6. Current State of Vietnam's Craft Sector, Its Issues & Direction
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The Study on Artisan Craft Development Plan for Rural Industrialization in Vietnam Final Report vol.1 Part I Master Plan Study 6. CURRENT STATE OF VIETNAM’S CRAFT SECTOR, ITS ISSUES & DIRECTION 6.1 Overview The Vietnamese craft sector is rapidly changing. Among Asian craft products, Vietnamese craft items are reputed for their affordable price tags as well as their unique and distinct designs, the main features that fuel their growing popularity in overseas markets. Export products, mainly made by private enterprises as well as young entrepreneurs, are making significant market headways. However, the traditional Vietnamese craft worker has yet to reap the benefits of a rising market and enjoy the rewards of his toil. Many workers still consider craft making as sideline work especially during off-farm seasons, and earnings from it remain generally low. Likewise, the infusion of non-traditional or modern production techniques and the corresponding rise in production volumes have spawned serious concerns such as the dissipation of traditional values and environmental degradation. Although craft items were once common in the country’s past, their usefulness and function are slowly being replaced by cheaper commercial goods and items, which contributes to the rising concern on the preservation of cultural values. These concerns and issues form the thesis that underlie the central government’s initiative to utilize the craft sector as a tool for countryside development and a vehicle to pump prime economic activity in the rural areas and help alleviate rural poverty. Thus, a comprehensive analysis of the development of the Vietnamese craft sector and the multifaceted impacts such development will entail is imperative in order to achieve the Government’s ultimate goal of rural progress. Current conditions and issues on the following areas were evaluated and analyzed, to wit: (a) Assurance of raw materials supply (b) Technological improvement (c) Quality improvement (d) Improvement of production process (e) Design promotion (f) Information collection and management (g) Cluster development (h) Human resources development (i) Business management improvement (j) Improvement of working conditions (k) Provision of financing and capitalization (l) Distribution system improvement (m) Improvement of marketing 6-1 The Study on Artisan Craft Development Plan for Rural Industrialization in Vietnam Final Report vol.1 Part I Master Plan Study (n) Strengthening of linkage with tourism sector (o) Mitigation of environmental impacts of craft production (p) Provision of assistance to ethnic minorities (q) Preservation of traditional values 6.2 Securing Raw Materials 1) Overview Vietnamese craft villages traditionally rose up in areas where the requisite raw materials existed and were gathered. The craft villages and the various craft items they produced were thus born out of accessibility or proximity to their raw materials. Traditional crafts, such as ceramics, bamboo/rattan, silk, brass, silverworks, etc. became well known as local folk crafted and fashioned them from the very earth or vegetation that were near their domiciles. Although many villages still get their raw materials from traditional sources, the rise in market demand and the attendant increase in production volumes have resulted in various forms of procurement difficulties. Properly addressing raw material sustainability is part and parcel of the ultimate goal of developing the craft villages and the craft sector. 2) Category of Raw Materials Vietnam has vast natural resources including minerals and flora. Its mountainous and coastal areas, in particular, have over 12,000 species of trees. Some of its craft products are produced from these resources. Vietnamese craft items are made from: wood, soil, stone, grass, timber, plant leaves, animal horn or bone, seashell and metal. Most of them are found within proximate regions or in places with easy accessibility. Where raw materials are not available, various artificial complements are utilized. Basic materials are roughly categorized into mineral, flora and fauna, and processed materials. The items in these categories are shown in Table 6.2.1. (a) Mineral (stone, metal, soil, etc): Continuously being consumed, and irreproducible materials (b) Securing raw materials flora and fauna (grass, trunk, leaf, nut, horn or bone, seashell, cocoon, thread, etc.): Naturally reproducible (c) Processed materials (chemical rubber, chemical glue, chemical dye, chemical paint, etc.): Artificially reproducible 6-2 The Study on Artisan Craft Development Plan for Rural Industrialization in Vietnam Final Report vol.1 Part I Master Plan Study 1) Table 6.2.1 Raw Materials Raw Materials Craft Item Mineral Biological objects Processed Materials Rush Sulfur Rush, jute, cotton cloth Nylon fiber, chemical dye Lacquer Lacquer, wood, Laminated board, chemical seashell dye Bamboo & Sulfur Bamboo, rattan Chemical glue Rattan Ceramics Clay, china clay, firewood Chemical paint enamel Embroidery Cotton thread, silk thread Weaving Cotton yarn, cocoon, Chemicals (dye, bleach) silk yarn, line, wool, nut Wood Enamel, seashell Wood, lacquer Chemical glue Stone carving Stone, stone powder, Chemical glue dye Paper Paper making powder, Bark of do tree1 limestone Woodblock Do tree Chemical dye printing Metalwork Bronze, aluminum, Chemicals silver, iron, steel Source: JICA Study Team 1) Bold letters indicate main raw materials for the applicable item. 3) Material Sourcing The mapping survey revealed that more than 30% of the craft villages had “problems” or “serious problems” on raw material sourcing. Categorized per craft item these are: (1) weaving (53.3%), (2) wood (48.8%), (3) rush (42.7%), (4) stone carving (38.9%), (5) embroidery (38.5%), and (6) bamboo & rattan (28.2%). This indicates that although robust supplies still avail, without appropriate conservation measures their drying up is highly probable. The prevailing practice in obtaining raw materials is summarized below. In general, raw materials are obtained within the boundaries of a commune or inside a province. The amount of imported raw materials is small except for embroidery. Raw materials for rush, lacquer, ceramics, wood, paper, and metalwork products are often obtained from other regions or provinces (see Table 6.2.2). (a) Ceramics is characterized by the kind of clay used in its production. The fact that more than half of the villages sourced their clay from different areas implies that the availability of local raw materials is being exhausted. (b) Shortage of bamboo, rattan and wood is already a serious concern because of indiscriminate felling and gathering and the absence of restrictive measures, including the lack of management and protection of these natural resources. The 1 Do tree grows on the slopes of valleys and mountains and is historically used for handmade paper production. In recent years, traditional handmade paper techniques are vanishing as demand decreases. Handmade paper is used mainly for woodblock printing and government official letters. 6-3 The Study on Artisan Craft Development Plan for Rural Industrialization in Vietnam Final Report vol.1 Part I Master Plan Study unabated decimation of rainforests for industrialization also exacerbates the issue of sustainability. These are the main factors why raw material costs are shooting up. Traditional features and unique techniques are not only the value-added inputs that will ensure the uniqueness of Vietnamese craft items. The wise use of their raw materials will also greatly increase their economic and cultural values. These raw materials, like rush, bamboo/rattan, wood, etc. along with the unique Vietnamese clay, all come from endemic sources. Appropriate measures at the national level are needed to guarantee their sustainability. Table 6.2.2 Material Sources (%) Within Within Item Domestic Imported Commune Province Rush 10.7 39.7 44.8 4.8 Lacquer 10.7 39.7 44.8 4.8 Bamboo & Rattan 38.9 39.3 21.5 0.4 Ceramics 10.7 39.7 44.8 4.8 Embroidery 14.8 28.6 35.8 20.7 Weaving 38.8 32.4 24.1 4.7 Wood 10.7 39.7 44.8 4.8 Stone carving 41.9 39.5 18.6 0.0 Paper 14.3 0.0 71.4 14.3 Woodblock printing 0.0 66.7 33.3 0.0 Metalwork 10.7 39.7 44.8 4.8 Total 25.4 36.0 33.3 5.3 Source: Craft Mapping Survey, 2002 4) Acquisition of Raw Materials Materials are generally obtained from local suppliers. Small- to medium enterprises in the craft villages purchase them from venders, and they are either processed in local enterprise factories, or are delivered to craft households who work as subcontractors. The following are their material characteristics: (a) Bamboo, rattan and rush require a primary process. Poor local roads or shortages in skilled labor are some factors that force producers to purchase processed materials directly from venders. Although the quality of such materials is stable, they are more expensive, thereby appreciating production costs. Craft villages basically prefer to keep production costs down and maintain quality by directly sourcing raw materials without the interference of venders. (b) Scarcity is also pushing woodcraft producers to obtain raw materials from far-flung areas or from different provinces. This is critical because in the course of production a significant volume of wood is normally required. Well-known woodcraft villages on average could consume a couple of hundreds of square feet of precious wood. Furthermore, the overall drive for development and industrialization is also eating 6-4 The Study on Artisan Craft Development Plan for Rural Industrialization in Vietnam Final Report vol.1 Part I Master Plan Study into the depleting supply of wood from the remaining rainforests, thereby aggravating the issue of sustainability for the wood-based craft. (c) For silk and yarn production, which are used for weaving and embroidery, provincial governments have set policies on a programmed planting of mulberries and sericulture. However, the quality of those produced at the craft household level is still low; thus, their silk weavings are equally of low quality, making it difficult to export.