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Dissertação Final Corrigida Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” Instituto de Artes ALINE PIRES LUZ A ARTE PSICODÉLICA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA NORTE-AMERICANA E INGLESA DOS ANOS 1960: uma dissolução de fronteiras São Paulo 2014 ALINE PIRES LUZ A ARTE PSICODÉLICA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA NORTE-AMERICANA E INGLESA DOS ANOS 1960: uma dissolução de fronteiras Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós- Graduação em Artes, do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Artes Visuais, Área de concentração: História da Arte. Linha de Pesquisa: Abordagens Teóricas, Históricas e Culturais da Arte. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Omar Khouri. São Paulo 2014 ALINE PIRES LUZ A ARTE PSICODÉLICA E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA NORTE-AMERICANA E INGLESA DOS ANOS 1960: uma dissolução de fronteiras Dissertação aprovada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Artes Visuais no curso de Pós-Graduação em Artes, do Instituto de Artes da Universidades Estadual Paulista – UNESP, com área de concentração em História da Arte, pela seguinte banca examinadora: __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Omar Khouri Instituto de Artes (UNESP) – Orientador. __________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Sérgio Mauro Romagnolo Instituto de Artes (UNESP) __________________________________________ Dr. Júlio César Mendonça Pontifícia Universidade Católica – PUC/SP São Paulo, 10 de Junho de 2014 RESUMO Tem-se por objetivo situar a produção de arte psicodélica vinculada ao movimento de contracultura da década de 1960, em relação à chamada arte contemporânea, que se iniciava no mesmo período e que pode ser tomada como uma arte que se deu no âmbito mainstream , por circular nas principais galerias, museus e fazer parte da História da Arte. A arte psicodélica era também conhecida como arte underground e, de fato, foi uma das expressões desse outro âmbito. Tal arte se vincula ainda a arte outsider , que também engloba várias expressões da chamada arte visionária. Dentro da arte visionária, há uma linha que se desenvolve desde produções que passam pela arte primitiva, antiga e medieval, até o Romantismo, Simbolismo, Arte Nova, Realismo Fantástico, culminando com o Psicodelismo nos anos 1960. Das expressões da arte contemporânea, a Arte Pop, o Minimalismo, a Land Art, a Op Art e o Happening situam-se entre os movimentos em que se pode encontrar relações. O Minimalismo, por exemplo, presentifica um apelo sensorial das superfícies dos materiais similar ao que é experiementado no estado psicodélico. A estética mínima e limítrofe é um estimulante para a formação de alegorias e ilusões sensoriais. O cinema underground se revelou outra importante área de intersecção entre Psicodelismo e arte contemporânea. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Psicodelismo. Arte Contemporânea. Contracultura. ABSTRACT Our goal is to find the relationship between psychedelic art, which was a part of the 1960’s counterculture movement, and the so called contemporary art, whose first expressions were coming out at the same time. Contemporary art can be assumed to be a mainstream art because it was found at the main galleries and museums and is a well known movement in the History of Art. Psychedelic art, on the contrary, was also known as a kind of underground expression, and is linked with outsider art, which includes in its scope a variety of works of the so called visionary art. Inside its range of artistic expressions we can find a historical line (and at the same time an a-historic essential spirit), that evolves itself between primitive and ancient art, goes following through medieval art, reaching the Romanticism of the nineteenth century, emerging through Simbolism, Art Nouveau , Fantastic Realism, and giving shape to the Psychedelic Art of the 1960’s. On the expressions of contemporary art, we can say that Pop Art, Minimalism, Land Art, Op Art and Happening are between the artistic movements that we can find relationships with psychedelia. Minimal art shows the sensorial appeal of surfaces which is very similar with the kind of sensorial ecstasy enjoyed under the psychedelic state. The minimal aesthetic is so basic that it can provoke mental associations to fulfill its empty meaning and also provoke sensorial illusions like an infinite color fog, for example. Underground cinema is another area that revealed intersections between psychedelic and contemporary art. KEY-WORDS: Psychedelia. Contemporary Art. Counterculture. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 1 O HORIZONTE CONTRACULTURAL ------------------------------------------------------- 10 1.1 Anarquismo estilo de vida e a crítica de Murray Bookchin -----------------------------------21 1.2 A contracultura enquanto um ethos ---------------------------------------------------------------27 1.3 Beats, Hippies e o underground político ---------------------------------------------------------30 1.4 Teatro experimental e Grupo Fluxus -------------------------------------------------------------46 2 A VISUALIDADE PSICODÉLICA ------------------------------------------------------------- 55 2.1 Simbolismo e Arte Nova: antecedentes pictóricos, gráficos e comportamentais -----------55 2.2 Arquitetura Psicodélica ----------------------------------------------------------------------------69 2.2.1 Robert Smithson e a consciência oceânica ----------------------------------------------------76 2.3 A Pintura Psicodélica: suas relações com o Simbolismo/Arte Nova, o Expressionismo Abstrato e a Arte Pop -----------------------------------------------------------80 2.3.1 A pintura psicodélico-visionária ----------------------------------------------------------------84 2.3.2 A pintura psicodélico-abstrata ------------------------------------------------------------------ 86 2.3.3 A sensibilidade psicodélica no Expressionismo Abstrato e na Arte Pop ------------------94 2.3.4 A Arte Pop e sua dimensão nonsense expressiva ---------------------------------------------98 2.4 Os cartazes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 109 3 A EXPERIÊNCIA PSICODÉLICA ------------------------------------------------------------ 112 3.1 O Zen ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------126 3.2 Minimalismo e a experiência psicodélica: uma relação fenomenológica ------------------129 4 CINEMA EXPANDIDO: Light Shows , cinema sincrético, underground e estrutural --------------------------------- 140 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS -------------------------------------------------------------------- 164 REFERÊNCIAS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170 6 Introdução Inicialmente, pretendia-se fazer uma análise exclusivamente das características estilísticas que poderiam estar presentes na produção relacionada e derivada do rock psicodélico em relação à arte contemporânea dos anos 1960. Essa similaridade estética poderia revelar um novo tipo de relação entre cultura de massas e alta cultura, que não se fizesse pela diluição de repertório e sim pela constituição de algo novo, entendido não como um movimento de cultura de massas, mas sim como arte que se dá em âmbito diverso das instituições artísticas. Para isto, partia-se do pensamento de Umberto Eco em Apocalípticos e Integrados (s.d.), onde ele expõe os níveis de cultura e um modo de analisar a relação entre eles por meio dos estilemas . Os níveis de cultura que ele apresenta no capítulo, A estrutura do mau gosto , são três: masscult , midcult e mensagem poética. A mensagem poética é uma configuração original que estimula novas apreensões a cada leitura. É complexa e singular. É o âmbito em que costuma habitar a alta cultura e onde se dá a arte de vanguarda. Midcult é o âmbito da cultura média, da apropriação das inovações da mensagem poética para constituir mensagens de bom gosto. É onde pode ocorrer o kitsch. Masscult é a cultura de massas mais popular. É o âmbito do vocabulário mais básico que perpassa toda a cultura, não tem preocupação com um bom gosto que visa ao prestígio, ao tomar de empréstimo estilemas da mensagem poética. O masscult ainda possui relação com a cultura popular e pode apresentar exemplos de originalidade embora em menor complexidade. Os estilemas, que são configurações visuais que carregam as características principais de um estilo são o que permite perceber se a mensagem é mass , mid , ou poética. Era por meio, pois, de estilemas, que se pretendia buscar as relações entre a produção psicodélica (capas, imprensa underground , pôsteres) e a arte contemporânea do período, não somente com relação à Arte Pop, cuja semelhança é evidente, mas com relação a movimentos como o Minimalismo, Abstração pós-pictórica, Arte Op, Hiper-realismo, Land Art, Arte Conceitual, etc. Esta relação buscava estabelecer a produção psicodélica como arte underground , próxima do masscult , mas não de todo. Buscava estabelecer essa produção como arte, que se presta à divulgação já que, em primeiro momento, ela tem uma proposta de alteração do status quo e se faz por meios gráficos, tecnológicos e não usuais ao âmbito artístico da alta cutura até 7 então, algo que também a arte dos circuitos mais importantes passava a questionar. A produção underground psicodélica é, pois, arte com função. Através das relações estilísticas, seria possível determinar como a arte contemporânea também contribuiu nessa proposta
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