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ARA Revista 2014 OLGA OKOKOK.Indd 83 04/07/14 12:24 Kabera Callixte, Karel Werdler David Peguero Manzanares, Gloria Sanmartín Antolín, Montserrat Iglesias Xamaní. Needs Analysis for the Curricular Design of Tourism Studies in the Dominican Republic. 71-82 / e-ISSN: 2014-4458 Work In Progress: The Role Of Higher Education In Post-Conflict Tourism Development, A Case Study From Rwanda Kabera Callixte Rwanda Tourism University (RTUC), Kigali, Rwanda Karel Werdler Inholland University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Submitted: 18th March 2014; Accepted: 1st April 2014. e-ISSN: 2014-4458 Abstract Resumen Tourism and hospitality have been recognized as a major El turismo y la hospitalidad han sido reconocidos como economic factor worldwide and competition between desti- un factor económico importante en todo el mundo, y la com- nations for present and future tourist has only become fier- petencia entre los destinos por el turista actual y futuro sólo cer. Within such established markets as the East African safari ha vuelto más feroz. Dentro de estos mercados establecidos, & beach market it will not be easy for new destinations to como es el caso de los mercados de safari y playa de Africa discern themselves and offer a complimentary or new pro- del Este, no será fácil para los nuevos destinos diferenciarse y duct. Especially in the case of Rwanda, that was plagued by a ofrecer un producto complementario o nuevo. Especialmente violent recent history and still suffers from an unclear image, en el caso de Ruanda, plagado por una historia reciente de this objective might not be easy to realize. However with the violencia y cuya imagen todavía se ve afectada, este objeti- support from international partners and the dedication and vo no puede ser fácil de realizar. Sin embargo, con el apoyo ambitions of the national government in collaboration with de socios internacionales y la dedicación y ambiciones del local stakeholders, Rwanda is moving forward. Although this gobierno nacional, en colaboración con los actores locales, case study is related to an African example there might be Ruanda está avanzando. Aunque este caso de estudio se re- suggestions and lessons learned that could inspire other des- fiere a un ejemplo de África puede haber sugerencias y leccio- tinations to proceed along a similar track. nes aprendidas que podrían inspirar a otros destinos a conti- nuar por un camino similar. Key Words: International cooperation, empowerment, Rwanda Tourism, Palabras clave: capacity building, stakeholders’ involvement Cooperación internacional, empoderamiento, turismo de Ruanda, fomento de la capacidad, participación de los interesados 83 Vol. 4 - Nº 1. 2014 ARA Revista 2014 OLGA OKOKOK.indd 83 04/07/14 12:24 Kabera Callixte, Karel Werdler. Work In Progress: The Role Of Higher Education In Post-Conflict Tourism Development, A Case Study From Rwanda. 83-89 / e-ISSN: 2014-4458 Kabera Callixte, Karel Werdler. Work In Progress: The Role Of Higher Education In Post-Conflict Tourism Development, A Case Study From Rwanda. 83-89 / e-ISSN: 2014-4458 Introduction export remains low, covering only 23 per cent of imports in 2008. The position of tourism as an economic contribution to the financial and socio-economic welfare of destinations Despite this, Rwanda has recently experienced strong has been acknowledged by many governments world- trade performance with exports growing at an average wide, as it has by non-governmental institutions and last of 12.5 per cent a year since 2001. Besides private sector but not least by commercial organizations. According mobilization, an important driver of export growth has to the UNWTO tourism has become one of the largest been the restructuring of front agencies such as RIEPA economic sectors of the world and is not just providing (Rwanda Investment and Export Promotion Agency) and income, but also jobs to a large percentage of the world’s subsequently the Rwanda Development Board (RDB). population. Furthermore it is expected by that same While performance is still short of desired targets, it UNWTO that tourism continues to grow and that by provides evidence that Rwanda can reduce imbalances the year 2020 more than 1.6 billion people will travel in the trade account when informed choices and as tourists (UNWTO, 2010). Therefore it comes as no timely actions are made on specific export industries. surprise that many governments see the development Furthermore, the Government of Rwanda has initiated of their tourism sector as an important source to enlarge a broad economic reform agenda from which ambitious the GDP and even as a factor that can contribute to targets have been set for growth and poverty reduction. the distribution of wealth, reduce poverty, stimulate The government, as part of its long-term strategy, has entrepreneurship, fortify the position of women and the set the targets of reaching the status of a middle income re-evaluation of its culture. Sometimes tourism is also country, growing to a per capita income of $900 by 2020 regarded as a means to present a destination positively on from $250 in 2002, based on a rapid transition from the world stage, eventually leading to a position where subsistence farming to higher value added agriculture non-tourism related enterprises might consider the and non-farming activities, that will require an annual strengthening of market-ties or even the establishment of growth rate of at least 7 per cent. Achieving this target a business. will also require growth in a variety of sectors. In this context, it is expected that the sector of services should The overall share of the African continent in international record an annual growth rate of at least 10 per cent from tourism is around 5 % but the division of arrivals and 2006 to 2020. In order to address the trade deficit as well receipts is not equally distributed over the region. Looking as Rwanda’s growth targets, a clear development strategy at Sub-Saharan Africa it becomes clear that South Africa for the tourism sector is required, one of the service receives the larger share of all arrivals and income and sectors with greatest potential for growth in Rwanda. The that the East African market is the second destination. tourism sector has seen good performance during the past Within this region Kenya and Tanzania are the top few years, with its contribution in the national economy earners followed by Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi at a growth increasing over time. In 2008, the number of last position. foreign visitors to Rwanda reached just under one million from about 826,000 in 2007, an increase of 30 per cent. Estimates indicate that tourism revenues significantly increased between 2007 and 2011, from $138 million to $ Rwanda’s economic ambitions 252 million. A well-focused tourism policy with expected arrivals of 1.199.000 in 2012 and up to 2.219.000 in 2020 Rwanda and Burundi are the two other countries that could increase these figures even further, contributing belong to this region, but their role as an international greater public revenues, boosting the current account destination cannot be compared that easily with the other of the balance of payments and contributing to the nations. Although the low level of tourism development economic growth of Rwanda. However, workforce is also due to the violence that occurred in the recent shortages are considerable with a 96% gap at technician past, and the subsequent image of the destination, there level and a 55% gap at professional/management level are other reasons as well why Rwanda in particular did at present and a disproportionately large proportion of not become a top-of-mind destination in this part of the workforce coming from neighboring countries such the world for most of the last decade. However since as Kenya (MIFOTRA, Audit report 2009). Based on this 2002 the new government of the country realized that and on the expected number of tourists in the future, the Rwanda’s balance of trade is characterized by a persistent Hospitality and Tourism sector would need a substantial deficit of exports compared to imports and that this increase in infrastructure and personnel in the coming years. deficit can be explained by a number of factors including energy dependence, food dependence, the low level of industrialization, and the lack of significant export diversification. Rwanda’s trade deficit can therefore be Vision 2020 interpreted as the incapacity of the economy to produce what it needs, or as the lack of producing export receipts In its Vision 2020 document the Rwanda government sufficient to cover imports needs. The level of Rwandan sees a significant role for the tourism industry to con- 84 Vol. 4 - Nº 1. 2014 ARA Revista 2014 OLGA OKOKOK.indd 84 04/07/14 12:24 Kabera Callixte, Karel Werdler. Work In Progress: The Role Of Higher Education In Post-Conflict Tourism Development, A Case Study From Rwanda. 83-89 / e-ISSN: 2014-4458 Kabera Callixte, Karel Werdler. Work In Progress: The Role Of Higher Education In Post-Conflict Tourism Development, A Case Study From Rwanda. 83-89 / e-ISSN: 2014-4458 tribute to increasing the service share of GDP and the Rwandan economy. The Sustainable Tourism De- names specific aspirations that are directly linked velopment Master Plan addresses these issues. New to tourism, such as: the development of a culture of objectives and strategies are required that are compatible entrepreneurship, the development of a broad, dynamic with and reflect the direction outlined in the Master Plan. and competitive private sector and last but not least This policy document was drafted within the context of the growth of investments driven by the private sector, the Master Plan and concentrated on elaborating policy, together contributing to a sustainable reduction of po- objectives and strategies. The overall objective of the verty. The Rwanda Tourism Policy will also focus Tourism Policy is to increase tourism revenues, profits on integrating its tourism sector both regionally and for reinvestment and jobs through developing new internationally and on the creation of synergies between distinctive, market-led products clearly positioned and its tourism sector and other complementing industries.
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