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The Industrial Revolution in America
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A SECTION 1 The Industrial TEKS 5B, 5D, 7A, 11A, 12C, 12D, 13A, Revolution in 13B, 14A, 14B, 27A, 27D, 28B What You Will Learn… America Main Ideas 1. The invention of new machines in Great Britain If YOU were there... led to the beginning of the You live in a small Pennsylvania town in the 1780s. Your father is a Industrial Revolution. 2. The development of new blacksmith, but you earn money for the family, too. You raise sheep machines and processes and spin their wool into yarn. Your sisters knit the yarn into warm brought the Industrial Revolu- tion to the United States. wool gloves and mittens. You sell your products to merchants in the 3. Despite a slow start in manu- city. But now you hear that someone has invented machines that facturing, the United States made rapid improvements can spin thread and make cloth. during the War of 1812. Would you still be able to earn the same amount The Big Idea of money for your family? Why? The Industrial Revolution trans- formed the way goods were produced in the United States. BUILDING BACKOU GR ND In the early 1700s making goods depend- ed on the hard work of humans and animals. It had been that way for Key Terms and People hundreds of years. Then new technology brought a change so radical Industrial Revolution, p. 385 that it is called a revolution. It began in Great Britain and soon spread to textiles, p. -
Machine Tools and Mass Production in the Armaments Boom: Germany and the United States, 1929–441 by CRISTIANO ANDREA RISTUCCIA and ADAM TOOZE*
bs_bs_banner Economic History Review, 66, 4 (2013), pp. 953–974 Machine tools and mass production in the armaments boom: Germany and the United States, 1929–441 By CRISTIANO ANDREA RISTUCCIA and ADAM TOOZE* This article anatomizes the ‘productivity race’ between Nazi Germany and the US over the period from the Great Depression to the Second World War in the metal- working industry.We present novel data that allow us to account for both the quantity of installed machine tools and their technological type. Hitherto, comparison of productive technologies has been limited to case studies and well-worn narratives about US mass production and European-style flexible specialization. Our data show that the two countries in fact employed similar types of machines combined in different ratios. Furthermore, neither country was locked in a rigid technological paradigm. By 1945 Germany had converged on the US both in terms of capital- intensity and the specific technologies employed. Capital investment made a greater contribution to output growth in Germany, whereas US growth was capital-saving. Total factor productivity growth made a substantial contribution to the armaments boom in both countries. But it was US industry, spared the war’s most disruptive effects, that was in a position to take fullest advantage of the opportunities for wartime productivity growth. This adds a new element to familiar explanations for Germany’s rapid catch-up after 1945. earmament in the 1930s followed by the industrial effort for the Second RWorld War unleashed an unprecedented boom in worldwide metalworking production. Over the entire period from the early 1930s to the end of the Second World War, the combatants between them produced in excess of 600,000 military aircraft and many times that number of highly sophisticated aero- engines. -
Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization Framework for Africa
African Union SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION A FRAMEWORK FOR AFRICA FAO_SAMA Report_Cover.indd 1 17/9/18 11:30 AM FAO_SAMA Report_Cover.indd 4 19/9/18 10:06 AM SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION A Framework for Africa Edited by: Patrick Kormawa Geoffrey Mrema Nomathemba Mhlanga Mark Kofi Fynn Josef Kienzle Joseph Mpagalile Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the African Union Commission Addis Ababa, 2018 FAO_SAMA Report_Contents and Intro.indd 1 17/9/18 11:27 AM Required citation Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed FAO & AUC. 2018. Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization: A Framework and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is for Africa. Addis Ababa. 127pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The The designations employed and the presentation of material in use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons license. If a whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer the United Nations (FAO) or Africa Union Commission concerning along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). -
Agricultural Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation
www.acetforafrica.org Agricultural Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation Paper written by Xinshen Diao, Jed Silver and Hiroyuki Takeshima INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE BACKGROUND PAPER FOR African Transformation Report 2016: Transforming Africa’s Agriculture FEBRUARY 2016 Joint research between: African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET) and Japan International Cooperation Agency Research institute (JICA-RI) Background Paper for African Transformation Report 2016: Transforming Africa’s Agriculture Agricultural Mechanization and Agricultural Transformation Xinshen Diao, Jed Silver and Hiroyuki Takeshima (International Food Policy Research Institute) February 2016 Joint research between African Center for Economic Transformation (ACET) and Japan International Cooperation Agency Research institute (JICA-RI) Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Definitions and Concepts ....................................................................................................................... 6 Definitions of Mechanization ............................................................................................................... 6 Mechanization and Agricultural Intensification .............................................................................. -
The Impact of Farm Mechanization on Small-Scale Rice Production
THE IMPACT OF FARM MECHANIZATION ON SMALL-SCALE RICE PRODUCTION Y OLANDA L . TAN MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agricultural Economics) March , 1981 THE IFPACT OF FARM MECHANIZATION ON SMALL-SCALE RICE PRODUCTION YOLANDA L. TAN SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES AT LOS BmOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (Agricultural Economics) March, 1981 The thesis attached hereto entitled: THE IMPACT OF FARM MECHANIZATION ON SMALLeSCALE RICE PRODUCTIONp prepared and submitted by YOLANDA L. TAN, in partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Agricultural Economics), is hereby accepted: BART DUFF' Member. Guidance Committee Member, Guidance Committe fl. /- TIRSO B. PARIS, Adviser and Chairman Guidance Committee 3-&rP/ (Date) Accepted as partial fullfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Agricultural Economics). DOLORES A. RAMIREZ Dean, Graduate School University of the Philippines at Los Ba5os BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Yolanda L. Tan was born in San Pablo City, Laguna on October 17, 1956. She finished her high school education in 1974 at the Laguna College in San Pablo City. In the same year, she was awarded the local State Scholarship grant to pursue undergraduate studies at the University of the Philip- pines at 1.0s Baiios. She finished her college education in 1978 with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Statistics. After graduation, she joined the Commerce Department's teaching staff of the Laguna College. In 1979, she was granted J' an IAPMP (Integrated Agricultutal Productivity and Marketing Program) Fellowship to pursue a Master's degree in Agricul- tural Economics at the University of the Philippines at Los Bafios. -
The Industrial Revolution!!! Ɯ Ɯ 1750
The Industrial Revolution!!! Ɯ Ɯ 1750 - Today The Industrial Revolution was a period during which predominantly agricultural, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and more people lived in cities. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s, manufacturing** was often done in people’s homes, using hand tools or basic machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose machinery, factories and mass production. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. While industrialization brought about an increased volume and variety of manufactured goods and an improved standard of living** for some, it also resulted in often grim employment and living conditions for the poor and working classes. Manufacturing = Making and producing things! Standard of living = How most people live their lives BRITAIN: BIRTHPLACE OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. A number of factors contributed to Britain’s role as the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution. For one, it had great deposits of coal and iron ore, which proved essential for industrialization. Additionally, Britain was a politically stable society, as well as the world’s leading colonial power, which meant its colonies could serve as a source for raw materials, as well as a marketplace for manufactured goods. -
What Was the Assembly Line ?
59 WHAT WAS THE ASSEMBLY LINE ? DAVID E. NYE INTRODUCTION Today, ”assembly line” immediately suggests Asian or Latin-American factories where poorly-paid workers make consumer goods for export to the West. For example, many US corporations shifted jobs to northern Mexico beginning in 1965 as part of the Border Industrialization Program. This process accelerated dramatically after January 1, 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. It abolished tariffs and made re-importation of assembly line goods easy. By 2000, 1.2 million US jobs had been relocated to Mexico. Most of the Mexicans hired were semi-skilled women, preferred both for their manual dexterity and their willingness to accept low wages.1 Corporations built factories where environmental legislation was lax and unions were weak or non-existent. In such places, “the danger is that repression rather than innovation becomes a competitive advantage.”2 Yet if the assembly line of today is often part of a global production system for offshore, semi-skilled work, at its inception in 1913 the Americans saw the assembly line as the guarantor of high wages and domestic prosperity. This essay reviews the origins of the assembly line, what exactly it was as a technology, and how it was initially understood. In hindsight, it was less a beginning than a mid-point in long- term developments that are still underway. Historians frequently refer to the assembly line as an historical stage, in a sequence from Taylorism to Fordism to “post-Fordism,” with additional stages sometimes included such as “lexible production,” “lean production” and most recently “post- lean production.”3 As convenient as these historical stages once seemed, their proliferation suggests that the whole notion of a sequence was mistaken to begin with. -
Technology, Labor, and Mechanized Bodies in Victorian Culture
Syracuse University SURFACE English - Dissertations College of Arts and Sciences 12-2012 The Body Machinic: Technology, Labor, and Mechanized Bodies in Victorian Culture Jessica Kuskey Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/eng_etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Kuskey, Jessica, "The Body Machinic: Technology, Labor, and Mechanized Bodies in Victorian Culture" (2012). English - Dissertations. 62. https://surface.syr.edu/eng_etd/62 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts and Sciences at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in English - Dissertations by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT While recent scholarship focuses on the fluidity or dissolution of the boundary between body and machine, “The Body Machinic” historicizes the emergence of the categories of “human” and “mechanical” labor. Beginning with nineteenth-century debates about the mechanized labor process, these categories became defined in opposition to each other, providing the ideological foundation for a dichotomy that continues to structure thinking about our relation to technology. These perspectives are polarized into technophobic fears of dehumanization and machines “taking over,” or technological determinist celebrations of new technologies as improvements to human life, offering the tempting promise of maximizing human efficiency. “The Body Machinic” argues that both sides to this dichotomy function to mask the ways the apparent body-machine relation is always the product of human social relations that become embedded in the technologies of the labor process. Chapter 1 identifies the emergence of this dichotomy in the 1830s “Factory Question” debates: while critics of the factory system described workers as tools appended to monstrous, living machines, apologists claimed large-scale industrial machinery relieved human toil by replicating the laboring body in structure and function. -
Design for Manufacture
Design for Manufacture Mass Production, Assembly & Manufacturing Guidelines Author: Andrew Taylor BSc MA FRSA – Design‐Bites Design for Manufacture Mass Production Prior to about 1840, durables were essentially hand crafted. After 1840, mechanized production techniques gradually spread throughout the manufacturing community. First to take up the production of standardized parts were the armories (see Design for Maintainability), followed by sewing machine makers, and then textile, farm machinery, lock, clock, locomotive and bicycle makers. By the dawn of the 20th century, all the elements were in place to allow Henry Ford to establish his first factory and start production of the model A motor car. Many of his insights and innovations still form the backbone of best practice in volume manufacturing. For example, the production ‘line,’ the delivery of parts to assembly stations, unskilled assembly, and minimization of variants were Ford innovations, achieving huge improvements in throughput while reducing the manual labor required for assembly. Manufacturing ideals To fully exploit the techniques of mass production requires the design of products sympathetic to the production process. The production engineer’s ideal product is one that… • Employs as few different materials as possible. • Requires minimum processing of the materials. • Uses existing machines, tools, jigs and processes, either in house or subcontracted. • Complies fully with existing design guidelines. • Contains the least number of component parts, and uses as many off-the-shelf and standardized parts as possible. • Is proof against errors in assembly. • Uses processing and assembly skills already established in the workforce. • Is fully specified, and testable against specifications. Most production engineers and managers appreciate that capturing new markets requires innovation, and innovation sometimes brings unfamiliar materials and processes. -
Mechanization and Automation by the Manufacturing of Removable Modular Buildings
Mechanization and Automation by the Manufacturing of Removable Modular Buildings Frans van Gassel Eindhoven University of Technology, Faculty of Building and Architecture, P.O. BOX 513, NL 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands. ABSTRACT During the last ten years Removable Modular Building Systems in the Netherlands have made remarkable progress by using mechanization and automation. These are not the only techniques, as logistic techniques, design according to a modular system and standardization of joints, are also used. An interesting question is what designers of permanent buildings and building processes can learn from these techniques. To get insight into the manufacturing of Removable Modular Buildings this system has been described. The problems related to the production of permanent buildings are mentioned too. The answer to the question: "What can we learn about mechanization and automation by the production of Removable Modular Buildings for the construction of permanent buildings?", is: - Reducing the construction processes on the site to simple transport and assembly processes allows mechanization and robotization to become less complex. - It is possibly to develop components with standard joints (design by construction). - All information about the product and its production process can be stored in one data-base. 1. INTRODUCTION The Advisory Committee for Technological Policy in the Building Industry (Adviesraad Technologiebeleid Bouwnijverheid ARTB) predicts two strategies for the coming years in its publication Building Outlook for 2010 (Bouwvisie 2010): - Optional standardization: to standardize industrially manufactured, not project-depend vent, components to make individual buildings. - Flexible production organization: to manufacture standardized components with a series of one piece [1]. -1019- 13th ISARC The manufacturing of Removable Modular Buildings in the Netherlands already involved these strategies. -
From Mass Production to Mass Customization
Volume 1, Issue 2, Winter 2001 FROM MASS PRODUCTION TO MASS CUSTOMIZATION Michael T. Fralix Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation [TC]2 Cary, NC ABSTRACT With the advent of the industrial revolution and interchangeable parts, manufacturing moved from the craft era to the mass production era. Today there is a new era emerging and it is called Mass Customization. Mass Customization takes the best of the craft era, when customers had products built to their specifications but only the elite could afford them, with the best of the mass production era, when everybody could get the same product because it was affordable. This presentation will highlight the development of Mass Customization and how the sewn products industry is positioned to capitalize on it. As progressive companies trade their traditional production concepts and practices for powerful mass customization techniques, this presentation will provide insight into the integration of information technology, mechanization, and team- based flexible manufacturing. Emerging technologies for mass customization such as three- dimensional non-contact body measurement and digital printing will also be discussed. KEYWORDS: Mass Customization, Body Scanning, Digital Printing Introduction: Another very interesting signal that merits Sometimes we get signals that it is time to some attention is that of the growth in change long before we respond to those worldwide population. If world population signals. In fact, we have been getting were separated into developed countries signals in the United States that it is time to versus developing or undeveloped countries, do something different, and we have been it would show that there is a significantly betting those signals for a long time. -
313. Farm Power in Senegal.Docx
Invited paper presented at the 6th African Conference of Agricultural Economists, September 23-26, 2019, Abuja, Nigeria Copyright 2019 by [authors]. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. Farm power transition and access in Senegal: Patterns and constraints Getaw Tadessea, Anatole Goundanb and Saer Sarrc aAfrica Region, International Food Policy Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia bAfrica region, International Food Policy Research Institute, Dakar, Senegal c Macroeconomic Analysis Office of the Senegalese Institute for Agricultural Research Abstract This paper aims at documenting evidences on the patterns and constraints affecting the sequential and simultaneous transition of farm power use from manual to animal to engine. It also aims at exploring access to farm equipment through ownership and rental service. Based on a household data collected under the huge and ambitious project called ‘Senegal Agricultural Policy Project’, the result generally confirms the very low use of farm machinery powered by engines despite years of efforts to support agricultural mechanization programs. However, the use of improved farm equipment powered by animals has shown a sharp increase overtime. The study further demonstrated the variation of constraints in farm mechanization transitions defined by sources of power. While demand side constraints such as farm size and off-farm income are more important for machineries than animal plows, supply-side constraints such as rental overhead costs and membership to a producer’s organization are very critical for transition to engine power through facilitating rental service which is the dominant source of access to heavy machineries.