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COLOSSUS ooo o • o o ooooooooooooooooooooooeoooooo O OOOO OO O OOO The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers B.Jack Copeland and others (Edited by B.Jack Copeland) OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents List of Photographs x Notes on the Contributors xii Introduction 1 Jack Copeland SECTION 1. BLETCHLEY PARK AND THE ATTACK ON TUNNY 1. A Brief History of Cryptography from Caesar to Bletchley Park 9 Simon Singh 2. How It Began: Bletchley Park Goes to War 18 Michael Smith 3. The German Tunny Machine 36 Jack Copeland 4. Colossus, Codebreaking, and the Digital Age 52 Stephen Budiansky 5. Machine against Machine 64 Jack Copeland 6. D-Day at Bletchley Park 78 Thomas H. Flowers 7. Intercept! 84 Jack Copeland SECTION 2. COLOSSUS 8. Colossus 91 Thomas H. Flowers 9. Colossus and the Rise of the Modern Computer 101 Jack Copeland 10. The PC-User's Guide to Colossus 116 Benjamin Wells viii Contents 11. Of Men and Machines 141 Brian Randell 12. The Colossus Rebuild 150 Tony Sale SECTION 3. THENEWMANRY 13. Mr Newman's Section 157 Jack Copeland, with Catherine Caughey, Dorothy Du Boisson, Eleanor Ireland, Ken Myers, and Norman Thurlow 14. Max Newman—Mathematician, Codebreaker, and Computer Pioneer 176 William Newman 15. Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and the Testery 189 Peter Hilton 16. From Hut 8 to the Newmanry 204 Irving John (Jack) Good 17. Codebreaking and Colossus 223 Donald Michie SECTION 4. THE TESTERY 18. Major Tester's Section 249 Jerry Roberts 19. Setter and Breaker 260 Roy Jenkins 20. An ATS Girl in the Testery 264 Helen Currie 21. The Testery and the Breaking of Fish 269 Peter Edgerley SECTION 5. T. H. FLOWERS' LABORATORY AT DOLLIS HILL 22. Dollis Hill at War 281 Jack Copeland, with David Bolam, Harry Fensom, Gil Hayward, and Norman Thurlow 23. The British Tunny Machine 291 Gil Hayward 24. How Colossus was Built and Operated—One of its Engineers Reveals its Secrets 297 Harry Fensom Contents ix SECTION 6. STURGEON, THE FISH THAT GOT AWAY 25. Bletchley Park's Sturgeon—The Fish That Laid No Eggs 307 Frode Weierud 26. German Teleprinter Traffic and Swedish Wartime Intelligence 328 Craig McKay TECHNICAL APPENDICES—TO DIG DEEPER Al. Timeline: The Breaking of Tunny 337 A2. The Teleprinter Alphabet 348 Jack Copeland A3. The Tunny Addition Square 350 Jack Copeland A4. My Work at Bletchley Park 352 William T. Tutte A5. The Tiltman Break 370 Friedrich L. Bauer A6. Turingery 378 Jack Copeland A7. Ax-Method 386 Max Newman A8. Newman's Theorem 391 Friedrich L. Bauer A9. Rectangling 396 Frank Carter A10. The Motor-Wheels and Limitations 406 Jack Good, Donald Michie, and Geoffrey Timms All. Motorless Tunny 409 Jack Good and Donald Michie A12. Origins of the Fish Cypher Machines 411 Friedrich L. Bauer Notes and References 419 Sources of Photographs 452 Index 453.

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