Electric Trucks 2018-2028 Table of Contents

Home , Mack Trucks, VIA Motors, Wrightspeed

Electric Trucks 2018-2028

Table of Contents

IDTechEx Ltd IDTechEx, Inc. IDTechEx GmbH IDTechEx Japan

Swaffham Bulbeck 24 Thorndike Street, Berlin Tokyo Suite 1A, Cambridge, MA Cambridge, CB25 0NW Germany Japan 02141 United Kingdom Contact Leandri Wilke +81 90 5566 1533 United States Contact [email protected] Contact [email protected] +49 351 65 888 316 [email protected] +44 1223 813703 +1 617 577 7890

The rights of IDTechEx to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the

DISCLAIMER

The facts set out in this publication are obtained from sources which we believe to be reliable. However, we accept no legal liability of any kind for the publication contents, nor any information contained therein nor conclusions drawn from it by any party. IDTechEx accept no responsibility for the consequences of any actions resulting from the information in this report.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers.

Designed, produced, and typeset by IDTechEx Ltd. www.IDTechEx.com/research

1806A

Contents

1. Executive Summary Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1. Purpose and scope of this report Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2. Megatrends affected by and affecting EV markets Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3. Social megatrends red. Technological megatrends blue Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4. The end game is not as popularly portrayed Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.5. Electrification roadmap Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.6. Who is being disrupted? Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.7. Upcoming restrictions for commercial vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.8. Specialty vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.9. More carrot, more stick Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.10. Pure electric vehicle adoption dynamics Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.11. Benefits from truck and van electrification Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.12. Pure electric vehicle adoption dynamics Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.13. Nikola fuel cell hybrid or Tesla battery truck? Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.14. Need for a systems approach Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.15. Limited 48V opportunity with delivery trucks/ vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

2. Introduction Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.1. Urban pollution Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.2. Emissions cause much more injury than previously realised Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3. CO2 emission limits enacted worldwide to 2025 Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4. Why go electric? Drivers of truck electrification Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.5. GHG emissions from transport, EU-28, 2015 Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.6. Final energy consumption in the EU-28 (mtoe), 2015 Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.7. CO2 emission from road transport, EU-28, 2015 Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.8. CO2 emission from road transport Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.9. Projected global freight activity and GHG emissions from 2015 to 2050 Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.10. The state of the art in alternative drivetrains Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.11. Market for urban goods transport grows rapidly Error! Bookmark not defined. Ltd IDTechEx©

2.12. Market for e-commercially transported goods Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.13. Share of US grocery market Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.14. The worldwide freight transport industry Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.15. Euro 6 emissions standard adoption around the world Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.16. Fuel emissions policies around the world Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.17. Electric trucks and vans cut pollution faster than cars Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.18. EU initiatives to offset additional powertrain weight Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.19. Fuel saving technology areas Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.20. The easy way out of emissions control: aerodynamics Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.21. Aerodynamics: Shell Airflow Starship Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.22. Other avenues for fuel efficiency: lightweighting Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.23. Is retrofitting an economically viable option? Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.24. Electric powertrain options for trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.25. Start-stop electrification and other fuel efficiency measures Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.26. Maxwell's Ultracapacitor-Based Engine Start Module Error! Bookmark not defined.

3. Classifications of trucks and vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1. The worldwide freight transport industry Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2. Value chain rewritten Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3. Different segments of goods transportation by land Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4. Types of popular on-road truck Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5. Existing truck classifications Error! Bookmark not defined.

4. Trucks and vans in the EU Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.1. The worldwide freight transport industry - EU Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.2. Pollutant emissions have been slashed to near-zero levels Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3. Main truck brands in Europe Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.4. Truck sales in EU-28 by size and brand, 2016 Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.5. Vans in Europe Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.6. Vans in EU-28 – market share by brand, fuel and sales, 2016 Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.7. Best-selling vans in EU-28, 2016 Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

4.8. CO2 emissions for vans in Europe by brand, 2009-2016 Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.9. CO2 emissions for vans in Europe by country, 2016 Error! Bookmark not defined.

5. Trucks and vans in the US Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.1. The worldwide freight transport industry - USA Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2. US truck population by vehicle type Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.3. HDV market share in the US Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.4. Average Daily Truck Traffic on the National Highway System, 2012 Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.5. Industry issues according to US truckers Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.6. Average truck age in the US Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.7. Alternative fuel choices for trucks in the US Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.8. The cost of trucking in the United States Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.9. Average U.S. On-Highway Diesel Prices, 2008 – 2016 Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.10. Repair & maintenance, another running cost for US truckers Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.11. Nobody wants to be a truck driver in the US Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.12. The solution: electric, autonomous trucks? Error! Bookmark not defined.

6. Trucks and vans in Japan Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1. Truck transport business in Japan Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.2. The number of truck carriers has plateaued Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3. CO2 emissions from trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4. Main truck brands in Japan Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.5. Historic truck sales in Japan Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.6. Medium and heavy duty truck sales in Japan Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.7. Large and medium-sized trucks market share Error! Bookmark not defined.

7. Trucks and vans in China Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1. The worldwide freight transport industry - China Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2. HDV registrations in China by province, by type, and brand Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.3. Truck engine supplier relationships in China Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.4. Chinese truck joint ventures Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.5. China’s truck market segments Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

7.6. China exports its trucks too Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.7. Buses down in China, trucks up Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.8. China's first emissions testing standard for heavy-duty vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.9. Argonne National Labs Error! Bookmark not defined.

8. Trucks and vans in the ROW Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.1. The worldwide freight transport industry - Russia Error! Bookmark not defined.

8.2. Other markets – MexicoError! Bookmark not defined.

8.3. A visual history of commercial hybrid trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

9. Light Duty Electric Vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.1. An industry changing from the ground up Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.2. Last Mile vehicle needs and challenges Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.3. Small vehicles that move the local economy Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.4. Retrofitting of old delivery vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.5. Harrod’s electric van Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.6. Functions required Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.7. UPS to transform diesel trucks into electric vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.8. Deutsche Post DHL runs 5000 StreetScooters Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.9. Nissan e-NV200 Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.10. StreetScooter Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.11. Renault Kangoo Z.E. Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.12. Renault Master Z.E. Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.13. Citröen Berlingo Electric / Peugeot Partner Electric Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.14. LDV/Saic Maxus EV80 Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.15. Iveco Daily Electric Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.16. Mercedes Benz eVito Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.17. Mercedes Benz eSprinter Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.18. Daimler Vision Van Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.19. Volkswagen e-Crafter Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.20. Ford Transit Custom PHEV Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.21. LEVC taxi-based PHEV van Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

9.22. Dongfeng Motor Corporation Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.23. Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.24. Bakery Vehicle 1 Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.25. Bucher Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.26. TU Munich aCar Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.27. Tropos Motors ABLE Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.28. Polaris GEM eL XD Error! Bookmark not defined.

9.29. IFEVS Error! Bookmark not defined.

10. Medium Duty Electric Vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.1. A category that is difficult to define Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.2. Fuso eCanter Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.3. Wrightspeed Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.4. Orange EV Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.5. Iveco Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.6. Dual Energy Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.7. Iveco Dual Energy Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.8. Alkane and evLaboratory MoU Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.9. Geely and Via Motors to make electric truck Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.10. Royal Mail with all-electric vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.11. Zero Truck Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.12. Chanje vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.13. Efficient Drivetrains Inc Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.14. Dongfeng Motor Corporation Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.15. List of Commercial Medium Duty Vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

10.16. Medium Duty Electric Vehicle demonstration projects Error! Bookmark not defined.

11. Heavy Duty Electric Vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.1. Trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.2. EDF: electric trucks to disrupt highway transport Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.3. MAN e-mobility roadmap Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.4. Why Daimler is pushing for electric trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.5. VW and Navistar to use joint e-drivetrain for trucks Error! Bookmark not defined. Ltd IDTechEx©

11.6. Cummins announces acquisition of Brammo Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.7. Cummins Acquires Johnson Matthey’s Automotive Battery Systems Business Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.8. Scania and Northvolt partnership Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.9. Hino Motors Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.10. BMW and SCHERM Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.11. Tesla Semi Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.12. Tesla’s New Semi Already Has Some Rivals Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.13. Daimler eActros Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.14. Daimler Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.15. Timeline of Daimler’s electric truck models Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.16. Hyundai rushes to electrify commercial vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.17. Mack Trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.18. BYD electric truck assembly plant in Ontario, Canada Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.19. Motiv Power Systems Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.20. Efficient Drivetrains Inc Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.21. Atlas Copco adds to haulage truck range Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.22. VDL will present its Electric Truck early in 2019 Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.23. E-Force One Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.24. Renault and Groupe Delanchy Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.25. eMoss Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.26. eMoss – pure EV trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.27. eMoss – electric trucks with range extender Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.28. eTruck from eMoss and Tampere University Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.29. Shannxi Automotive PHEV Class 8 cement mixer truck Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.30. Hybrid upfit system for trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.31. BYD Delivers First All-Electric Garbage Truck To Palo AltoError! Bookmark not defined.

11.32. First electric truck by VDL Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.33. Magna Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.34. Thor Trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.35. Renault to sell electric trucks in 2019 Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

11.36. Volvo to reveal electric semi truck for 2019 Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.37. Volvo with Samsung for full-electric trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.38. List of commercial Heavy Duty Vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.39. Heavy Duty Electric Vehicle demonstration projects Error! Bookmark not defined.

11.40. Some electric trucks compared Error! Bookmark not defined.

12. Hybrid vs. pure electric trucks and vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.1. Powertrain focus Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.2. Motor-generator REM duty cycle, type, function Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.3. A matter of use cases Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.4. Heavy duty powertrains by application Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.5. ICE vs. parallel hybrid drivetrain Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.6. Eaton Hybrid Electric System Layout Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.7. Anatomy of a hybrid electric van Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.8. Waste heat recovery (WHR) in a hybrid powertrain Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.9. CO2eq emissions in different heavy duty vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.10. Hybrid upfit system for trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.11. TEVA / JAC Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.12. Mahle Range Extender Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.13. The more battery capacity the better, right? Error! Bookmark not defined.

12.14. Ricardo’s view of long haul options Error! Bookmark not defined.

13. Fuel cells for trucks and vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.1. Fuel cell vehicles will never be mainstream Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.2. Fuel cells are dead. Long live fuel cells! Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.3. The need for long range beyond range extenders Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.4. What fuel cell vans used to look like Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.5. What fuel cell vans look like today Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.6. Fuel cell trucks in China Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.7. Fuel cells and trucks today Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.8. Primary problems between battery and fuel cell on-road vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.9. Batteries vs. Fuel Cells – driving range Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

13.10. Are batteries viable for long-haul? Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.11. Batteries vs. Fuel Cells – cost Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.12. Batteries vs. Fuel Cells – efficiency Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.13. Guide to Hydrogen Truck Refuelling Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.14. Hydrogen refuelling station Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.15. Developing Hydrogen Refuelling Infrastructure Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.16. Alternative fuels generation – 2030 vs. 2050 Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.17. Fuel cell-battery hybrid systems Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.18. Anheuser-Busch Makes Record Order of 800 Nikola Trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.19. Ballard and Kenworth Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.20. Ballard Fuel Cell Module to Power Hybrid UPS Delivery Van Trial Program in California Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.21. Ballard and Hyster-Yale Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.22. ULEM Co Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.23. How bio-waste generates hydrogen Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.24. Nikola and Bosch partnership - hydrogen fuel cell Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.25. DHL/Streetscooter also trials fuel cell delivery vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.26. Keyou Error! Bookmark not defined.

13.27. Fuel Cell vehicle demonstration projects Error! Bookmark not defined.

14. The economics of goods delivery Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.1. Top challenges for commercial vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.2. Differences between e-car and e-truck Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.3. How many km do trucks travel in a year and in a day Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.4. Testing and Demonstration of PHEV Parcel Delivery Vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.5. TCO of a diesel truck vs. an all-electric truck Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.6. Financial benefits for the freight industry Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.7. Potential CO2eq reduction potential of HEV trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.8. Battery makers in China see tough times Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.9. What does this imply for niche EV markets? Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.10. Commercial EVs help the others cross the Devil’s Bridge Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

14.11. When will cost parity be reached? Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.12. Tesla sued for $2B by Nikola over alleged patent infringement Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.13. Last Mile Delivery - DHL Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.14. Last Mile Delivery - Amazon Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.15. The Tesla Semi Will Eclipse Diesel Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.16. Making Sense Out of Tesla’s Semi Truck Economics Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.17. U.K. Truckers: Tesla Semi Performance not Important Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.18. Tesla Truck gets DHL order as shippers test Semi Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.19. Ryder To Order Tesla’s Semi Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.20. Barriers to fuel-saving technologies Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.21. Trucks are only convenient below 400 km range Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.22. Cost of electricity in California by time of day ($/kWh) Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.23. Strategies for reducing the cost of electricity for xEVs Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.24. The total cost of ownership of electric trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.25. The economics of battery swapping for electric trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.26. The economics of fuel cells in trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.27. The economics of e-roads and catenaries Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.28. Cost projections in selected countries for various powertrains Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.29. Economic viability of several zero-emission technologies Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.30. E-truck adoption rate forecasts in California Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.31. Powertrain cost comparison – China Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.32. Powertrain cost comparison – Europe Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.33. Powertrain cost comparison – United States Error! Bookmark not defined.

14.34. Advantages and disadvantages of electric vs. fuel cell trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

15. Some of the key enabling technologies Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.1. The key enabling technologies are changing Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.2. Energy storage Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.3. Forecasts of energy density by type 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.4. Rapid scale-up with rapid change of product spells trouble Error! Bookmark not

15.5. Safety Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.6. EVs catching fire get media attention, but ICEs are not immune to that either Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.7. Battery choices at MAN Truck & Bus Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.8. Bosch and batteries for trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.9. GVI – battery packs for delivery vans Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.10. EnerDel – battery packs for trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.11. Supercapacitors in heavy trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.12. Skeleton Tech: supercap opportunity Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.13. Iveco and Supercaps – a cost perspective Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.14. Iveco and Supercaps – a history of tests Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.15. Iveco and high power– LTO, NCM, or Supercaps? Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.16. Motor technology choices Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.17. Technology preference by type of vehicle Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.18. REM technologies performance in powertrains: the show so far Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.19. Trend to high voltage, high speed motors Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.20. Oerlikon SR motor in large hybrids Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.21. Planned PM synchronous heavy duty drive UQM, Eaton,Pi Innovo Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.22. Electric Wheel Hub Drives Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.23. Dana in-axle motor Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.24. Move to integration – Volkswagen’s approach Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.25. Examples of trend to product integration Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.26. Example of multiple REM per vehicle Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.27. Flybrid KERS used by Wrightbus UK on hybrid buses Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.28. LeTourneau switched reluctance Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.29. Continental Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.30. BPW axles Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.31. TM4 Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.32. Cool Tech (formerly HPEV Inc.) Error! Bookmark not defined.

Ltd IDTechEx©

15.33. Reinventing wind turbines for use on boats, ships, aircraft, land vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.34. Charging needs for LCV and MCV/HCV Error! Bookmark not defined.

15.35. Opportunity charging makes batteries for trucks smaller Error! Bookmark not defined.

16. Smart roads for electric trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.1. There's Now An Electric Highway In California Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.2. Mack demonstrates catenary-powered PHEV Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.3. Volvo's electric roads point to battery-free EV future Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.4. Dynamic EV charging Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.5. Qualcomm Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.6. ElectRoad Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.7. University of Washington Error! Bookmark not defined.

16.8. Auckland University Error! Bookmark not defined.

17. Autonomous trucking Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.1. Joint venture for autonomous electric trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.2. Joint venture: CEO statements Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.3. What Does Tesla's Automated Truck Mean for Truckers? Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.4. Automation levels in trucking explained Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.5. Uber acquiring Otto sets the scene on fire? Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.6. Embark: Hybrid approach for autonomous truck driving on highways Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.7. Starsky Robotics: retrofitting existing trucks and making them remote-controlled Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.8. Baidu: becoming the Android of autonomous vehicles Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.9. TuSimple: Chinese Al provider for level-4 autonomous trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.10. Market forecasts for autonomous trucking: a 20-year view for level-4 and level-5 automation (market share as % total truck unit sales) Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.11. Historical price evolution for cameras, primary/secondary memory, computing and photovoltaics Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.12. Ten-year and twenty-year component-segmented price projections for hardware for autonomous mobility Error! Bookmark not defined.

(in unit numbers and dollars) Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.14. Market forecasts for autonomous trucking: a 20-year view for the value of automation hardware/components Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.15. The economic case for autonomous trucks Error! Bookmark not defined.

17.16. Pelton: V2V links to enable closer platooning Error! Bookmark not defined.

18. Market Forecasts 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.1. Assumptions behind the forecasts – light-duty vehicles (LDV) Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.2. Assumptions behind the forecasts – medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MDV/HDV) Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.3. Average battery size for vans and trucks (kWh) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.4. LDV - Market forecasts (000’s units) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.5. LDV - Market forecasts (GWh) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.6. LDV - Market forecasts (GWh) by battery chemistry 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.7. LDV - Market forecasts ($B) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.8. MDV/HDV - Market forecasts (000’s units) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.9. MDV/HDV - Market forecasts (000’s units) – battery-powered and fuel cells 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.10. MDV/HDV - Market forecasts (GWh) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.11. MDV/HDV - Market forecasts (GWh) by battery chemistry 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.

18.12. MDV/HDV - Market forecasts ($B) 2018-2028 Error! Bookmark not defined.