invaluable resources and history of all the people who have cultural programming helps broaden and can be protected through policies that inhabited this area over time. Native deepen historic and cultural awareness and encourage avoidance as development sites American petroglyphs, evidence of understanding. Successful preservation and are planned. In some cases, these resources prehistoric settlement, and other artifacts programming efforts rely on a unified effort can be removed with careful coordination still have active religious and cultural value. by governmental and outside agencies and and oversight of qualified archaeologists and Preserving the remaining artifacts and partnerships with nonprofits and private other experts. archaeological resources will remain a high individuals and organizations to plan, set The City has adopted an Archaeological priority as the city and county continue to policy, and coordinate actions. Ordinance that is administered through the develop, change, and grow over time. Archaeological sites differ from historic Planning Department in coordination with the resources (i.e. buildings) in certain fundamental
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-19 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION Image credit: City of Albuquerque City Archaeologist as development occurs on sites where archaeological resources are discovered. The County may consider adopting a similar ordinance, or even adopting the same ordinance that could be jointly administered for land in the city or unincorporated county areas. Given the significance and extent of sites in and around the city, the Comp Plan proposes policies and site conservation programs to retain this cultural heritage at the end of this chapter.
11.1.2.5 CULTURAL Traditional music and dance are a striking representation of Albuquerque’s rich cultural history. TRADITIONS & THE ARTS The city and county have rich and extensive cultural facilities, including museums, historic neighborhood used by the National Dance traditions to celebrate and enhance through sites, performing arts facilities, and cultural Institute of New Mexico for classes and community programs and activities. Respectful centers. The City and County can also help performances. The Gutierrez-Hubbell House art, events, and education programs support cultural expression through public museum and farm in the South Valley is listed enhance our understanding and deepen our art, planning for the arts, art activities, on the National Historic Register and was connection to our history, diverse cultures, and community celebrations. However, once the residence of a prominent territorial and multi-faceted identity layered throughout cultural programming can be challenging, ranching family as well as a trading post and our community. Cultural activities, crafts, requiring significant funds and public/private stage coach stop on El Camino Real. events, and the fine and performing arts offer coordination. Public outreach and input are The City provides a wide range of rich cultural participation and enjoyment for residents and key to understanding the self-identification opportunities that sustain Albuquerque’s visitors. These artistic and cultural activities of different groups and their preferences for quality of life at a high level for residents and impact quality of life, the local economy, our public art, events, and other programs. visitors alike, due in large part to the efforts of sense of place and heritage, and educational the City’s Cultural Services Department. As of opportunities and success. Cultural Facilities 2015, Cultural Services manages 17 libraries, Bernalillo County owns a number of cultural To showcase our region’s cultural traditions, two museums, three performance theaters, a facilities that are managed by others. These the City and County own and manage many zoo, an aquarium, a botanic garden, popular include the Hiland Theater in the Nob Hill
11-20 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION fishing ponds, the historic plaza of Old Town, public spaces and site design contribute Supporting Arts & and government television. The Department greatly toward the identity, quality, vitality, Cultural Traditions hosts numerous large- and small-scale family- and enjoyment of places and districts friendly events and activities and provides throughout the Albuquerque area. Residents and businesses value the Sandias, a vast array of public art. Cultural Services Bosque, Open Space, and farmlands. These Public art is directly associated with sites works to cultivate public-private partnerships cultural resources should be preserved but can in, or immediately adjacent to, new or to plan, fund, and program new facilities, also be leveraged to enrich our understanding redeveloped municipal facilities across the events, and art. of connection to heritage. Local traditions, entire city. There is a large concentration of religious festivals, and observances provide Within a convenient 15-minute bike ride of public art Downtown, in the University/Nob opportunities to share and celebrate our each other, Albuquerque is also home to Hill area, and Old Town. The Braden Memorial heritage and diverse cultures. the National Hispanic Cultural Center, the sculpture (1896) in Robinson Park and Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, and Old Town, McClellan Park’s Madonna of the Trail sculpture Creative activity and the arts contribute with its historic plaza, the Albuquerque Art represent the oldest public art in the city. to the vibrancy of the economy through Museum, and nearby Explora and Natural the creative sector. Albuquerque has a The Bernalillo County Public Art Program History museums. strong arts sector, with many participants, currently holds about 300 works of art yet overall its economic impact is smaller Public Art within and outside County buildings, parks, than similar regions. and community centers and along public Public art in this Comp Plan refers to City- roadways throughout the unincorporated The City and County have an opportunity and/or County-owned art. The City and area. These holdings celebrate the works of to contribute to the creative sector through County have increased their commitment dozens of local artists and contribute toward cultural facilities and programming and to public art since the 1990s. Excellence in the local creative economy. public art programs. Local governments must also partner with businesses and non-profits
PUBLIC COMMUNITY STREET- to enhance the creative sector and position CATEGORY DESCRIPTION PARKS BUILDINGS CENTERS SCAPE the arts as a key contributor to our identity Paintings, drawings, as a place and a community (see also the 2D Wall Art X X photographs, prints Economic Development chapter). Painted, tiled, or otherwise Murals X X X decorated walls 3 dimensional forms in-the- Sculptures X X round or wall mounted
Table 11-1: City and County Public Art Holdings
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-21 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
11.2 Goals, Policies & Actions
for Heritage Conservation
Goal 11.1 Traditional, Rural & Goal 11.4 Archaeological & Agricultural Heritage Paleontological Resources Preserve and enhance farmland, the acequia system, and Identify, acquire and manage significant archaeological traditional communities. and paleontological sites for research, education, tourism, and recreational use.
Goal 11.2 Historic Assets Goal 11.5 Cultural Traditions Preserve and enhance significant historic districts and buildings to reflect our past as we move into the future and & the Arts to strengthen our sense of identity. Emphasize and support cultural traditions and arts as vital components of the community’s identities and well-being.
Goal 11.3 Cultural Landscapes Protect, reuse, and/or enhance significant cultural landscapes as important contributors to our heritage and rich and complex identities.
Policies are organized to support each Goal. Many Policies have supporting Sub-polices, cross-references to other relevant policies, and implementing Actions to more clearly guide decision-making.
11-22 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT [ABC] indicates a policy or action for both the City and County HERITAGE CONSERVATION [BC] indicates a policy or action for Bernalillo County [A] indicates a policy or action for the City of Albuquerque Goal 11.1 Traditional, Rural & Agricultural Heritage Preserve and enhance farmland, the acequia system, and traditional communities.
POLICY 11.1.1 e) See Policy 11.1.4 below for local heritage l) See Infrastructure, Community Facilities protection. & Services Policies 12.1.4 and 12.1.5 for Agricultural Preservation: f) See Community Identity Goals 4.2 and drainage infrastructure. Promote and assist the viability of 4.3 for policies that promote community m) See Resilience & Sustainability Goal 13.2 agricultural heritage, including the participation and protection of character- for policies on water supply and quality. conservation and use of irrigated defining elements. agricultural land, small-scale ACTIONS g) See Land Use Policy 5.2.1 for desired agriculture, and open space in the 11.1.1.1 Promote incentives to preserve land uses. valley and other areas. [ABC] farmland and open space and to a) Conserve natural resources that are vital h) See Land Use Policies 5.3.3 and 5.3.4 maintain ditches and acequias to agricultural economic activities. for conservation development. for agricultural and low-impact b) Promote the acequia system as a vital i) See Economic Development Policies recreational purposes. [ABC] component in the life of the community and 8.1.1 and 8.2.1 for promotion of 11.1.1.2 Create incentives and promote support its living tradition and active use. agriculture and local business. community and family gardens, c) Recognize and support inheritance j) See Parks & Open Space Policy 10.1.3 farms, locally grown produce, and traditions and coordinate with traditional for agriculture on public lands continued livestock raising. [ABC] community organizations. k) See Parks & Open Space Policy 10.4.4 11.1.1.3 Support farmers markets for local d) See Policy 11.1.3 below for acequia for preservation of arroyos and drainage growers. [ABC] protection. systems.
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-23 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
11.1.1.4 Foster educational and recreational f) See Urban Design Goal 7.3 for policies programs and signs highlighting that protect an area’s sense of place rural and agricultural heritage. [ABC] through design. POLICY 11.1.4 g) See Resilience & Sustainability Policy Local Heritage: Keep local POLICY 11.1.2 13.4.4 for protecting unique landforms traditions and heritage alive and and habitats. cultivate neighborhoods and rural Rural Character: Protect the areas as safe and excellent places character of rural areas and ensure to live and raise families. [ABC] POLICY 11.1.3 that development is sensitive to a) Encourage efforts and programs that historic and cultural patterns. [ABC] Acequia Preservation: Support respond to local needs and revitalize a) Recognize the Valley as a unique and efforts to protect and preserve the neighborhood traditions. fragile resource and as an inestimable acequia system for agricultural and b) Encourage collaboration among and irreplaceable part of the entire low-impact recreation purposes jurisdictions, businesses, and residents metropolitan community. and strengthen connections with along El Camino Real to acknowledge b) Protect and preserve historic properties, adjacent neighborhoods and and preserve the trail’s importance to special places, and important aspects of development. [ABC] local heritage. rural character such as irrigated fields, a) See Land Use Policies 5.5.1 and 5.6.1 c) See Community Identity Goal 4.3 for acequias, narrow roadways, and tree-lined for development adjacent to acequias. character-defining elements of each streets. b) See Urban Design Policy 7.6.1 for design Community Planning Area. c) See Community Identity Goals 4.2 and treatments on stormwater infrastructure. d) See Land Use Policy 5.5.3 for Rural Areas 4.3 for policies that promote community c) See Parks & Open Space Policy 10.4.4 in the county. participation and protection of character- for preservation of arroyos and drainage e) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for context- defining elements. systems. sensitive road design. d) See Land Use Policy 5.5.3 for Rural Areas d) See Infrastructure, Community Facilities f) See Urban Design Goal 7.3 for policies in the county. and Services Policies 12.1.4 and 12.1.5 that protect an area’s sense of place e) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for context- for drainage infrastructure. through design. sensitive road design.
11-24 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Goal 11.2 Historic Assets Preserve and enhance significant historic districts and buildings to reflect our past as we move into the future and to strengthen our sense of identity.
POLICY 11.2.1 a) Preserve and maintain historically 11.2.2.3 Increase public and inter-agency significant buildings and spaces. awareness of historic resources and Gentrification: Balance the b) Recognize historic buildings and districts preservation concerns. [ABC] objectives of historic preservation as vital elements of the community. 11.2.2.4 Support property owners in pursuing and conservation of affordable designation for buildings with housing. [ABC] c) Encourage the adaptive reuse of historic structures as a strategy to preserve potential for historic registration. [A] a) Work to maintain a range of housing character and encourage reinvestment. 11.2.2.5 Support the efforts of residents to options and affordability levels to pursue historic district designations ameliorate the displacement of low d) See Community Identity Goal 4.3 for for areas with potential for historic income households. character-defining elements of each Community Planning Area. registration. [A] b) Encourage renovation and rehabilitation to preserve and enhance the existing ACTIONS housing stock. 11.2.2.1 Research, evaluate, and protect historical and cultural properties. POLICY 11.2.2 [ABC] 11.2.2.2 Promote incentives for the Historic Registration: Promote the protection of significant districts preservation of historic buildings and buildings. [ABC] and districts determined to be of significant local, State, and/or National historical interest. [ABC]
Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 11-25 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
POLICY 11.2.3 d) See Community Identity Goals 4.1 and 4.3 for character protections and Distinct Built Environments: character-defining elements of each Preserve and enhance the Community Planning Area. social, cultural, and historical f) See Urban Design Goal 7.3 for policies features that contribute to the related to sense of place. identities of distinct communities, neighborhoods, and districts. [ABC] ACTIONS a) Consider local history and the visual 11.2.3.1 Identify areas having a distinctive environment, particularly features historic character for potential unique to Albuquerque, as significant historic district designation. [ABC] determinants in development and 11.2.3.2 Encourage collaboration among redevelopment decisions in light of jurisdictions, businesses, and their relationship to and effect upon the residents along El Camino Real to following: provide neighborhood gateways, i. Architectural styles and traditions; interpretive signage, public art, ii. Current and historic significance to and educational opportunities for Albuquerque; residents and visitors. [ABC] iii. Historic plazas and Centers; 11.2.3.3 Investigate methods of funding revitalization of rural settlements. [BC] iv. Culture, traditions, celebrations, and events 11.2.3.4 Encourage programs to develop building skills and use local b) Encourage development that strengthens materials as part of economic the identity and cohesiveness of the revitalization of historic villages in surrounding community and enhances mountain and valley areas. [BC] distinct historic and cultural features. c) Design streets and streetscapes that match the distinctive character of historic areas.
11-26 Albuquerque/Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan - As Adopted by City Council - MARCH 2017 PLAN ELEMENT HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Goal 11.3 Cultural Landscapes Protect, reuse, and/or enhance significant cultural landscapes as important contributors to our heritage and rich and complex identities.
POLICY 11.3.1 iii. Soils and erosion potential; f) Plat single-loaded streets to maintain iv. Colors and textures of the natural scenic edges next to Open Space. Natural and Cultural Features: environment; and g) Encourage reconstruction and Preserve and enhance the natural revegetation to a natural setting. and cultural characteristics and v. Scenic views from the public right-of-way features that contribute to the b) Minimize the visibility of structures in h) See Policies 11.3.2 through 11.3.6 distinct identity of communities, highly scenic areas and on the western below for more about specific cultural neighborhoods, and cultural horizon as seen throughout the city landscapes. landscapes. [ABC] through building design and materials i) See Community Identity Goals 4.1 a) Minimize negative impacts and that blend with the natural colors of the and 4.3 for character protections and maximize enhancements and design that landscape and limit reflectivity. character-defining elements of each complement the natural environment, c) Protect important views from public Community Planning Area. particularly features unique to rights-of-way through regulations on i) See Land Use Policies 5.1.1, 5.3.3, and Albuquerque, in development and street orientation, site layout, building 5.3.4 for desired development patterns redevelopment in light of the relationship height, and signs. that help preserve natural and cultural to and effect upon the following: d) Encourage site design that enhances and features. i. Indigenous vegetation and other leverages views to cultural landscapes. j) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for materials appropriate to landscapes; e) Encourage appropriate edge treatments, policies on environmental and cultural ii. Topography and landscape features transitions, and buffers through site considerations in roadway planning, such as arroyos, the Rio Grande and design and development standards for design, and construction. Bosque, the foothills, and escarpments; development adjacent to Open Space.
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k) See Urban Design Goal 7.6 for policies 11.3.1.4 Establish regulations for sensitive POLICY 11.3.3 on context-sensitive site design. edge treatment and transition Bosque: Regulate development l) See also Resilience & Sustainability from development to MPOS and on adjacent lands to preserve and Policy 13.4.4 for protection of unique Petroglyph National Monument to enhance the Bosque as an important landforms and habitats. address shared usable open space, scenic corridors, single-loaded cultural landscape that contributes ACTIONS streets, and rainwater mitigation. [A] to the history and distinct identity 11.3.1.1 Adopt site development standards of the region, as well as nearby and/or view protection overlays for neighborhoods. [ABC] POLICY 11.3.2 orientation of new streets, building a) Minimize grading, changes to natural and wall height and placement, Arroyos: Preserve and enhance topography, and land disturbance to massing, frontage, color, signs, arroyos identified in the Rank 2 preserve natural features. utilities, and/or tree preservation Facility Plan for Arroyos as important b) Encourage reconstruction and revegetation as needed to protect cultural cultural landscapes. [ABC] to a natural setting on lands adjacent to the landscapes and significant views a) See Urban Design Policy 7.6.1 for design Bosque. from the public right-of-way along considerations for drainage systems. key corridors. [ABC] c) Assure compatible land uses and promote b) See Parks & Open Space Policy 10.4.4 cluster development on lands adjacent to 11.3.1.2 Create standardized signage in the on linear Open Space, trails, and acequias. the Bosque. unincorporated areas of Bernalillo County to identify cultural assets, c) See Infrastructure, Community Facilities d) Ensure appropriate edge treatments, including historic buildings and & Services Policies 12.1.4 and 12.1.5 for transitions, and buffers through site properties, cultural and historic additional policies on drainage systems. design and development standards. corridors, and historic infrastructure d) See Infrastructure, Community e) Encourage links to established public such as acequias and bridges. [BC] Facilities & Services Policy 12.4.5 for access points to the Bosque from adjacent 11.3.1.3 Adopt design guidelines with Rank 2 Facility Plans. development. color and reflectivity restrictions f) See Policy 11.3.1 above for view to minimize the visual impact of preservation. development on the West Mesa. [A]
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g) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for POLICY 11.3.4 e) Follow best practices for blasting to policies on environmental and cultural minimize negative impacts and fugitive considerations in roadway planning, Petroglyph National Monument: dust on the Monument. Regulate adjacent development design, and construction. f) Minimize visual impact of adjacent to protect and preserve the h) See Parks & Open Space Policy 10.3.4 development through design standards Petroglyph National Monument for policies related to protecting Open related to color, reflectivity, building – its volcanoes, petroglyphs, and Space lands within the Bosque. materials, and screening. Northwest Mesa Escarpment – as i) See also Resilience & Sustainability a priceless cultural landscape and g) Protect views to and from the black Policy 13.4.4 for protection of unique community resource that provides Escarpment face, which gives physical landforms and habitats. physical, cultural, and economic order to the community and acts as a visual reference point. ACTIONS benefits. [A] h) Buffer MPOS and the Monument from 11.3.3.1 Encourage dedication or secure a) Protect the archaeological and historical adjacent development, preferably with easements or leases to ensure resources of the Monument. a single-loaded street (i.e. a street public access on private lands b) Preserve and protect the Monument from with development only on the side adjacent to the Bosque. [ABC] growth and development pressures on not abutting the Monument) and/or the West Side. 11.3.3.2 Develop and implement design landscaped areas. standards for edge treatments to c) Conserve and protect the Monument and i) Prioritize dedication and acquisition ensure contextual development surrounding lands through regulations of land abutting multi-use trails, rock adjacent to the Rio Grande Valley associated with the Volcano Mesa and outcroppings, and the Monument for State Park. [ABC] Northwest Mesa Escarpment Areas. parks and/or MPOS. d) Minimize and mitigate negative impacts, j) Provide public access at points least including fugitive dust; stormwater runoff; sensitive to use and least disruptive to and damage to vegetation, slopes, or adjacent neighborhoods. boulders. k) Encourage appropriate edge treatments, transitions, and buffers through site design and development.
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l) See Policy 11.3.1 above for view 11.3.4.2 Work with NPS to provide educational, POLICY 11.3.5 protection and development that blends research, and recreational opportunities with the landscape. that leverage the physical and historical Sandia Mountains: Protect views of the Sandia Mountains from key m) See Policy 11.3.2 above for arroyos. connection from the mesa to the valley through the MPOS network. [A] vantages within public rights-of-way, n) See Policy 11.3.6 below for policies along corridors, and from strategic 11.3.4.3 Create a procedure and submittal related to private development within locations as an important cultural requirements for development Volcano Mesa. feature of the region. [ABC] projects within a quarter mile of the o) See Goal 11.4 below for protection Monument, abutting archaeological a) See Policy 11.3.1 above for view of archaeological and paleontological sites, or adjacent to MPOS to protection and development that blends resources. ensure that project applicants with the landscape. p) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for provide information to demonstrate b) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for policies on environmental and cultural compliance with design regulations policies on environmental and cultural considerations in roadway planning, and enable effective monitoring, considerations in roadway planning, design, and construction. implementation, and oversight of design, and construction. q) See Parks & Open Space Policy 10.3.5 construction activities. [A] ACTION for protection of land adjacent to the 11.3.4.4 Establish permit parking systems Monument as Open Space. for neighborhoods adjacent to the 11.3.5.1 Develop standards to protect views Monument as necessary to control from strategic locations used by the ACTIONS non-resident parking. [A] public, such as open space, parks, 11.3.4.1 Confirm that all property identified and City facilities. [A] 11.3.4.5 Work with AMAFCA and NPS to for acquisition abutting the develop standards to mitigate Monument or Escarpment has been the impact of stormwater run-off purchased by City Open Space onto the Monument and limit and or protect the remainder through control flows from development development standards. [A] onto the Monument. [A]
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POLICY 11.3.6 e) Limit impermeable surfaces and avoid k) See Land Use Policies 5.1.1, 5.3.3, and concentrating stormwater, except through 5.3.4 for desired development patterns Volcano Mesa: Preserve open the use of naturalized swales. that help preserve natural and cultural space, natural and cultural f) Encourage cluster development to features. landscapes, and other features of preserve undeveloped areas to be used l) See Transportation Goal 6.8 for the natural environment within for recreation and/or open space or to policies on environmental and cultural Volcano Mesa. [A] protect sensitive land and significant considerations in roadway planning, a) Respect Albuquerque’s culture and history, cultural or natural features. design, and construction. including Hispanic and Native American, g) Encourage development that blends with through context-sensitive development. ACTIONS the surrounding landscaping, including 11.3.6.1 Trade City-owned land for private b) Encourage development that is sensitive building colors in harmony with the properties abutting the Monument to the open, natural character of the area desert palette, stucco walls or coyote or bordering MPOS as single- and geological and cultural conditions. fencing, and native vegetation wherever loaded streets are platted. [A] c) Protect important views, vistas, and view landscaping is visible to the public from corridors from within Volcano Mesa to the public right-of-way. 11.3.6.2 Encourage public access to rock outcroppings via nearby sidewalks the Rio Grande basin, across the city h) Encourage shared usable open space and and pedestrian walkways, granted of Albuquerque, and to the Sandia park development to be accessible to the in perpetuity through a public Mountains. public and to connect to adjacent MPOS access easement that remains with d) Protect the area’s natural and or the Monument, preserving wildlife the property. [A] archaeological resources, including corridors and encouraging active living. the Monument and significant rock i) See Policy 11.3.1 above for view protection outcroppings, while encouraging urban and development that blends with the development in the Volcano Heights landscape. Urban Center to create a vibrant, walkable j) See Policy 11.3.4 above about minimizing district with an identity, character, and physical impacts of development on the sense of place inextricably linked to the Monument. volcanic landscape.
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Goal 11.4 Archaeological & Paleontological Resources
Identify, acquire, and manage significant archaeological and paleontological sites for research, education, tourism, and recreational use.
POLICY 11.4.1 11.4.1.2 Determine areas and sites b) See Policy 11.3.6 above for protections appropriate for encouraging public within Volcano Mesa. Archaeological Setting: Consider access and interpretation; prioritize c) See Policy 11.4.5 below for protecting archaeological and historical areas within these sites that should archaeological resources on private land. resources in relationship to be preserved. [A] their setting and to each c) See Parks & Open Space Goal 10.3 for 11.4.1.3 Identify areas and sites where public other in terms of determining policies related to Open Space acquisition. access should be discouraged for their significance, appropriate protection and to minimize negative ACTIONS treatment and preservation, impact. [A] appropriate management, and 11.4.2.1 Determine appropriate treatment appropriate access and educational of significant sites and remedies for opportunities. [A] POLICY 11.4.2 those that cannot be preserved on a case-by-case basis. [ABC] ACTIONS Proactive Protection: Identify, 11.4.2.2 Coordinate with the State Historic 11.4.1.1 Allocate adequate funds for evaluate, and protect Preservation Office to obtain management and maintenance to archaeological and paleontological clearance and guidance prior to protect archaeological resources sites and items on a proactive, developing any project within an in perpetuity and meet our ongoing basis. [ABC] identified archaeological site. [A] stewardship responsibilities. [A] a) See Policy 11.3.4 above related to the Petroglyph National Monument.
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POLICY 11.4.3 ACTIONS a) Protect archaeological resources and rock outcroppings on the Northwest Mesa 11.4.4.1 Coordinate to adopt a jointly- Archaeological Education: through in-place avoidance, if possible, or administered Archaeological Promote public understanding of mitigation. Ordinance. [ABC] and appreciation for the area’s vast b) Prioritize the conservation of rock art on archaeological and paleontological 11.4.4.2 Develop a process requiring the Northwest Mesa Escarpment and resources. [ABC] survey and mitigation of damage related archaeological sites to allow to archaeological sites before further research and discoveries of the ACTIONS development is initiated. [BC] people who inhabited the Middle Rio 11.4.3.1 Provide interpretive signage 11.4.4.3 Create a County landmarks Grande Valley. and guided tours in appropriate commission to designate and protect c) See Policy 11.3.4 above for policies significant sites. [ABC] historic and prehistoric features. [BC] related to land adjacent to the Petroglyph 11.4.3.2 Provide digital access and 11.4.4.4 Consider creating a public-private National Monument. interpretive information online for task force or advisory group to d) See Policy 11.3.6 above for land education, tourism, and scientific administer the Archaeological development in Volcano Mesa. purposes. [ABC] Ordinance. [BC] e) See Land Use Policy 5.7.2 for regulatory frameworks that protect sensitive lands, POLICY 11.4.4 POLICY 11.4.5 ACTIONS Archaeological Ordinance: Protect Private Protections: Encourage archaeological resources in the City the private protection of sensitive 11.4.5.1 Adopt a private open space zone and the County with regulations lands, such as rock outcrops or to allow permanent designation of for both public and private projects significant cultural, archaeological, private open space. [A] without imposing an undue burden volcanic, or geologic land through 11.4.5.2 Support state tax benefits associated on private property rights. [ABC] private conservation easements, or with conservation easements and replatting as private open space. share information about them with [A] property owners. [A]
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11.4.5.3 Identify incentives, such as height and/or density bonuses, as well as Goal 11.5 Cultural regulations, such as allowing rock outcroppings to count as double Traditions & the Arts their square footage to satisfy usable or detached open space requirements, to help protect and Emphasize and support cultural traditions and arts preserve rock outcroppings and as vital components of the community’s identities archaeological resources. [A] and well-being. 11.4.5.4 Work with private owners of properties with archaeological ACTIONS and/or historic resources to obtain POLICY 11.5.1 11.5.1.1 Partner with non-profit access rights or easements to Arts Promotion: Coordinate organizations and working artists allow for interpretation of those and promote the arts and the to identify and prioritize strategic properties. [A] cultural sector as key assets in a initiatives to leverage resources, vital economy; major contributors coordinate activities, and raise the to quality of life and healthy profile of the communities’ vast communities; and the heart of arts assets into the mainstream of high-quality, special places that community identity and economic contribute to the identity of development efforts. [ABC] distinct communities. [ABC] 11.5.1.2 Encourage art and farmers markets a) See Community Identity Goal 4.3 for and dedicated spaces for local arts and culture assets in each Community artists to promote their work. [ABC] Planning Area. 11.5.1.3 Maintain a mapped inventory b) See Land Use Policy 5.1.3 for Downtown of public art and other cultural as an arts destination. assets and work with residents, communities, and non-profit
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organizations to develop POLICY 11.5.2 POLICY 11.5.3 promotional materials, walking tours, etc. [A] Cultural Facilities: Provide and Cultural Programs: Promote maintain high-quality public, programs that encourage greater 11.5.1.4 Explore opportunities to protect cultural, and arts facilities to best understanding of area history and cultural and historic resources serve the public. [ABC] cultural traditions. [ABC] through partnerships with Cultural Services, the City’s Historic a) Locate new public, cultural, and arts a) See Goal 11.1 above for policies related Preservation planners, and the facilities in Centers to best provide access to local traditions and heritage. Metropolitan Redevelopment to residents. b) See Goal 11.2 above for policies about Agency. [A] b) Provide arts and cultural facilities historic assets. 11.5.1.5 Consider a Quality of Life sales tax equitably throughout the community. c) See Policy 11.3.4 above related to to provide ongoing, sustainable c) See Infrastructure, Community Facilities programming for Petroglyph National funding for the arts. [A] & Services Goal 12.2 for policies on Monument. 11.5.1.6 Provide incentives and organizational community facilities and services. ACTIONS support to create and promote arts ACTIONS districts and live/work areas. [A] 11.5.3.1 Promote museum exhibits in 11.5.2.1 Establish level of service standards community facilities, such as local 11.5.1.7 Add culturally and historically to ensure an equitable distribution community centers and libraries. relevant artwork in and near of public arts and cultural facilities [ABC] public facilities, civic spaces, and throughout the community. [ABC] neighborhoods. [A] 11.5.3.2 Develop programs and interpretive 11.5.2.2 Promote existing and new arts, information in significant historical entertainment, and cultural sites and buildings. [ABC] facilities in the Downtown Arts and 11.5.3.3 Coordinate tours in historic and Culture District, including the KiMo cultural districts. [ABC] Theatre, Kiva Auditorium, Civic 11.5.3.4 Assess the annual calendar of Plaza, and Main Library Auditorium. events and programs to help [A] ensure robust representation of cultures and histories. [ABC]
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11.5.3.5 Promote cultural events in POLICY 11.5.4 11.5.4.4 Encourage collaboration among communities, such as festivals, jurisdictions, businesses, and parades, markets, and traditional Connecting Cultural Centers: residents along El Camino Real to community observances, throughout Foster better connections among create a common theme and shared the City and County. [ABC] cultural centers and districts, designs for markers, signage, including the National Hispanic 11.5.3.6 Work with communities to develop landscaping, and connections Cultural Center, Indian Pueblo a detailed list of cultural assets between the cultural centers. [A] Cultural Center, Downtown, and and strategies to protect and Old Town. [A] leverage them for placemaking and appropriate, desirable a) See Policy 11.1.4 above for local development. [A] traditions and heritage. 11.5.3.7 Coordinate with arts and cultural b) See Policy 11.2.3 above for elements organizations on events that of the built environment that promote highlight our rich and diverse historic assets. cultural heritage, including the ACTIONS Indian Pueblo Cultural Center, National Hispanic Cultural Center, 11.5.4.1 Explore the feasibility of a para- Flamenco Institute, Creative Places, transit-type circulator that would International District Healthy allow tickets to be purchased online Communities Coalition, etc. [A] and at the Sunport, perhaps as a week-long pass. [A] 11.5.3.8 Determine the needs and criteria for portable, performing 11.5.4.2 Coordinate bike share stations with arts staging that can be used the cultural centers and districts. [A] throughout the community, 11.5.4.3 Coordinate transportation and passes coordinate with arts organizations with the New Mexico Rail Runner to fund the purchase, and provide a Express [A] rental program. [A]
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Endnotes
1. Bernalillo County Placematters, “Interim Health Impact Assessment Report on the Albuquerque – Bernalillo County Comprehensive Plan Update.” Pg. 30. 2. Simmons, Marc. Albuquerque: A narrative history. 1982. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press.
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