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From Evolutionary Morphology of Prehensile Tails in Syngnathid Fishes to Exploring Bio-Inspiration Potentials

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From Evolutionary Morphology of Prehensile Tails in Syngnathid Fishes to Exploring Bio-Inspiration Potentials TRANSFORMING TAILS INTO TOOLS: FROM EVOLUTIONARY MORPHOLOGY OF PREHENSILE TAILS IN SYNGNATHID FISHES TO EXPLORING BIO-INSPIRATION POTENTIALS CÉLINE NEUTENS Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Academic year 2015-2016 Doctor in Sciences (Biology) Rector: Prof. Dr. Anne De Paepe Proefschrift voorgedragen tot het Dean: Prof. Dr. Herwig Dejonghe bekomen van de graad van Promotor: Prof. Dr. Dominique Adriaens Doctor in de Wetenschappen (Biologie) Co-promotor: Prof. Dr. Ir. Matthieu De Beule © All rights reserved. This thesis contains confidential information and confidential research results that are property to the UGent (Research group Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Department of Biology). The contents of this thesis may under no circumstances be made public, nor complete or partial, without the explicit and preceding permission of the UGent representative, i.e. the supervisor. The thesis may under no circumstances be copied or duplicated in any form, unless permission granted in written form. Any violation of the confidential nature of this thesis may impose irreparable damage to the UGent. In case of a dispute that may arise within the context of this declaration, the Judicial Court of Gent only is competent to be notified. © Cover photograph: Art Wolfe Examination Committee Prof. Dr. Dominique Adriaens (Promotor) (Ghent University, Belgium) Prof. Dr. Ir. Matthieu De Beule (Co-promotor) (Ghent University, Belgium) Prof. Dr. Ann Huysseune (Chair) (Ghent University, Belgium) Dr. Sam Van Wassenbergh (Secretary) (CNRS, France) Prof. Dr. Anthony Herrel (Ghent University, Belgium; CNRS, France) Prof. Dr. Peter Aerts (Antwerp University, Belgium) Prof. Dr. Ir. Michael Porter (Clemson University, U.S.A.) Prof. Dr. Ir. Benedict Verhegghe (Ghent University, Belgium) Dr. Ir. Tomas Praet (Xeikon International B.V.) Prof. Dr. Pieter Cornillie (Ghent University, Belgium) Rummaging through a box labeled “spare parts”, a mischievous god finds a horse’s head and, feeling the desire for experimentation, places it on top of the pouched torso of a kangaroo. This playful god adds a pair of swiveling chameleon eyes and the prehensile tail of a tree-dwelling monkey for embellishment – then she stands back to admire her work. Not bad, but how about a suit of magical color-changing armor, a perfect fit, and a crown borrowed from a fairy princess, shaped as intricately and uniquely as a human fingerprint? Shrink it all down to the size of a chess piece and the new creature is complete. - H. Scales - Dankwoord Traditioneel hoort bij een schrijven van een doctoraat een woordje van dank. Dankzij de hulp van velen is dit doctoraat het boekje geworden dat nu voor jullie ligt! Het liefst zou ik hier gewoon “Merci iedereen” willen neerschrijven om er zeker van te zijn dat ik niemand vergeet, maar sommigen verdienen toch een extra woordje van dank. In de eerste plaats een dikke merci aan Dominique, een promotor uit de duizend! Jij stond letterlijk dag en nacht klaar om te helpen en mijn teksten na te lezen. Je was altijd enthousiast als ik weer eens afkwam met de vraag om iets te 3D-tekenen of -printen. We hebben de afgelopen jaren veel interessante discussies gevoerd en je feedback heeft deze thesis ongetwijfeld tot een hoger niveau getilt! Ook had ik graag mijn co-promotor, Matthieu, en alle andere mensen met een ingenieursachtergrond die mij geholpen hebben bij het experimenteren en modelleren bedankt: Benedict, Tom, Tomas, Michael, Nic en Jurgen. Matthieu, Benedict en Tom had ik graag bedankt voor de verschillende brainstorm-sessies die we gehouden hebben en Benedict in het bijzonder voor de hulp met pyFormex. Tomas, zonder jouw hulp was het zesde hoofdstuk van dit doctoraat zeker niet geworden wat het nu is! Bedankt om mij te willen helpen mijn ideeën te vertalen in een werkend script, altijd klaar te staan om mijn vragen te beantwoorden en dit alles te willen doen in je schaarse vrije tijd. Mensen zoals jij, die willen helpen met als drijfveer passie en nieuwsgierigheid, kom je slechts zelden tegen! Also a special thank you for Michael. Although we never actually met, you helped me a lot with your knowledge (and explaining the difficult engineering stuff in such a way that a simple biologist could understand it), your feedback and answers to my many questions! Nic en Jurgen had ik graag bedankt voor de hulp met de Inston-machine. Verder had ik ook graag Peter en Bart bedankt voor de hulp bij (het aanpassen van de software voor) het uitvoeren van de 3D-morfometrische analyses en de heel aangename samenwerking! Ook een dankjewel aan Renauld en Anthony voor het maken van de synchrotron scans en aan het UGCT voor het maken van de µCT-scans. Graag had ik ook Anthony bedankt voor de hulp bij het maken van de ancestral state reconstructie. Binnen onze eigen onderzoeksgroep had ik graag Barbara en Joachim bedankt voor de hulp met allerlei praktisch werk: kleuringen, snijden van coupes, lijmen, verzorgen van dieren en aquaria, etc. Also, I wish to thank Paulina for assisting me during the bending experiments. Gedurende de afgelopen vier jaar werd inspanning gelukkig regelmatig afgewisseld door ontspanning. Een hele reeks collega’s passeerden de revue en draagden allen hun steentje bij tot de leuke sfeer op het werk: Niels, Tim, Emilie, Tom, Anabela, Sandra, David, Sam, Charlotte, Mathias, Jens, Barbara, Joachim, Miranda, Hilde, Inge en (andere) Barbara. Al moet ik wel toegeven dat we de laatste jaren met drie een bureau deelden die er qua sfeer en gezelligheid bovenuit springt! Gezien dit onderzoek niet mogelijk was geweest zonder dieren of financiering, bedankt aan alle musea en instellingen voor het ontlenen en doneren van de specimens: het Vlaams Instituur voor de Zee (VLIZ, België), het Koninklijk Belgisch Instituur voor Natuurwetenschappen (KBIN, België), het South Australian Museum (SAM, Australie), de Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO, Australie), het Field Museum (V.S) en het Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN, Frankrijk) en aan het Instituut voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT) voor het toekennen van een doctoraatsbeurs. Als laatste had ik graag nog een woordje van dank gericht aan mijn familie. Geen doctoraat zonder voorafgaande studies, die ik dankzij de hulp van mijn ouders mocht aanvangen en tot een goed einde kon brengen. Een bijzondere dankjewel voor mijn mama, die de afgelopen jaren steeds voor me klaarstond! De hopen liefde die ik binnen mijn eigen, kleine gezinnetje krijg, hebben er ook zeker mee voor gezorgd dat dit doctoraat hier nu voor jullie ligt. Matti, jij bent er altijd in blijven geloven dat dit moment er zeker zou komen! Tijdens het schrijven van dit doctoraat kon ik voor gelijk wat op je rekenen, een gevoel dat enorm veel deugd doet! Eleonora, mijn kleine spruitje, misschien lees je op een dag dit tekstje in mama haar boek en kom je nu te weten dat jouw schaterlach en eeuwig enthousiasme me altijd deden opfleuren na een dagje schrijven aan dit boek. Ik zie jullie graag! Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 3 1.1 General context ............................................................................................................. 3 1.1.1 General morphology of the fish tail ....................................................................... 3 1.1.2 Syngnathid fishes .................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3. Mimicry, biomimetics and designs from nature ................................................. 13 1.2. Aims and thesis outline ............................................................................................... 15 1.2.1. General aims ........................................................................................................ 15 1.2.2. Thesis outline and specific aims .......................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: MATERIAL & METHODS .............................................................................................. 19 2.1 Material ....................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Methods ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.1. Scanning procedures ........................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 In toto clearing and staining ................................................................................. 23 2.2.3 Histological sectioning .......................................................................................... 24 2.2.4 Nitric acid treatment ............................................................................................ 24 2.2.5 3D-reconstructing ................................................................................................. 24 2.2.6 Morphometry ....................................................................................................... 25 2.2.7 Tail stiffness .......................................................................................................... 25 2.2.8 Syngnathid tail modelling ..................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3: MORPHOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 29 3.1
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