DOCSLIB.ORG

“To Sleep: Perchance to Dream” Hamlet the Brain's Time Keeper a Biological Clock? Jet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“To Sleep: Perchance to Dream” Hamlet the Brain's Time Keeper a Biological Clock? Jet “To Sleep: perchance to dream” Hamlet Circadian Rhythm - daily cycle of biological changes Exam on Wednesday • 80 point, MC exam. You can come early if you think you need more time • Limited use of names, but you should know what experiments found and conclusions from them • Items will come from lecture and book. You can’t ignore your book if you want a top grade • Things I haven’t covered are in the exam The Brain’s Time Keeper A Biological Clock? Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of the hypothalamus (Circadian rhythm generator) • The SCN controls the sleep-wake cycle in part by regulating the secretion of the hormone melatonin by the pineal gland about 1 to 2 hours before sleep. – Melatonin aids sleep if taken when you are in another time zone, but does not increase tendency to sleep under normal situations since your brain is already doing it. – Hypothalamus also important in other cycles, hibernation, migration, ovulation. • SCN Receives direct input from special set of receptors in retina. • Light darkness changes important in circadian rhythm. Zeitgeber (time giver) stimuli which adjust cycle of SCN. • If you are in another time zone and feel your rhythms are out of kilter go to the beach. What would happen to your circadian rhythms if you were kept in a cave without light cues to determine when Jet Lag you got up and when you went to to sleep? Would you maintain a 24 hr. rhythm? • Cave experiments. Approximate circadian rhythm 25 hours rather than 24. • Adjust poorly to extremes (18 or 30 hour days). • Gustavus weekend jet lag • Natural cycle helps to explain Changing Work Shift Schedules “Morning” and “evening” persons? What are you like in the morning? If you wake up easily in the morning and become quickly alert and believe you do your best work in the morning, you are a morning person. Looks to be a developmental phenomena • You may be an evening person when you are young but you move in the direction of becoming a morning person. True for both humans and animals although we don’t know why. Sleep of Adolescents Mary Carskadon believes that Adolescents need more sleep • Older adolescents(16-18) report being sleepier than younger • If allowed to sleep freely average 9 hours, 25 minutes • Believes biology sets clock forward an hour and changes release of melatonin, length may be related to growth hormone release. • Historically there has been a change in the time when high school starts. • Edina high school experience in 1997. Move to 8:40 starting time from 7:15. – Fewer behavior problems, illnesses and improved test scores. Theories for sleep-wakefulness cycle Restorative-sleep restores “x”. • We sleep to restore depleted physical reserves depleted • Slow wave sleep or deep sleep increases after physical exertion • Lack of sleep leads to impaired concentration, irritability, and impaired functioning of the immune system Problems • People do not sleep less when inactive • Nothing can be identified that shows change with sleep-Siamese twins • There is no repair process that occurs only when we sleep Evolutionary Theories for Sleep Brain waves (EEG) and Sleep Survival Beta – Normal waking thought and alert problem solving • We sleep to preserve energy (demands drop 10-25%) • High frequency, low amplitude waves when mentally active (13-24 cps) • We sleep to avoid night dangers. Sleep keeps individual inactive Alpha – deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation during dangerous dark period. • large regular waves of 8-13 cycles when relaxed with eyes closed • We sleep more when we are sick or injured Stages of Sleep • Species differences Predators can afford to sleep more, high Stage 1, Theta – Light sleep calorie meals and little danger. • low amplitude and low frequency waves(4-7 cps) • Some animals are on nocturnal schedules others diurnal Stage 2, Sleep spindles • bursts of high amplitude waves Stage 3 & 4, Delta – deep sleep • low frequency and high amplitude waves (<4 cps) • Probably serves a restorative function. Terminal Stage 1, REM Rem Sleep REM Sleep Neurology of Consciousness Consciousness is distributed throughout the brain Characteristics of REM sleep • Prefrontal cortex is key for • Presence of rapid-eye-movements conscious control of information • Increased autonomic nervous system activity processing, inactive in sleep. • EEG resembles that of awake state (beta wave) Accounts for “irrationality of dreams” • Motor paralysis (except for diaphragm) • Reticular Formation controls • Presence of dreaming alertness. Damage to the reticular formation can lead to coma. • Neurons in Pons critical in generating REM sleep • Medial Medulla important in inhibiting motor movements. Damage leads to acting out our dreams. What we know about dreams Length of dreams • Approximates the time it would take in waking life Content • Our eye movements are correlated with dream activity Who Dreams? • Everyone dreams, not everyone remembers, “Non-dreamers” less likely to remember 46% vs 83%. How much do we dream? • 4 or 5 bouts of about 10-20 dreams a night (20%) • Age differences in REM Sleep Additional Findings About REM Does everyone sleep? Do we only dream during REM? • Nonsomniacs • Story type dream only found in REM. NREM more like passing • Individual differences in sleep needs thoughts or thinking. Recent research suggests dreams occur at other times. • How much sleep should you have. Most 8 hours but wide individual differences. • Lucid dreaming Do we need REM sleep? NREM? • Deprivation studies show REM rebound – Since stages 3 & 4 of deep sleep also involved, people feel more tired and bothered by muscle and bone pain • Dreams may be way of exercising our neurons to keep them in shape or getting oxygen to cornea • REM sleep is correlated with learning. – REM sleep increases in college students during examination time. – Deprivation of REM sleep impairs the ability to learn complex tasks Mortality Rates and Sleep Sleep Deprivation Sleep Deprivation. Do you go crazy without sleep? • The cases of Peter Tripp and Randy Gardner (264 hours or 11 days without sleep) • Key finding: Lack of sleep makes you tired but no physical damage. If sufficiently motivated you can perform quite well Are we sleep deprived? • Estimates are that 50% of population needs more sleep. • Studies show that optimal functioning helped by getting regular sleep of 8 hours or more and those who increased their sleep time did better. – Problems of insomnia in older people. (Figure adapted from Kripke et al., 1979) Sleep Problems Periodic limb movement disorder • Restless leg or kick that wakes up. Increases with age. Sleep Apnea • Problem of breathing and sleeping at the same time. SIDS Narcolepsy • Sudden intrusion of Rem sleep causing cataplexy (loss of skeletal muscle tone) hypnagogic hallucinations. Persistent daytime sleepiness. • Deficiency in Orexin or brain receptors for the neurotransmitter. Orexin keeps you awake rather than alternating between sleep and wakefulness. • Unlike normals, move directly to REM sleep at night. tape Sleep Problems How to sleep like a baby Insomnia. • Sleep onset-you cannot get to sleep when you go to bed • Do you really need that much sleep as you think? • Sleep awakening-you get to sleep but you keep waking up • Early termination-you get to sleep but you wake up too early • Clear you mind of obsessive thoughts and worries • Light sleep-you feel that you never really got to sleep before going to bed. Paradoxical intention. • Keep a regular schedule of sleeping and waking and avoid long afternoon naps. • Don’t got to bed until you are tired. • Make your bed a place to sleep. • Adopt a regular program of exercise. • Should you exercise before going to bed. • Avoid sleep medications. • Have faith that your circadian rhythms will carry you though the next day ’ Psychodynamic View of Consciousness Sigmund Freud s Theory of Dreams Freud believed dreams gives us a closer look at the workings of the unconscious. Divided dreams into: Freud argued that three mental systems form consciousness • Manifest content of a dream or the story of our dream • Latent content or the source of the dream in the unconscious • Conscious: mental events that you are aware of • Preconscious: Mental events that can be brought Freud thought dreaming allows us to remain sleeping into awareness when any of the following threaten to wake us: • Unconscious: Mental events that are inaccessible • nocturnal sensory impressions to awareness; events are actively kept out of • daytime preoccupations awareness • unconscious impulses. “Dream Work” Common Dream Symbols Body - houses • According to Freud, dream work allows us to incorporate those Parents - royalty, persons in power things which threaten to wake us by disguising images of the Siblings - little animals or vermin impulses which created them. Birth - water • The extent of the disguise depends on the individual’s “dream Dying - journey censor.” Uniform – nakedness • Since dreams contain visual symbols we are likely to miss their Rhythmic activities, dancing, playing piano—intercourse or symbolic meaning. masturbation • Distortions are dynamic, emotions may appear opposite to what Penis - generally any object that can penetrate, or is pointed or they are. elongated, or defy gravity. Sticks, knives, umbrellas etc., Female genitalia - churches, ovens, receptacles Breasts – apples, peaches, fruit in general Male genitalia - machinery, a grouping of three Where do these symbols come from? Is there empirical support for dream symbols? Are Dreams the workings of Unconscious? Hypnotic Phenomena Problems with Freud Disinhibition- will people engage in behavior that is • Freud’s dream theory has difficulty with “Sexual” Dreams and unusual or immoral “nonsexual” dreams. • People will follow suggestions. (Orne & Evans,1965) Snake, • Problem with Freud is that he suggests that there is a homunculus nitric acid, assault 5/6 followed directions. Complicating factor is that controls our behavior that nonhypnotized people will often follow directions too. Sensory distortions or hallucinations An alternative explanation: Hobson and McCarley’s • Some report auditory or visual hallucinations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Detecting Seizures in EEG Recordings Using Conformal Prediction
    Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 1:1{16, 2018 COPA 2018 Detecting seizures in EEG recordings using Conformal Prediction Charalambos Eliades [email protected] Harris Papadopoulos [email protected] Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Frederick University 7 Y. Frederickou St., Palouriotisa, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus Editor: Alex Gammerman, Vladimir Vovk, Zhiyuan Luo, Evgueni Smirnov and Ralf Peeters Abstract This study examines the use of the Conformal Prediction (CP) framework for the provi- sion of confidence information in the detection of seizures in electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings. The detection of seizures is an important task since EEG recordings of seizures are of primary interest in the evaluation of epileptic patients. However, manual review of long-term EEG recordings for detecting and analyzing seizures that may have occurred is a time-consuming process. Therefore a technique for automatic detection of seizures in such recordings is highly beneficial since it can be used to significantly reduce the amount of data in need of manual review. Additionally, due to the infrequent and unpredictable occurrence of seizures, having high sensitivity is crucial for seizure detection systems. This is the main motivation for this study, since CP can be used for controlling the error rate of predictions and therefore guaranteeing an upper bound on the frequency of false negatives. Keywords: EEG, Seizure, Confidence, Credibility, Prediction Regions 1. Introduction Epileptic seizures reflect the clinical signs of the synchronized discharge of brain neurons. The effects of this situation can be characterized by disturbances of mental function and/or movements of body (Lehnertz et al., 2003). This neurological disorder occurs in approx- imately 0:6 − 0:8% of the entire population.
    [Show full text]
  • Music Genre Preference and Tempo Alter Alpha and Beta Waves in Human Non-Musicians
    Page 1 of 11 Impulse: The Premier Undergraduate Neuroscience Journal 2013 Music genre preference and tempo alter alpha and beta waves in human non-musicians. Nicole Hurless1, Aldijana Mekic1, Sebastian Peña1, Ethan Humphries1, Hunter Gentry1, 1 David F. Nichols 1Roanoke College, Salem, Virginia 24153 This study examined the effects of music genre and tempo on brain activation patterns in 10 non- musicians. Two genres (rock and jazz) and three tempos (slowed, medium/normal, and quickened) were examined using EEG recording and analyzed through Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis. When participants listened to their preferred genre, an increase in alpha wave amplitude was observed. Alpha waves were not significantly affected by tempo. Beta wave amplitude increased significantly as the tempo increased. Genre had no effect on beta waves. The findings of this study indicate that genre preference and artificially modified tempo do affect alpha and beta wave activation in non-musicians listening to preselected songs. Abbreviations: BPM – beats per minute; EEG – electroencephalography; FFT – Fast Fourier Transform; ERP – event related potential; N2 – negative peak 200 milliseconds after stimulus; P3 – positive peak 300 milliseconds after stimulus Keywords: brain waves; EEG; FFT. Introduction For many people across cultures, music The behavioral relationship between is a common form of entertainment. Dillman- music preference and other personal Carpentier and Potter (2007) suggested that characteristics, such as those studied by music is an integral form of human Rentfrow and Gosling (2003), is evident. communication used to relay emotion, group However, the neurological bases of preference identity, and even political information. need to be studied more extensively in order to Although the scientific study of music has be understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantitative EEG (QEEG) Analysis of Emotional Interaction Between Abusers and Victims in Intimate Partner Violence: a Pilot Study
    brain sciences Article Quantitative EEG (QEEG) Analysis of Emotional Interaction between Abusers and Victims in Intimate Partner Violence: A Pilot Study Hee-Wook Weon 1, Youn-Eon Byun 2 and Hyun-Ja Lim 3,* 1 Department of Brain & Cognitive Science, Seoul University of Buddhism, Seoul 08559, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Youth Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Community Health & Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Background: The perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) and their victims have different emotional states. Abusers typically have problems associated with low self-esteem, low self-awareness, violence, anger, and communication, whereas victims experience mental distress and physical pain. The emotions surrounding IPV for both abuser and victim are key influences on their behavior and their relationship. Methods: The objective of this pilot study was to examine emotional and psychological interactions between IPV abusers and victims using quantified electroencephalo- gram (QEEG). Two abuser–victim case couples and one non-abusive control couple were recruited from the Mental Image Recovery Program for domestic violence victims in Seoul, South Korea, from Citation: Weon, H.-W.; Byun, Y.-E.; 7–30 June 2017. Data collection and analysis were conducted using BrainMaster and NeuroGuide. Lim, H.-J. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) The emotional pattern characteristics between abuser and victim were examined and compared to Analysis of Emotional Interaction those of the non-abusive couple. Results: Emotional states and reaction patterns were different for between Abusers and Victims in the non-abusive and IPV couples.
    [Show full text]
  • The Electroencephalogram (EEG)
    iWorx Physiology Lab Experiment Experiment HP-1 The Electroencephalogram (EEG) Note: The lab presented here is intended for evaluation purposes only. iWorx users should refer to the User Area on www.iworx.com for the most current versions of labs and LabScribe2 Software. iWorx Systems, Inc. www.iworx.com iWorx Systems, Inc. 62 Littleworth Road, Dover, New Hampshire 03820 (T) 800-234-1757 / 603-742-2492 (F) 603-742-2455 LabScribe2 is a trademark of iWorx Systems, Inc. ©2013 iWorx Systems, Inc. Experiment HP-1: The Electroencephalogram (EEG) Background The living brain produces a continuous output of small electrical signals, often referred to as brain waves. The recording of these signals, called an electroencephalogram (EEG), is the summation of all the postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. The amplitudes of these signals are so small that they are measured in microvolts which are millionths of a volt or thousandths of a millivolt. Though they are small, the signals can be accurately detected and recorded. The electrodes that pick up these signals are attached to the surface of the scalp. The signals are then amplified many thousands of times. The amplified signals are then recorded with an electroencephalograph, which is a device for recording brain waves. The iWorx data recording unit will function as both an amplifier and an electroencephalograph for the experiments in this chapter. EEG Parameters The electroencephalograph is a continuous recording of waves of varying frequency and amplitude. The number of wave cycles or peaks that occurs in a EEG pattern in a set period of time is its frequency.
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Sleep Quality from EEG with Machine Learning Approaches
    Measuring Sleep Quality from EEG with Machine Learning Approaches Li-Li Wang, Wei-Long Zheng, Hai-Wei Ma, and Bao-Liang Lu∗ Center for Brain-like Computing and Machine Intelligence Department of Computer Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Shanghai Education Commission for Intelligent Interaction and Cognitive Engineering Brain Science and Technology Research Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China Abstract—This study aims at measuring last-night sleep quality Index [2], Epworth Sleep Scale [3], and Sleep Diaries [4]. from electroencephalography (EEG). We design a sleep ex- However, we have no way of knowing whether the respondents periment to collect waking EEG signals from eight subjects are honest, conscientious, responsible for self assessment and under three different sleep conditions: 8 hours sleep, 6 hours sleep, and 4 hours sleep. We utilize three machine learning related records and in many cases they may provide false approaches, k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), support vector machine information or fill in the questionnaire not seriously. Secondly, (SVM), and discriminative graph regularized extreme learning the subjective evaluation method is more troublesome, time- machine (GELM), to classify extracted EEG features of power consuming and laborious, which requires participants to se- spectral density (PSD). The accuracies of these three classi- riously think about, a detailed answer, record relevant infor- fiers without feature selection are 36.68%, 48.28%, 62.16%, respectively. By using minimal-redundancy-maximal-relevance mation in time, in the meantime, experiment personnel also (MRMR) algorithm and the brain topography, the classification need a manual investigation and analysis of the information accuracy of GELM with 9 features is improved largely and in order to give a sleep quality evaluation and judgment of increased to 83.57% in average.
    [Show full text]
  • Michelia Essential Oil Inhalation Increases Fast Alpha Wave Activity
    Scientia Pharmaceutica Article Michelia Essential Oil Inhalation Increases Fast Alpha Wave Activity Phanit Koomhin 1,2,3,*, Apsorn Sattayakhom 2,4, Supaya Chandharakool 4, Jennarong Sinlapasorn 4, Sarunnat Suanjan 4, Sarawoot Palipoch 1, Prasit Na-ek 1, Chuchard Punsawad 1 and Narumol Matan 2,5 1 School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (P.N.-e.); [email protected] (C.P.) 2 Center of Excellence in Innovation on Essential oil, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (N.M.) 3 Research Group in Applied, Computational and Theoretical Science (ACTS), Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand 4 School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand; [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (S.S.) 5 School of Agricultural Technology, Walailak University, Nakhonsithammarat 80160, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-95295-0550 Received: 13 February 2020; Accepted: 6 May 2020; Published: 9 May 2020 Abstract: Essential oils are volatile fragrance liquids extracted from plants, and their compound annual growth rate is expected to expand to 8.6% from 2019 to 2025, according to Grand View Research. Essential oils have several domains of application, such as in the food and beverage industry, in cosmetics, as well as for medicinal use. In this study, Michelia alba essential oil was extracted from leaves and was rich in linalool components as found in lavender and jasmine oil.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Construct
    Psychological construct A psychological construct, or hypothetical construct, is a concept that is ‘constructed’ to describe specific ‘psychological’ activity, or a pattern of activity, that is believed to occur or exist but cannot be directly observed. In studying an individual’s state of consciousness, researchers typically rely on: • Information provided by the individual (e.g. self-reports), and/or • Behaviour that is demonstrated (e.g. responses during experimental research), and/or • Physiological changes that can be measured (e.g. recording brain activity). Consciousness Consciousness is the awareness of objects and events in the external world, and of our sensations, mental experiences and own existence at any given moment. Whatever we are aware of at any given moment is commonly referred to as the contents of consciousness. The contents of consciousness can include anything you think, feel and physically or mentally experience; for example: • Your awareness of your internal sensations, such as your breathing and the beating of your heart. • Your awareness of your surroundings, such as your perceptions of where you are, who you are with and what you see, hear, feel or smell. • Your awareness of yourself as the unique person having these sensory and perceptual experiences. • The memories of personal experiences throughout your life. • The comments you make to yourself. • Your beliefs and attitudes. • Your plans for activities later in the day. Consciousness is an experience — a moment by moment experience that is essential to what it means to be human. The experience is commonly described as being personal, selective, continuous and changing. Consciousness is personal because it is your subjective (‘personalised’) understanding of both your unique internal world and the external environment — it is individual to you.
    [Show full text]
  • New Directions in the Management of Insomnia
    New Directions in the Management of Insomnia Balancing Pathophysiology and Therapeutics Proceedings From an Expert Roundtable Discussion Release date: October 10, 2013 Expiration date: October 31, 2014 Estimated time to complete activity: 1.5 hours Jointly sponsored by Postgraduate Institute for Medicine and MedEdicus LLC This activity is supported by an educational grant from Merck & Co. Distributed with 2 Target Audience This activity has been designed to meet the educational needs of physicians involved in the management of patients with insomnia disorder. Statement of Need/Program Overview An estimated 40 to 70 million Americans are affected by Faculty insomnia. According to these estimates, twice as many Americans suffer from insomnia than from major depression. However, the Larry Culpepper, MD, MPH —Co-Chair true prevalence of insomnia is unknown because it is underdiagnosed and underreported. Recent updates in the Professor and Chairman of Family Medicine nosology and diagnostic criteria for insomnia have occurred as Boston University School of Medicine well as advances in understanding pathophysiology, which, in Boston University Medical Center turn, has led to the development of potential new treatments. Boston, Massachusetts The burden of medical, psychiatric, interpersonal, and societal consequences that can be attributed to insomnia and the Tom Roth, PhD —Co-Chair prevalence of patients with insomnia disorder treated in primary Director of Research care underscore the importance of continuing medical education Sleep Disorders and Research Center (CME) that improves the clinical understanding, diagnosis, and Henry Ford Hospital treatment of the disorder by primary care providers. This continuing education activity is based on an expert roundtable Detroit, Michigan discussion and literature review and provides an update in Sonia Ancoli-Israel, PhD insomnia disorder.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerebral Activation Patterns of Older Adults While Performing the Functional Gait Test
    Cerebral Activation Patterns Of Older Adults While Performing The Functional Gait Test Larissa Bastos Tavares ( [email protected] ) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-8306-3183 Idaliana Fagundes de Souza Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude Bartolomeu Fagundes de Lima Filho Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude Kim Mansur Yano Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude Juliana Maria Gazzola Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude Edgar Ramos Vieira Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude Fabricia Azevedo da Costa Cavalcanti Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Centro de Ciencias da Saude Research Keywords: EEG, Virtual Reality, older adults, Physiotherapy. Posted Date: March 10th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16510/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/15 Abstract Dual-task activities are common in daily life and have greater motor/cognitive demands. These are conditions that increase the risk of older adult falls. Falls are a public health problem. Brain mapping during dual-task activities can inform which therapeutic activities stimulate specic brain areas, improving functionality, and decreasing dependence and the risk of falls. The objective of the study was to characterize the brain activity of healthy older adults while performing a dual-task activity called the Functional Gait Test (FGT).
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep Are Followed by Increases in EEG Activity, Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate During Sleep
    Sleep Breath DOI 10.1007/s11325-017-1476-7 NEUROLOGY • ORIGINAL ARTICLE Periodic limb movements in sleep are followed by increases in EEG activity, blood pressure, and heart rate during sleep Mariusz Sieminski1 & Jan Pyrzowski1 & Markku Partinen2 Received: 8 October 2016 /Revised: 14 January 2017 /Accepted: 1 February 2017 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Keywords Periodic limb movements . Blood pressure . Purpose Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are relat- Restless legs syndrome . Heart rate . Polysomnography ed to arousal, sympathetic activation, and increases in blood pressure (BP), but whether they are part of the arousal process or causative of it is unclear. Our objective was to assess the Introduction temporal distribution of arousal-related measures around PLMS. Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are repetitive, ste- Methods Polysomnographic recordings of six patients with reotypical involuntary movements of the lower extremities restless legs syndrome were analyzed. We analyzed 15 that appear during sleep. They typically consist of dorsiflexion PLMS, plus three 5-s epochs before and after each movement, of the toes and ankle, with partial flexion of knee and hip. A for every patient. Mean values per epoch of blood pressure single movement may last from 0.5 to 10 s; however, the (BP), heart rate (HR), and electroencephalographic (EEG) movements manifest in series of four or more single move- power were calculated. For each patient, six 5-s epochs of ments separated by intervals of 5 to 90 s [1]. They are highly undisturbed sleep were analyzed as controls. prevalent in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) [2], Results Alpha + beta EEG power, systolic BP, and HR were but are also found in patients with narcolepsy [3], REM sleep significantly increased following PLMS.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Learning Methodology Between Cognitive and Psychomotor for Non- Dyslexia Person Via Electroencephalogram (EEG)
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 07, JULY 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 A Comparative Study Of Learning Methodology Between Cognitive And Psychomotor For Non- Dyslexia Person Via Electroencephalogram (EEG) N.Fuad, J.A. Bakar, Md.Nor.Danial, E.M.N.E.M.Nasir, M.E.Marwan Abstract: Every action and decision makes by a person comes from the brain. This organ is the central processing unit (CPU) for a human. Electricity is used by the neurons which is the brain cells for communication between each other. From this activity, the presences of a few types of subbands are detected. The subbands are Delta, Theta, Alpha and Beta. Each of the subbands has its own characteristic and when these subbands will be dominant depends on the action made by the person. One type of action is learning and there are three types of learning methods which are cognitive, psychomo- tor and affective. Cognitive is a type of learning style where the student uses his or her reading, understanding and memorising skills. Psychomotor do- main is a type of learning method where the student needs to learn by using his or her physical skills. For this project, ten engineering students from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia are asked to become the subjects for data collection. Cognitive domain is tested by giving the subjects a set of question which contains fifteen questions of various types. The questions need to be answered in 5 minutes. Psychomotor domain is tested by asking the subjects to design a building or statue using legos and the subjects need to follow the conditions given with duration of 5 minutes as well.
    [Show full text]
  • A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation During Slow Wave Sleep
    University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 10-5-2017 A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep Francia Dauz University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Dauz, Francia, "A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7246. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7246 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep By Francia Tephanie Dauz A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2017 ©2017 Francia Tephanie Dauz A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep By Francia Tephanie Dauz Approved By: W.
    [Show full text]