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A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation During Slow Wave Sleep

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A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation During Slow Wave Sleep University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 10-5-2017 A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep Francia Dauz University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Dauz, Francia, "A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 7246. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/7246 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep By Francia Tephanie Dauz A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2017 ©2017 Francia Tephanie Dauz A Multi-Sensor Platform for Microcurrent Skin Stimulation during Slow Wave Sleep By Francia Tephanie Dauz Approved By: W. Kedzierski Department of Physics M. Ahmadi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering R. Maev, Advisor Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering September 13th, 2017 Declaration of Originality I hereby certify that I am the sole author of this thesis and that no part of this thesis has been published or submitted for publication. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, tech- niques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have in- cluded copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, I certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis and have included copies of such copyright clearances to my appendix. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. iii Abstract Insufficient and low quality sleep is related to several health issues and social outcomes. Regular sleep study conducted in a sleep laboratory is impractical and expensive. As a result, miniature and non-invasive sleep monitoring devices provide an accessible sleep data. Though not as accurate as polysomnography, these devices provide useful data to the subject by tracking sleep patterns regularly. On the other hand, proactive improvement of sleep quality has been limited to pharmacological solutions and cranial electrotherapy stimulation. An alternative approach and a potential solution to sleep deprivation is a non-pharmacological technique which involves the application of micro-current electrical stimulation on the palm during Slow Wave Sleep (SWS). This thesis presents the development of a miniature device for SWS detection and electrocutaneous stimulation. Several sensors are embedded in the prototype device to measure physiological data such as body movement, electrodermal activity, heart rate, and skin and ambient temperature. Furthermore, the prototype device provides local storage and wireless transfer for data acquisition. The quality of the sensor data during sleep are discussed in this thesis. For future work, the results of this thesis shall be the used as a baseline to develop a more refined prototype for clinical trials in sleep laboratories. iv I dedicate my thesis to my family and friends who supported me along the way. v Acknowledgements My sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Roman Maev, for his continuous support throughout the span of this research. I would also like to thank Dr. Emil Strumban, Dr. Alex Denisov, Serge Zhelkanov and Alex Lyadski for sharing their knowledge and expert advice during the development of this project. I also appreciate the time and guidance of my committee members, Dr. Majid Ahmadi and Dr. Wladyslav Kedzierski. vi Contents Declaration of Originality iii Abstract iv Dedicationv Acknowledgements vi List of Tablesx List of Figures xi Abbreviations xii 1 Introduction1 1.1 Motivation................................1 1.2 Problem Statement...........................2 1.3 Thesis Contribution and Limitation..................2 1.4 Research Publication..........................3 1.5 Thesis Outline..............................3 2 Background and Literature Review4 2.1 Sleep Staging Methods.........................5 2.1.1 Polysomnography........................5 2.1.2 Actigraphy...........................7 2.1.3 Electrodermal Activity.....................8 2.1.4 Electrocardiography......................9 2.2 Sleep Quality Enhancement Methods................. 10 2.2.1 Pharmacological Solution.................... 10 2.2.2 Neurofeedback Training.................... 11 2.2.3 Micro-current Skin Stimulation................ 12 vii Table of Contents viii 2.2.3.1 Pain Sensation Threshold Associated with Electro- cutaneous Stimulation................ 13 2.3 Research Direction and Challenges.................. 14 3 Design Methodology 15 3.1 Project Overview............................ 15 3.2 Device Specifications and Requirements................ 16 3.3 Rationale of Technical Solutions.................... 17 3.4 Hardware Development......................... 17 3.4.1 Processing............................ 17 3.4.2 EDA measurement....................... 18 3.4.2.1 Constant-Voltage and Constant-Current Configu- ration......................... 19 3.4.3 Actigraphy........................... 22 3.4.4 Heart Rate and Blood Oxygen Level Measurement..... 24 3.4.5 Electro-stimulation....................... 26 3.4.5.1 DRV2700 Voltage Driver............... 26 3.4.5.2 LT3092 Constant Direct Current Source...... 27 3.4.6 Power Supply.......................... 28 3.4.7 Wireless and Local Storage................... 29 3.5 Software Development......................... 32 3.5.1 FreeRTOS............................ 33 3.5.2 FatFS.............................. 34 3.5.3 Data Handling......................... 34 3.5.4 Communication......................... 35 3.5.4.1 I2C.......................... 35 3.5.4.2 SPI.......................... 36 3.5.4.3 UART......................... 36 3.6 Development Tools........................... 36 3.6.1 Orcad Capture and Allegro.................. 37 3.6.2 Crossworks for ARM...................... 37 3.6.3 STLink V2........................... 37 4 Results and Discussion 38 4.1 Experimental Results.......................... 38 4.1.1 Heart Rate........................... 38 4.1.2 Actigraphy........................... 41 4.1.3 Skin and Ambient Temperature................ 42 4.1.4 EDA Measurements....................... 44 4.2 Electro-stimulation........................... 47 4.2.1 Hardware Platform....................... 50 5 Conclusion and Future Scope 51 viii Table of Contents ix A Market Study on Portable Sleep Monitoring Devices 53 B Component Selection Report 55 C Power Consumption Calculation 57 D Skin and Ambient Temperature plots for Six Nights 59 Bibliography 61 Vita Auctoris 67 ix List of Tables 2.1 Summary of Sleep Stage Characteristics...............6 2.2 Portable Sleep Monitoring Devices..................7 2.3 Classification of Portable Sleep Monitors............... 10 3.1 Device Requirements.......................... 16 3.2 Microcontroller Options........................ 18 3.3 ADC bits and Measurement Resolution................ 21 3.4 Default Settings............................. 27 3.5 Sensor Sampling Rate......................... 35 3.6 Components on the I2C bus...................... 36 3.7 Components on the SPI bus...................... 36 4.1 Difference in Skin and Ambient Temperature during Sleep Test... 43 x List of Figures 2.1 EDA signal components........................8 2.2 Pulse Parameters............................ 13 3.1 Project Overview............................ 15 3.2 Skin Electrical Model.......................... 19 3.3 A Wheatstone Bridge......................... 20 3.4 EDA Measurement Circuit....................... 22 3.5 Direction of Detectable Accelerations................. 23 3.6 PPG Block Diagram.......................... 25 3.7 PPG Block Diagram.......................... 25 3.8 Piezo Driver Schematic......................... 26 3.9 LT3092 Internal Circuit........................ 27 3.10 Current Supply Schematic....................... 28 3.11 Power Supply Block Diagram..................... 29 3.12 TCP/IP Stack on ESP8266
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