DOCSLIB.ORG

Multiple Pregnancy in Mares

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multiple Pregnancy in Mares MENDELNET 2016 MULTIPLE PREGNANCY IN MARES MARIE IMRICHOVA Department of Animal Breeding Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno CZECH REPUBLIC [email protected] Abstract: Mare is in terms of reproduction described as uniparous, it means that she has one foal. More embryos, fetuses or foals represents non – physiological phenomenon and as such it brings a lot of complications. In terms of the etiology is discussed as a predisposing factor mare’s breed, the most common is a higher incidence associated with Thoroughbreds. Although in context of multiple pregnancies often mentioned is mare‘s age. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and results of multiple pregnancy in Thoroughbred and Old Kladruber Horse mares. It was found 323 records of multiple pregnancies in Thoroughbred and 48 in Old Kladruber Horse mares and the result of the multiple pregnancy was in Thoroughbreds in 258 cases twin abortion, in 45 cases parturition of 2 dead foals, 15 records of parturition 1 live and 1 dead foal and in 5 cases it was the parturition of 2 live foals. In Old Kladruber Horse twin abortion was recorded 36 times, in 7 cases 2 dead foals and in 5 cases 2 live foals. Key Words: horse, breeding, reproduction, pregnancy, twins INTRODUCTION The reproduction standard in horse breeding is the fundamental informative factor affecting its success and profitability. One of the factors that can decide about the reproduction outcome is also multiple pregnancy. Multiple pregnancy basically may occur naturally either by spontaneous division of embryos, or by fertilization of two oocytes after multiple ovulation. Specifically horses in the vast majority of cases have dizygotic twins, thus originating from two separate embryos. In terms of double ovulation, which has the potential to result in a multiple pregnancy, can be distinguished according to the localization of an unilateral (two ovulations in the same ovary) and bilateral (one ovulation per each ovary). In the case of the time determination it may be a synchronous (usually during the 24 hours), and asynchronous ovulation. Multiple pregnancy as such can also be classified as unilateral and bilateral, depending on whether at the stage of fixation one embryo is attached in each uterine horn, or both together in one. All these factors, with maternal and environmental influences together, and especially management of selected twins from the breeder’s side affect the outcome of multiple gestation, and thus how its impact is reflected on mare’s reproduction. The incidence of multiple pregnancy in mares generally, for example, as Bílek et al. say (1957) between 2-2.5% of cases, Hutton and Meacham (1986) at 1.1% and Doležel et al. (2000) from 1.5 to 2.5%. As predisposing factors for multiple gestation are most frequently mentioned – breed, mare’s age, reproductive history and heredity. Górecka and Jezierski (2003), Bresińska et al. (2004), McCue (2009), Sheerin (2014) and others state that a breed with the highest incidence of multiple pregnancy is Thoroughbreds. Specifically, in Thoroughbreds Hutton and Meacham (1968) illustrate the incidence of multiple pregnancies at 2.4%, Doležel et al. (2000) at 2.57%, and Bresińska et al. (2004) and Wolc et al. (2006) at 3.5%. Regarding the age Davies Morel (2012) reported that incidence of multiple pregnancy increases in the older mares. Davies Morel and O'Sullivan (2001), Górecka and Jezierski (2003) and McCue (2009) argues that the mares, in which multiple ovulation or pregnancy already occurred once, have a greater likelihood of recurrence than mares in which this phenomenon has not been recorded. With respect to the inheritance factor from the work of Pawlak et al. (2000), Górecka and Jezierski (2003) and Davies Morel (2008) arises that predisposition for the multiple pregnancy is inheritable. 210 | Page MENDELNET 2016 In case of occurrence of multiple pregnancy, the most of the authors are united that only in the low percentage it results in one or two foal births. For example, Larson (2011) says that the chance of a mare having full term of two foals and their successful parturition is 1:10 000. Davies Morel (2008) says that 9% of twin pregnancies survives to full term and the parturition results in the death of both foals in 64.5% cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of multiple pregnancy occurrence in the Thoroughbred population and for comparison in the Old Kladruber Horse, to find out in how many cases the result of multiple pregnancy is successful parturition of one or two foals and to evaluate the interrelationships between the result of multiple pregnancy and mare’s breed or age. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the research, selected reproduction characteristics of Thoroughbred and Old Kladruber Horse breed mares were evaluated. Required data were obtained from the Czechoslovak Thoroughbred Studbooks (Volume XI.-XIII.), Czech Thoroughbred Studbooks (Volume 1. to 4.) and the Old Kladruber Horse Studbook. In the Thoroughbred Studbooks records of mares born in the years 1965-2001 and active in breeding in 1985–2008 were found. In the Old Kladruber Horse Studbook they found records of mares born between the years 1978 to 2001 and active in breeding in the years 1981-2009. The Thoroughbred breed was chosen because of increasing incidence of multiple pregnancy within the breed and recorded by many authors and also because of the fact that Thoroughbred can only come of the natural breeding, so the factors like insemination, embryo transport and more cannot influence the evaluation. Moreover, Thoroughbred Studbooks contains exact and comprehensive records about reproduction including evidence of multiple pregnancy for many years. Old Kladruber Horse breed was chosen as a representative of warmblood for comparison with Thoroughbred. Another reason also was that it is possible to find records needed for evaluation in Old Kladruber Horse Studbooks. In the mentioned volumes of Studbooks all the records about reproduction of all the listed mares were reviewed and detailed appraisal was done just in those mares which had the multiple pregnancy during the reproductive life. For evaluating of the founded data and their relationships were used to the statistic programme STATISTICA.12 (© Statsoft, CZ version). The outputs of the programme were rounded to two decimal places or where it was appropriate (eg. an evaluation of the particular year) to integers. Testing took place at a significance level α = 0.05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 Multiple pregnancy in Thoroughbred mares Variable N valid Average Median Mode Frequency Minimum Maximum The age of the multiple 323 10.21 10 Multiple 35 4 20 pregnancy Table 1 states elementary descriptive statistics about the Thoroughbred mare’s age in the multiple pregnancy age. It was recorded in 323 cases of multiple pregnancies. The average age of the mares in the year of such gravidity was 10 years old. The middle value was also 10 years. The most common value was multiple–exactly the 7 and 9 age with the frequency of 35 times. The minimum age of mares in the multiple pregnancy was 4 years, the maximum 20 years. Table 2 Multiple pregnancy in Old Kladruber Horse mares Variable N valid Average Median Mode Frequency Minimum Maximum The age of the multiple 48 10.65 11 11 8 4 20 pregnancy For the characteristics of the age of Old Kladruber Horse mares in the time of multiple pregnancy 48 records were found. The average age was 11 years and also the median. The most common had the 211 | Page MENDELNET 2016 multiple pregnancy mares in the 11 years old with the frequency 8 cases. The lowest age was 4 and the highest 20 years old. The observed data regarding the age of the mares do not correspond with the assertion of Reef (1998), which says that the older mares show a multiple pregnancy more likely, since the oldest mare with such pregnancies recorded were twenty years old in both breeds, it can be assumed that the age of seven and nine-year-old in the Thoroughbreds and eleven-year-old in Old Kladruber Horse does not fall into those categories. On the other hand, Bresińska et al. (2004) are indicated as the most predisposed mares between 5 and 10 years of age and Doležel et al. (2000) say the same thing about mares aged 6- 10 years, which would match the data found in the Thoroughbreds. Figure 1 Repeated occurrence of multiple pregnancy in Thoroughbred mares 300 257 250 200 150 100 29 50 2 0 1 x 2 x 3 x Figure 1 shows the frequency of recurrence of multiple pregnancy. First column shows in how many mares from the observed file of multiple pregnancies occurred once in recorded reproductive history (257 mares), i.e. 89.24% frequency phenomenon. Second column describes which of the number of mares were multiple pregnancies reported in this sense, twice, with 29 mares (10.07%) and similarly in category 3 describes it in 2 mares (0.70%). Figure 2 Repeated occurrence of multiple pregnancy in Old Kladruber Horse mares 36 40 35 30 25 20 15 6 10 5 0 1 x 2 x 212 | Page MENDELNET 2016 As documented in Figure 2, in mares of Old Kladruber Horse breed was found only one variant of repeating multiple pregnancy during the reproductive history of mares, and that in 36 cases (85.71%) and the option of two repetitions in six cases (14.29%). With the results of repeating occurrence of multiple pregnancies in mares generally correspond with McCue’s (2009) assertions that mares which had twins previously have greater probability of their occurrence in future. The phenomenon of recurrence is also confirmed by Bresińska et al.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
    List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
    [Show full text]
  • History-Of-Breeding-And-Training-Of-The-Kladruber-Horses
    History of Breeding and Training of the Kladruber Horses The Kladruber horse is the only breed of the original ceremonial horses still bred that is the only draught horse breed in the world originated, bred and trained for drawing carriages of the social elites. Thanks to the Habsburg conservatism and unchanged breeding goal, the Kladruber horse has preserved its original “baroque” appearance from the 18th century to date. It still bears the traits of the original, but now extinct breeds (old Spanish horse and old Italian horse) which were at its beginning and from medieval times until the 18th century influenced the stock in most European countries and colonies and by the end of the 18th century were extinct. Even though there are only limited opportunities for ceremonial carriage horses to be used at (now the most frequent breeds are warmblooded horses for sport) the Kladruber horse breed has been preserved and still serves its original purpose for example at the Danish Royal Court and it is also used for state functions. Horse breeds are divided into primitive (indigenous) and intentionally designed (on the basis of targeted selective breeding) however some breeds oscillate between these two main types. Then the horse breeds are divided according to their purpose such as draught horses which the carriage horses fall into (weight up to 1200 kg), riding horses (up to 800kg) and pack horses (less than 500 kg). A new horse breed came into existence either in a particular area, using the same genetic material and the effect of the external conditions and climate (most of the breeds started in this way) or it came into existence in a single place – at a dedicated stud farm with a clearly defined breeding goal using particular horses of selected breeds imported for this sole purpose and applying the knowledge of selective breeding available at that time as well as the knowledge of local natural conditions and climate.
    [Show full text]
  • History-And-Development
    History and Development The oldest history The Landscape offers more than 500 years of experience of how the people who bred horses in individual historical periods considered the sustainable use of landscape, and of natural resources and their cultivation. The terrain, soil, climate, water and vegetation were used and also cultivated to the extent the then farming customs and degree of knowledge allowed for breeding horses for an important European Imperial Court. The landscape still bears the authentic traces of this development since the oldest days. In the same way the horse breeding and training know-how that became the main source of income for local population was developing. Hand in hand with this development these people were also taking care of the landscape. With the time the “mere” farming cultivation of natural countryside turned into the work of architecture while the art plan did not overrule the farming purpose. The aesthetics were always considered the natural quality of work. Since horses and particularly coach and carriage horses owned by the Emperor evoke noble feelings in men, the Landscape is naturally also refined. Numerous archive and historical documents bear evidence of centuries’ long continuous and rich development of architectural heritage in the Landscape. The buildings that were raised, pulled down and refurbished there in the course of times complement the landscape and they are only a part of its memory and current appearance. The history of horse breeding in Kladruby is probably as old as the history of the local settlement. The Elbe river alluvial plain, the location of the Landscape, had been settled since medieval times40, later than the neighbouring fertile flatlands further away from the river.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol. 17, Issue 4.Indd
    HAUTE ÉCOLE Quarterly Publication of the Lipizzan Association of North America Volume 17, Issue 4 The Naming System Within the Lipizzan Race Approved & Unapproved Breeding Practices Registry Office Open for Business 2009 Summer Clinics Cloning The naming system within the Lipizzan race . Traditional and practical By Atjan Hop Everybody who is interested in the back- grounds of the breeding and breeding histo- ry of the Lipizzaner horse breed will sooner or later be faced with the traditional beauti- ful, but repeating naming system. At first sight the names sound elegant, completely suitable with this noble imperial horse breed. But in daily practice the system ap- pears to be confusing, with all those simi- lar names and roman numerals. And what about the different system, that is being used in Hungary and Romania? Let’s try to explain the principals and backgrounds. Atjan Hop & Neapolitano Elvira working on Long Reins In the Renaissance and Baroque time era, the Spanish horse type was the leading type among the European nobility. The court habits of the prominent noble dynasty since the 16th century, the Habsburgs, were taken over by all other nobility in Europe, including the dominant use of the mag- nificent horse breed of the Iberian Peninsula. These proud, elegant and brave horses with their elevated movements really did fit the demands of the European nobility in those times. Those horses were not only directly purchased on the Iberian Peninsula, but also bred in a number of court studfarms throughout the whole of Europe, in order to fulfil the demand directly. The Habsburg dynasty kept their leading role in providing these horses.
    [Show full text]
  • Selected Readings on the History and Use of Old Livestock Breeds
    NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY ARCHIVED FILE Archived files are provided for reference purposes only. This file was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may now be outdated. Content may not appear in full or in its original format. All links external to the document have been deactivated. For additional information, see http://pubs.nal.usda.gov. Selected Readings on the History and Use of Old Livestock Breeds United States Department of Agriculture Selected Readings on the History and Use of Old Livestock Breeds National Agricultural Library September 1991 Animal Welfare Information Center By: Jean Larson Janice Swanson D'Anna Berry Cynthia Smith Animal Welfare Information Center National Agricultural Library U.S. Department of Agriculture And American Minor Breeds Conservancy P.O. Box 477 Pittboro, NC 27312 Acknowledgement: Jennifer Carter for computer and technical support. Published by: U. S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Contact us: http://awic.nal.usda.gov/contact-us Web site: www.nal.usda.gov/awic Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Policies and Links Introduction minorbreeds.htm[1/15/2015 2:16:51 PM] Selected Readings on the History and Use of Old Livestock Breeds For centuries animals have worked with and for people. Cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry and other livestock have been an essential part of agriculture and our history as a nation. With the change of agriculture from a way of life to a successful industry, we are losing our agricultural roots. Although we descend from a nation of farmers, few of us can name more than a handful of livestock breeds that are important to our production of food and fiber.
    [Show full text]
  • Horse-Breeding in England and India : and Army Horses Abroad
    IK#^^"^'^ 'ND iNDIA AN! \BR( LIBRARY OF LEONARD PEARSON VETERINARIAN : SECOND EDITION Horse-Breeding I N England and India AND Army Horses Abroad BY SIR WALTER GILBEY, BART. Author of Horses for the Army , The Great or War Horse ; Small Horses IN Warfare; Horses Past and Present; The Harness Horse; Young Race-Horses ; Early Carriages and Roads ; Animal Painters OF England, &c., &c. ILLUSTRATED LONDON Vinton & Co., 9 New Bridge Street, E.C. 1906 G313 \JNtV£R6IVY 1 iSYLVe.,: . -+- CONTENTS , ^: Horse-Brkeding IX i8('>4 The Present State of Affairs Horses Bred in England Horses Bred for Sport Only 4 6 Purchase of English Mares by Foreigners . Horses AVanteu for the Army 7 Sizeable Harness Horses 9 Private Enterprise in England II Breeding Without Prejudice 12 Landlords would do well to give Choice of Stallions 13 Cause of Failure in English Horse-Breeding 13 Height of Race-Horses from 1700 to 1900 14 Character of Race-Horses from 1700 to 1900 16 iS The Introduction of Short Races . The Roadster of a Century Ago 19 What Foreign Nations are Doing 20 Horse-Breeding in France 22 Horse-Breeding'in Germany (Pruss(a) 30 Horse-Breeding in Hungary 35 Hokse-Breeding in Austria 39 Horse-Breeding in Italy 42 Horse-Breeding in Russia 44 Horse-Breeding in Turkey 49 Horse-Breeding in India : Opinions of the Late Veterinary-Colonel Hallen — First endeavours to improve Native Breeds. Army Remounts and Horse-Breeding. Native Mares. Difficulties in the way of improvement. Purchase of stallions. English Thoroughbreds. Objections to Thoroughbred Stallions. Thoroughbreds from Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Genetic and Non-Genetic Effects Influencing Coat Colour in Black Horses
    Czech Journal of Animal Science, 64, 2019 (1): 41–48 Original Paper https://doi.org/10.17221/136/2018-CJAS Estimation of genetic and non-genetic effects influencing coat colour in black horses 1 2 3 Barbora Hofmanová *, Luboš Vostrý , Hana Vostrá-Vydrová , Adéla Dokoupilová1, Ivan Majzlík 1 1Department of Ethology and Companion Animal Science, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 2Department of Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic 3Institute of Animal Science, Prague-Uhříněves, Czech Republic *Corresponding author: [email protected] Citation: Hofmanová B., Vostrý L., Vostrá-Vydrová H., Dokoupilová A., Majzlík I. (2019): Estimation of genetic and non- genetic effects influencing coat colour in black horses. Czech J. Anim. Sci., 64: 41–48. Abstract: The aims of this study are the quantitative characterisation of the coat colour in the black variety of the Old Kladruber Horse breed, the estimation of the coat colour genetic parameters, and the determination of the fac- tors that influence coat colour intensity. A total of 252 horses aged 1–24 years were included in the study. The colour parameters were taken using a Konica Minolta spectrophotometer CM-2500d at four different body parts during the summer and winter seasons, resulting in 1748 phenotypic records. The possible effects of sex, season, housing system, age and body part on the spectrophotometric parameters were analysed. The results confirmed that the intensity of the black coat colour can be influenced by a number of factors (sex, season, housing system, and age).
    [Show full text]
  • Horse Breeds - Volume 2
    Horse breeds - Volume 2 A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents Articles Danish Warmblood 1 Danube Delta horse 3 Dølehest 4 Dutch harness horse 7 Dutch Heavy Draft 10 Dutch Warmblood 12 East Bulgarian 15 Estonian Draft 16 Estonian horse 17 Falabella 19 Finnhorse 22 Fjord horse 42 Florida Cracker Horse 47 Fouta 50 Frederiksborg horse 51 Freiberger 53 French Trotter 55 Friesian cross 57 Friesian horse 59 Friesian Sporthorse 64 Furioso-North Star 66 Galiceno 68 Galician Pony 70 Gelderland horse 71 Georgian Grande Horse 74 Giara horse 76 Gidran 78 Groningen horse 79 Gypsy horse 82 Hackney Horse 94 Haflinger 97 Hanoverian horse 106 Heck horse 113 Heihe horse 115 Henson horse 116 Hirzai 117 Hispano-Bretón 118 Hispano-Árabe 119 Holsteiner horse 120 Hungarian Warmblood 129 Icelandic horse 130 Indian Half-Bred 136 Iomud 137 Irish Draught 138 Irish Sport Horse 141 Italian Heavy Draft 143 Italian Trotter 145 Jaca Navarra 146 Jutland horse 147 Kabarda horse 150 Kaimanawa horse 153 Karabair 156 Karabakh horse 158 Kathiawari 161 Kazakh horse 163 Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse 165 Kiger Mustang 168 Kinsky horse 171 Kisber Felver 173 Kladruber 175 Knabstrupper 178 Konik 180 Kustanair 183 References Article Sources and Contributors 185 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 188 Article Licenses License 192 Danish Warmblood 1 Danish Warmblood Danish Warmblood Danish warmblood Alternative names Dansk Varmblod Country of origin Denmark Horse (Equus ferus caballus) The Danish Warmblood (Dansk Varmblod) is the modern sport horse breed of Denmark. Initially established in the mid-20th century, the breed was developed by crossing native Danish mares with elite stallions from established European bloodlines.
    [Show full text]
  • NAN 2019 Breed Cross Reference List
    This is a cross-reference list for entering your horses at NAN. It will tell you how a breed is classified for NAN so that you can easily find the correct division in which to show your horse. If your breed is designated "other pure," with no division indicated, the NAN committee will use body type and suitability to determine in what division it belongs. Note: For the purposes of NAN, NAMHSA considers breeds that routinely fall at 14.2 hands high or less to be ponies. Stock Breeds American White Horse/Creme Horse (United States) American Mustang (not Spanish) Appaloosa (United States) Appendix Quarter Horse (United States) Australian Stock Horse (Australia) Australian Brumby (Australia) Bashkir Curly (United States, Other) Paint (United States) Quarter Horse (United States) Light Breeds Abyssinian (Ethiopia) American Saddlebred (United States) Andravida (Greece) Arabian (Arabian Peninsula) Barb (not Spanish) Bulichi (Pakistan) Calabrese (Italy) Djerma (Niger/West Africa) Dongola (West Africa) Hirzai (Pakistan) Iomud (Turkmenistan) Karabair (Uzbekistan) Kathiawari (India) Maremmano (Italy) Marwari (India) Morgan (United States) Moroccan Barb (North Africa) Murghese (Italy) Persian Arabian (Iran) Qatgani (Afghanistan) San Fratello (Italy) Turkoman (Turkmenistan) Unmol (Punjab States/India) Ventasso (Italy) Gaited Breeds Aegidienberger (Germany) Boer (aka Boerperd) (South Africa) Deliboz (Azerbaijan) Kentucky Saddle Horse (United States) McCurdy Plantation Horse (United States) Missouri Fox Trotter (United States) North American Single-Footer
    [Show full text]
  • Malopolski Horse Stallions: Genetic Diversity Estimated on the Basis of Microsatellite DNA and Class I Markers
    SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS FOR Malopolski Horse Stallions: Genetic Diversity Estimated on the Basis of Microsatellite DNA and Class I Markers Agnieszka Fornal, Anna Radko, Jan Nogaj, Kinga Zielinska-Darecka, Agata Piestrzynska-Kajtoch Published in: Folia Biologica (Kraków), vol. 66 (2018), No. 2. https://doi.org/10.3409/fb_66-2.09 Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) Supplementary Materials Contents Supplemental Information: History of Malopolski Horse Stallions References Table 3S. Frequency of alleles at erythrocyte antigen loci. Table 4S. Frequency of albumin alleles, protein GC, esterase, glycoprotein XK and transferrin. Table 5S. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) and polymorphic information content (PIC) for class I markers. Supplemental Information History of Malopolski Horse Stallions The Malopolski horse was created in southern and south-eastern Poland over the centuries. Pastureland with a continental climate and very fertile soils were a perfect place for breeding horses. The primitive Polish horse living in these areas influenced the development of the breed and made the horse perfectly adapted to the local environment. Among all the warmblood Polish horse breeds, Malopolski horse possesses most of the features inherited from ancestors (e.g. longevity, fertility, excellent feed utilization, resistance to diseases, adverse climatic conditions and endurance during work). The name of the breed was established in 1962. The Malopolski horse studbook was released the following year. Until that time these horses were of “Malopolski type” - defined as a separate type of an extremely valuable horse group associated to the Malopolska region. Not only the geographical localisation influenced forming the breed, but also the political situation of 17th and 18th century Poland contributed to this process.
    [Show full text]
  • Horse Breeds - Volume 3
    Horse Breeds - Volume 3 A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton Contents Articles Latvian horse 1 Lipizzan 3 Lithuanian Heavy Draught 11 Lokai 12 Losino horse 13 Lusitano 14 Malopolski 19 Mallorquín 21 Mangalarga 23 Mangalarga Marchador 24 Maremmano 28 Marismeño 30 Marwari horse 31 Mecklenburger 35 Međimurje horse 39 Menorquín horse 41 Mérens horse 43 Messara horse 51 Miniature horse 52 Misaki horse 57 Missouri Fox Trotter 59 Monchino 62 Mongolian horse 63 Monterufolino 65 Morab 66 Morgan horse 70 Moyle horse 76 Murakoz horse 77 Murgese 78 Mustang horse 80 Namib Desert Horse 86 Nangchen horse 91 National Show Horse 92 Nez Perce Horse 94 Nivernais horse 96 Nokota horse 97 Nonius horse 101 Nordlandshest/Lyngshest 104 Noriker horse 106 Norman Cob 109 Coldblood trotter 114 North Swedish Horse 116 Novokirghiz 118 Oberlander horse 119 Oldenburg horse 120 Orlov Trotter 125 Ostfriesen and Alt-Oldenburger 129 Pampa horse 134 Paso Fino 135 Pentro horse 140 Percheron 141 Persano horse 148 Peruvian Paso 149 Pintabian 154 Pleven horse 156 Poitevin horse 157 Posavac horse 164 Pryor Mountain Mustang 166 Przewalski's horse 175 Purosangue Orientale 183 Qatgani 185 Quarab 186 Racking horse 188 Retuerta horse 189 Rhenish-German Cold-Blood 190 Rhinelander horse 191 Riwoche horse 192 Rocky Mountain Horse 195 Romanian Sporthorse 197 Russian Don 199 Russian Heavy Draft 201 Russian Trotter 203 References Article Sources and Contributors 204 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 208 Article Licenses License 212 Latvian horse 1 Latvian horse Latvian Alternative names Latvian Harness Horse Latvian Carriage Latvian Coach Latvian Draft Latvian Riding Horse Country of origin Latvia Horse (Equus ferus caballus) The Latvian horse comes from Latvia and is split into three types: the common harness horse, a lighter riding horse and a heavier draft type.
    [Show full text]
  • The 4-H Horse Project
    The 4-h horse ProjecT PNw 587 A PAcific NorThwesT exTeNsioN PublicatioN oregoN state uNiversiTy • wAshiNgToN state uNiversiTy • uNiversiTy of idAho contents Introducing the 4-H Horse Project .......................... 1 The horse .................................................................................. 3 Breeds ......................................................................... 4 Colors and Markings ............................................... 15 Parts of the Horse .................................................... 17 Horse Psychology and Behavior ............................. 19 Choosing a Horse .................................................... 22 The horse’s heAlTh ..............................................................25 The Normal Horse ................................................... 26 First Aid and When to Call the Veterinarian .................................................. 27 Diseases .................................................................... 31 Parasites ................................................................... 35 The Equine Hoof ..................................................... 41 Equine Teeth ............................................................ 44 cAre and ManageMent of The horse ..............................47 Basic Handling and Safety ...................................... 48 Facilities ................................................................... 52 Feed and Nutrition .................................................. 60 Grooming ...............................................................
    [Show full text]