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El Doble Juego Mutuo Entre Agencia Y Estructura En La Obra De Margaret Archer: Conversación Interna, Proyecto Y Fricción

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El Doble Juego Mutuo Entre Agencia Y Estructura En La Obra De Margaret Archer: Conversación Interna, Proyecto Y Fricción Universidad Alberto Hurtado Departamento de Sociología Doctorado en Sociología Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Sociología El doble juego mutuo entre agencia y estructura en la obra de Margaret Archer: conversación interna, proyecto y fricción. Andrés Aedo Henríquez. Profesor Guía: Dr. Daniel Chernilo. Profesor Lector: Dr. Aldo Mascareño Santiago de Chile Invierno 2013 2 Resumen: La siguiente tesis presenta una crítica teórica al trabajo de la socióloga inglesa Margaret Archer, el cual se desarrolla a partir de la teorización del juego mutuo entre agencia y estructura como base de una teoría no conflacionaria entre ambas entidades. La autora ha presentado dos soluciones distintas de las relaciones entre agencia y estructura derivada de la crítica a la conflación en teoría sociológica. La crítica a la conflación establece que la teoría sociológica ha resuelto el problema de las relaciones entre agencia y estructura suspendiendo sus relaciones como entidades diferenciadas. De esta manera, las teorías sociológicas han afirmado a la estructura por sobre la agencia o a la agencia por sobre la estructura o han fundido ambas entidades. Estos modos de relación entre agencia y estructura han sido criticados por presentar una relación donde o se suspende a la agencia por la estructura como conflacionismo descendente o se suspende a la estructura por la agencia como conflacionismo ascendente o se diluyen ambos conceptos en un tercero como conflacionismo central. El proyecto teórico no conflacionario de Archer ha presentado dos modos de salir del problema de la conflación, el primero se basa en un desfase procedimental del tiempo, donde las relaciones entre agencia y estructura son estudiadas de manera longitudinal. Así, primero hay estructura sobre la agencia como condicionamiento, luego una interacción de la agencia con la estructura y al final una elaboración de la estructura por parte de la agencia. Al final de este proceso, denominado modelo morfogenético de la estructura, el análisis sociológico puede ser no conflacionario. Una segunda solución al problema, ya no de la acción de la agencia con la estructura, sino del proceso de elaboración de acciones, ha emergido del proceso de reflexividad de los individuos, denominado por Archer conversación interna. En este proceso, necesariamente reflexivo, los individuos con distintos modos de conversación interna logran diseñar acciones que reproducen o transforman las estructuras sociales. Así, por cada modo de reflexividad hay un curso característico de acción de los agentes, generando hipótesis sustantivas sobre los proyectos de los agentes, donde el uso predominante de cada modo de reflexividad desencadena un curso acción específico. Sobre estas dos formas de juego mutuo, se elaboró una crítica y una solución, ya que se sostiene que el desfasamiento temporal no es una forma de juego mutuo de la acción de la 3 agencia frente a la estructura, porque solo ordena temporalmente procesos de juego mutuo que son irremediablemente simultáneos. Así, pese a que hay diferencias de temporalidad o duración entre la estructura y la agencia, no es el tiempo el que permite distinguirlos ni es la ordenación del desfasamiento temporal una forma de juego mutuo. Sobre este proceso se introdujo el concepto de fricción entre agencia y estructura como modo de juego mutuo, dando cuenta del proceso en todas las fases temporales como modo no conflacionario de relación. La fricción representa el encuentro práctico entre los agentes con sus proyectos frente a los condicionamientos socioculturales en todas las etapas morfogenéticas. Pudiendo con esto caracterizar a las etapas del ciclo morfogenético internamente y diferenciarlas entre sí. Sobre la segunda solución de juego mutuo, asociada a los modos de reflexividad, se sostiene que Archer formaliza el proceso entre modos de reflexividad y cursos de acción, ya que depende del uso predominante de un modo de reflexividad el proyecto a realizar por parte de los agentes. Generando una desustancialización de la identidad personal de los agentes expresada por medio de sus preocupaciones. De la misma manera, se criticó la tipología de los modos de reflexividad porque no se logran distinguir como categorías de una unidad de variación; ya que representan objetos, modos y capacidades distintas de reflexividad del agente. Para superar este problema se introdujo la idea de conversación interna sustantiva que permite describir la elaboración de proyectos a partir de las identidades personales de los individuos en juego mutuo con los asuntos importados desde del mundo. Así, la agencia deja algo en la estructura y la estructura deja algo en la agencia manteniendo sus relaciones de juego mutuo como entidades diferenciadas. De esta manera, hay un doble juego mutuo de la agencia y la estructura en la obra de Margaret Archer, el cual no ha sido desempacado, pudiendo sostener una diferencia entre el juego mutuo al interior de la conciencia de los individuos y el juego mutuo práctico por medio de los proyectos. Donde la identidad personal de los individuos con sus características históricas, derivada de una experiencia social y cultural propia, generan un juego mutuo interno que tiene como resultado los proyectos. Con estos proyectos, elaborados reflexivamente desde los distintos niveles de emergencia del juego mutuo entre agencia y estructura, los individuos entran en relación práctica con el mundo. 4 Agradecimientos: A mi madre por los fundamentos. A mi “papadre” por el ejemplo de ir más allá de uno mismo. A Marizza Espinoza, por sopórtame, en ambos sentidos, todos estos años… Al profesor Daniel Chernilo Ya que sin sus preguntas esenciales, las respuestas paradojales de esta tesis no hubieran sido posibles. 5 Índice Agradecimientos………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5 Índice de figuras………………………………………………………………………………………………………………7 Introducción general…………………………………………………………………………………………………….……10 Primera parte: La descripción histórica y analítica del enfoque morfogenético. Capítulo I: La teoría social realista en el tiempo: la morfogénesis del enfoque morfogenético 1978-2012. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..24 Dualismo analítico, morfogénesis estructural y la crítica a la conflación: 1978-1988……………………………………...27 Dualismo realista, condicionamiento estructural y morfogénesis de la agencia: 1995-2000……………………………...39 La agencia, la conversación interna y los tipos de reflexividad: 2000-2012………………………………….……..……....50 Conclusiones: la morfogénesis del enfoque morfogenético………………………………………………………………...62 Capítulo II: La forma analítica de la teoría social realista: agentes reflexivos, estructuras condicionantes y su juego mutuo. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...70 La estructura en el enfoque morfogenético: elementos, niveles, formas y propiedades………………………………......74 La agencia: acción, identidad y reflexividad…………………………………………………………………………………90 El juego mutuo en el realismo morfogenético: temporalidad y reflexividad………………………………………………102 Conclusiones: la analítica sistemática del enfoque morfogenético …………………………………………………….....109 Segunda parte: El doble juego mutuo en el enfoque morfogenético. Capítulo III: Del esquema temporal a la conversación interna: una crítica general a la teoría del juego mutuo del enfoque morfogenético. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..120 El tiempo: la crítica al juego mutuo entre actividad y condicionamiento………………………………………………....127 La conversación interna: la crítica a las formas de reflexividad como juego mutuo……………………………………...148 La consecuencia lógica: la necesidad de diferenciar la reflexión de la acción…………………………………………….167 Conclusiones: proyecciones morfogenéticas para el enfoque morfogenético……………………………………………..170 Capítulo IV: El doble juego mutuo entre agencia y estructura: conversación interna, proyecto y fricción. Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...174 Los elementos en juego : identidad personal, formas de agencia y formas estructurales………………..…..…..…….….179 El primer juego mutuo: conversación interna sustantiva para el diseño de proyectos.…………………………………....191 El segundo juego mutuo: fricción entre proyectos y la estructura institucional……………………….………………......205 Conclusiones: los juegos mutuos en los procesos de morfogénesis………………………………………………………...222 A modo de conclusión general: posibilidades para la investigación sociológica…………………………………………...226 Bibliografía……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...230 6 Índice de figuras: Figura 1: Cuadro sumario de las relaciones entre sistema cultural y nivel sociocultural………………………………39 Figura 2: Morfogénesis y morfoestasis cultural y estructural en los niveles sistémico y social………………………..43 Figura 3: El dualismo analítico en la teoría social………………………………………………………………………..45 Figura 4: Modos de reflexividad de Margaret Archer…………………………………………………………………….59 Figura 5: Morfogénesis y morfoestasis cultural y estructural en los niveles sistémico y social………………………...85 Figura 6: Las tres fases del ciclo básico morfogenético/morfoestático………………………………………………...139 Figura 7: Tipos de reflexividad, contextos, postura agencial y orientación…………………………………………….155 Figura 8: Esquema general de doble juego mutuo de agencia y estructura…………………………………...……….191 Figura 9: Esquema de los elementos de fricción entre agencia y estructura………………………………………...…220 Figura 10: Esquema superpuesto del ciclo morfogenético temporal con fricción……………………………………...224 7 En una filosofía práctica donde no es nuestro cometido aceptar razones de lo
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