Report on a New Horizons Research Project.
MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS OF PREHISTORIC STONE CIRCLES IN BRITAIN, 1986.
by
A. Jensine Andresen and Mark Bonchek of
Princeton University.
Copyright: A. Jensine Andresen, Mark Bonchek and the New Horizons Research Foundation.
November 1986. CONTENTS.
Introductory Note.
Magnetic Surveying
Project Report on Geomantic Resea England, June 16 - July 22, 1986.
Selected Notes.
Bibliography. 1. Introductory Note.
This report deals with a piece of research falling within the group of enquiries comprised under the term "geomancy". which has come into use during the past twenty years or so to connote what could perhaps be called the as yet somewhat speculative study of various presumed subtle or occult properties of terrestrial landscapes and the earth beneath them. In earlier times the word "geomancy" was used rather differently in relation to divination or prophecy carried out by means of some aspect of the earth, but nowadays it refers to the study of what might be loosely called "earth mysteries". These include the ancient Chinese lore and practical art of Fengshui -- the correct placing of buildings with respect to the local conformation of hills and dales, the orientation of medieval churches, the setting of buildings and monuments along straight lines (i.e. the so-called ley lines or leys). These topics all aroused interest in the early decades of the present century. Similarly,since about 1900 interest in megalithic monuments throughout western Europe has steadily increased. This can be traced to a variety of causes, which include increased study and popularisation of anthropology, folklore and primitive religion (e.g. Robert Graves' "White Goddess"), also the archaeological recognition of the strange temples and monuments in Malta, Sardinia, and the Balearic Islands. Within the last two decades the use of the bristlecone pine of California to revise radio-carbon dating has shown that the megaliths of the western seaboard of Europe are older by far than the Pyramids; consequently the megaliths have become all the more mysterious and enigmatic.
The researches of Sir Norman Lockyer, Gerald Hsipkins and Alexander Thorn have been of a rational and unmystical nature, because they have emphasised astronomical aspects of some of the megalithic ensembles. But their work has, of course, only served to heighten interest in these monuments, and given encouragement to what are actually unrelated lines of thought. Among these latter is the notion, popular in recent years, that the various great stone circles etc. were set up at places that were identified as "centres of power". This idea is by no means unreasonable per se and is worth pursuing. The astronomical theory is by no means completely, validated as yet. In addition, explanations for the siting of the stone circles and alignments do not necessarily have to he mutually exclusive. These circles may have served many purposes and have been places of meeting for religious worship, political "moots" and even the holding of markets. We ask therfore just what "powers" or influences men, prior even to the Bronze Age, might have been able to sense or intuit at these sites. Some writers have mentioned a "telluric force" but have been unable to suggest how it was sensed or mapped other than by some method now lost, or by some kind of intuition perhaps akin to the powers of the psychic sensitives of our own day. (Such people, though perhaps rare, certainly do exist and have abilities not yet fitted in to the physicist's world picture).
Other writers suggest that the ancients recognized the places suitable for erection of megaliths as temples, observatories, markets or parliaments by a sensibility equivalent to that of the modern "dowser". Dowsers are also called "well-witchers" or "water-diviners", because it is the faculty of detecting underground water that men of this ilk most frequently exhibit; it is this ability that is used in arid terrains all over the world. Some dowsers however can detect other subterranean deposits such as oil or valuable metallic ores. Some dowsers use a divining rod (often a forked hazel twig) or an angle iron or pendulum to register their unconscious reaction to the nearness of the deposit, water, oil or metal, that is being sought. Others need no such aid, and go by a consciously experienced feeling. In recent years many dowsers have surveyed megalithic sites and believe themselves to have detected "forces" akin to those they experience when dowsing for deposits, and have consequently endorsed the proposition that these locations are, in some sense, "centres of power".
It is fair to say, and most dowsers will concur, that they agree to differ amongst themselves as to the precise field or influence that they detect. Some dowsers regard their ability as essentially the same as that of the "psychic" sensitive -- the telepathic or clairvoyant person. Such was the view of one of the greatest of modern dowsers, John G. Shelley, Jr. of Maine, for many years President of the American Society of Dowsers. Others ascribe it to a special force of totally unknown nature. But there is also a group of dowsers who claim to be able to detect magnetic fields, and theories of dowsing have been based on this by some investigators, notably Yves Rocard, Professor of Physics at the Ecole Normale in Paris, and Dr.Zaboj V. Harvalik, a former Professor of Phusics in the University of Arkansas. Correspondingly it has been conjectured, not only by dowsers, but by other students of geomancy, that the megalith builders selected their sites on account of local peculiarities of the earth's magentic field, which they had some means of detecting. If so the method of sensing remains obscure. It was known to the ancient Greeks as early as the seventh century, B.C. that the mineral later called "lodestone" (magnetite, an oxide of iron) could attract iron and other pieces of lodestone, but there is no suggestion in ancient literature that the lodestone if freely suspended could orient itself with respect to the earth prior to Shen Kua (1030-Q3)ia Chinese mathematician and instrument maker. Similarly nothing remotely resembling a compascor instrument for exploring terrestrial magnetism has been found on or near any ancient site. (There is, admittedly, something of a mystery concerning the orientation of some early churches, but this relates to a period far later than the megaliths).
None-the-less the speculation that the megalithic sites are characterized by magnetic anomalies constitutes a well-formula ted hypothesis testable with modern equipment, and was therefore made the subject of an expedition to Britain in June and July 1986, to measure the earth's magnetic field at a number of stone circles. In addition, as subsidiary objectives, the authors acquired information concerning the "Glastonbury Zodiac" and also current research on leylines, which are reported separately.
(A.R.G.O. New Horizons). 2. MAGNETIC SURVEYING
Magnetic surveying investigates subsurface geology on the basis of anomalies in the Earth's magnetic field. These anomalies result because certain rock types contain sufficient magnetic minerals to produce magnetic anomalies. Magnetic surveying may be used on a small scale to detect buried metallic objects or on a large scale to investigate regional geological structure.
A magnetometer is an instrument that measures magnetic field strength. Modern magnetometers are based on nuclear resonance. These instruments measure the resonant frequency of protons of the natural frequenceis of cesium or rubidium atoms. This frequency gives an indication of the strength of the surrounding magnetic field.
A ground magnetic survey is used to detect magnetic anomalies. Such surveying is usually performed over a small area around a defined target (tor, hillfort, stone circle, or Zodiac effigy). Readings from the magetometer are taken at spacings of between 10 and 100 meters.
Magnetic surveying may increase our understanding of geomancy and psychic phenomena for two reasons. First, magnetic anomalies may be related to extra• sensory information transfer. Second, the generation of magnetic energy may have been an important function of the ancient geomantic network.
A researcher at the Stanford Research Institute recently demonstrated that anomalous information transfer is related to the state of the Earth's magnetic field. Experiments in remote viewing yielded significantly greater positive outcomes when the geomagnetic field was relatively weak. It is possible that the existence of magnetic anomalies around geomantic sites may suggest that one of their functions may have been related to anomalous information transfer.
Secondly, magnetic surveying may increase our understanding of the energy generated in the geomantic network. The Earth is surrounded by its "magnetosphere," a comet-shaped region filled with plasma and radiation. The magnetosphere contains many regions that are connected through mechanisms of energy, momentum, mass and waves. Interplanetary shock waves and changes in the interplanetary magnetic field can cause drastic changes in the energy of the magnetosphere. Ancient man might have used his mind to interact with the magnetic properties of geomantic sites in order to send shock waves through the magnetosphere, perhaps changing its particle structure and thus generating energy for use on earth. Using magnetic surveying to determine whether geomantic sites do possess unusual magnetic features, we will take the first step toward proving or disproving this hypothesis. 3. Project Report on Geomantic Research in England June 16 - July 22, /Cj&6
Submitted to: Mr. Donald C. Webster Submitted by: Jensine Andresen and Mark Bonchek Date: September 15, 1986
MAJOR ACTIVITIES:
Magnetic Surveys
Visit to Mr. Charles Brooker
Literature Search
MAGNETIC SURVEYS:
After obtaining permission from the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission (the Department of Environment) to conduct magnetic surveys of the ancient stone circles, we proceeded to Cambridge University where we picked up a proton precession magnetometer from Dr. Carroll Williams of the Department of Earth Sciences. Our itinerary of survey sites included the following: (see map^
1. Rollrights Taklcs fJ,f.X,/.l. 2. Avebury * 3. Stanton Drew * 4. Merry Maidens * 5. Men-an-tol * 6. Arbor Low T^lcs Li> 2.2. 7. Castlerigg 8. Swinside 9. Long Meg
* Note: We have not included data from these surveys because e faulty electrical connection between the magnetic dectector and the recording device casts doubt upon the accuracy of the readings from those surveys. The magnetometer was repaired by Dr. John Shaw at the University of Cardiff before our survey of Arbor Low .7
For each survey, we constructed a grid for the area to be surveyed by placing two one-hundred foot tape measures perpendicular to one another and tangent to the circle. The location of each magnetometer reading in the circle was then designated according to its Cartesian coordinates. We also used string, marked at one foot intervals and placed parallel to one tape measure and moved perpendicular to the other, to increase the accuracy of our grid. Outline map of the British Isles, indicating the distribution of stone circles, the concentration* of dolmens oc chambered mounds and cairns, and naminf some of ibc most important kites of various types.
y/. Areas with stone circles
Areas with chambered mounds and dolmens rvvravft Areas where both occur ItVyVral Callanish
ent Stone rcles
Arrows, hbridge
kley Moor Circles
Recu mbent Stone Circles Magnetometer readings were taken at intervals varying between one and five feet, depending upon the size of the stone circle and the scale of the survey. For the large circles, we conducted a detailed survey of a portion of the circle rather than a coarser survey of the entire circle. For each reading, the person carrying the magnetometer would depress the button on the device and call out the displayed reading for the other person to record. To prevent magnetic interference, no one other than the operator was allowed within fifteen feet of the magnetometer and all metal was removed from the area.
The proton precession magnetometer used in this survey measures absolute levels in the earth's total magnetic field at a specific point. This is in contrast to other devices that record changes in the earth's magnetic field between two points. The sensing device of a proton precession magnetometer is a canister containing approximately .5 liter of kerosene surrounded by a metal coil. When a button is depressed by the operator, a current passes through the coil, creating a powerful magnetic current in a direction different -f*o%v than that of the earth's magnetic field. This new force re• aligns the hydrogen atoms in the kerosene in the new direction. When the current is switched off, the atoms return to their previous direction by spiralling, or precessing, around their direction. The frequency of this precession, measured by the frequency of the current generated in the coil, gives an accurate measurement of the strength of the total magnetic field at the location occupied by the canister.
The magnetic surveys were not intended to prove or disprove a specific hypothesis. Rather, they were intended to evaluate the theories and experiments of other researchers. Charles F. Brooker, a retired radio engineer, has conducted two magnetic surveys (1979 and 1986) of the Rollright Stones using a proton precession magnetometer that is pulled on a winch-driven sled across the diameter of the circle. Mr. Brooker claims to have found spiral bands of alternating magnetic highs and lows in the Rollright circle. A dowser working with Mr. Brooker sensed bands that corresponded with magnetic lows detected by the magnetometer. Related research includes the Dragon Project, organized by a group of scientists and earth-mysteries enthusiasts. Their primary interests are in radiation and ultra-sound anomolies, but they claim to have detected some unusual magnetic anomolies using a small magnetometer and a probe inserted into holes in the stones. VISIT TO MR. CHARLES BROOKER:
Charles F. Brooker, the retired radio engineer from BBC, is a remarkable scientist who has lived his life outside of academics but who has integrated an astoundingly wide range of subjects into a coherent and consistent theory of magnetics and perception. We will discuss Brooker's magnetic theory briefly, and we have included a copy of his manuscript describing this and his other observations and experiments on perception.
It began when Mr. Brooker attempted to neutralize (deGauss) the geomagnetic field with sets of coils. He found, however, that his subjects, human dowsers, were still able to distinguish magnetic anomalies that should have been removed by his deGaussing attempts. He constructed a piece of apparatus to test his hypothesis that the geomagnetic field is stationary in space. In other words, although the earth moves, its magnetic lines of force do not move with it. This idea completely rejects conventional theory that the geomagnetic lines of force move with the earth as it rotates. Brooker's apparatus is an earth inductor with a commutator at each end of a half loop. This enables him to separate the voltages generated from conductors moving with and against the earth's rotation. We examined Brooker's apparatus and saw it operate during our visit to his home. Although sceptical at first, we are now convinced that his hypothesis is correct.
Brooker seems to be encountering the same oppostion that Michael Faraday encountered when he, over one hundred years ago, suggested the same thing Brooker believes. Brooker found records of similar experiments that Faraday had conducted, leading him to the same conclusion. However, Faraday's idea was rejected by the conventional academic community, just as Brooker's experiments have been. Brooker is having no luck whatsoever in getting his manuscript published. Part of this results, we believe, from its format, which is a bit too personal. However, the manuscript could easily be edited or rewritten in a more scholarly tone for publication. It still remains to find a publisher who is not afraid to publish a controversial theory.
Brooker may be making some headway, however, in the academic community. He has convinced some professors that he is correct. Dr. C.W. Smith, Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Salford, is very supportive of Mr. Brooker. In addition, Edinburgh University has agreed at least to look at his apparatus if he can construct a smaller, more portable version that he can transport to Scotland. Unfortunately, that may be very difficult for Mr. Brooker, who is an elderly pensioner without any other source of funding. Mi
m
APPENDIX jfi - Magnetometer Surveys
^ We have included two copies of the raw data from each survey. The top sheet for each site includes our version of the likely contours. As you will notice, the variations are usually quite small. We did not find any spiral formation of "* alternating high and low bands at any of the sites.
We have included the second sheet for each site without mi contours. This will enable you to look at the data yourselves and fashion your own contours.
The numbers at the bottom of each column (i.e. +1, -2) indicate the correction we used for each number in that , column. For instance, the 0 column on the Rollright survey(3tf»w2' has a +16 at the bottom. This means that we added 16 nano '0 Tesla to each reading taken from the magnetometer on that traverse. This was done to reflect the diurnal variation in the base station reading. At the time that traverse was HI1 taken, the base station had changed by 16 nT from its original value.
J Rectangles around various entries indicate the positions of stones in the circles. The column heading shows the intervals that we used when forming our grid. For example, from right to left along the column headings on the ml Rollrights survey one reads the entries "0, 2, 4, ... This shows that a two-foot grid was used in the horizontal direction. Likewise, the row headings indicate the interval ill spacing used in the vertical direction. The Rollright survey reads "52, 50, 48, ..." along the row headings shown in the column farthest to the left. Therefore, a two-foot square grid was used on this survey.
At the top of each survey, information is given on the date of the survey and the orientation of the readings. In addition, each survey instructs one to add the fixed reading of x thousand nT to each reading. We did not record each reading to five places because it makes relative comparisons more difficult.
Contours are not given for the Castlerigg I survey because the readings were extremely inconsistent. We have included the raw data. We revisited Castlerigg at a later date to repeat some readings because we had obtained such inconsistent readings on our first visit. The data for Castlerigg II is presented in a different format from the m data for other surveys. The column headings "W, Middle, E" indicate the relative positions of three traverses across the entire circle. The W, M, and E traverses were one foot apart mi in the horizontal direction, and we took readings at one-foot intervals in the vertical direction. You will see from the data an interesting pattern of decreasing magnetic intensity when moving from west to east in the ranges of 2 to 8 feet, 29 to 33, and 56 to 63. However, this does not appear to be part of a consistent concentric circle of spiral pattern of intensity.
The results from Long Meg show variations in magnetic intensity as one moves closer to different stones from different directions.
Finally, the last sheet on magnetometer/dowser correlations shows the results of three experiments to test whether human beings could detect magnetic variations. The marks next to some readings indicate where I was along the tape when I felt some change in the palm of my hand. In each of the three cases, we surveyed the traverse with the magnetometer after we had recorded my responses. The Rollright Circle
Because of Mr. Brooker's specific findings at the Rollright Circle, we surveyed the circle twice. In the first survey, we constructed a very dense grid. We took readings at two- foot intervals to complete a two-foot square grid of the northwest quadrant of the circle, which is on the opposite side of the circle from a large iron fence. Although there were small variations of +5-10 nano-tesla We returned to the Rollrights later in our trip to determine whether we might obtain different results using a different methodology at a different time. For the Rollright II survey, we took readings at one-foot intervals along four diameters of the major compass bearings (W-E, S-N, NW-SE, SW- NE). This methodology was virtually identical to that used by Mr. Brooker. However, our results did not confirm his findings. Instead, we found that the large iron fence running tangent to the circle creates a large magnetic gradient, thus introducing a strong bias in the measurements. We had not detected this bias in our first survey because our readings had been taken on the other side of the circle. After completing the second survey, we visited Mr. Brooker at his home and laboratory in Sussex. A brief examination of the output from his recording chart magnetometer did appear to exhibit some sort of a pattern of concentric circles. There may have been a bias in his experiment resulting from the manner in which the winch and sled apparatus moved across the ground. Alternatively, Mr. Brooker's experiment may have been accurate, and there may be a spiral magnetic pattern at the circle. In this case, the discrepancy with our findings could be a function of time. The spiral pattern may only be detectable at certain times, such as during a particular stage in the lunar cycle or at certain times during the day. Other Surveys The surveys we conducted at Arbor Low, Swinside, and Castlerigg yielded similar results to those obtained at Rollrights. Results from these surveys have also been included in Appendix B. There were general variations along each traverse, with isolated spots of especially high or low magnetic intensity. These spots probably indicate the presence of a metal object, magnetic bedrock, or magnetite soil in the near subsurface. No consistent variation of a band or spiral form was found. In addition, we extended at least one traverse at each circle to test whether the strength of the magnetic field inside the circle was significantly different from that outside. We did not find any significant difference between the interior and exterior fields at any of our survey sites. At Long Meg, we conducted a survey to test the magnetic fields induced by individual stones rather than the field in the interior of the circle. Only stone C (see results for Long Meg) showed any significant magnetic variation depending on the angle from which it was approached. Additional Thoughts Our actual magnetometer surveys did not confirm the existence of any consistent spiral or band patterns of magnetic variation at the stone circles. However, throughout our trip, I (Jensine) consistently detected tingling sensations in my fingertips as I walked radii or the different circles. We were intrigued by this, and at two circles we decided to test whether I was indeed detecting magnetic fluctuations. At Castlerigg, I walked along one of the tape measures for 50 feet before we had surveyed the site. I called out the number on the tape whenever I felt a tingle. As soon as I finished, we took magnetometer readings at one-foot intervals along this fifty-foot stretch. The results of this are shown at the end of Appendix A. The results show some detection of both high and low changes, but nothing that appears to be beyond chance C Table "b.y). However, later in our trip, when we returned for the second survey of the Rollrights, we decided to try this experiment again, this time in an open field across the street from the stone circle and next to the King's Stone. Again, I felt tingles as I walked along a tape measured that we had randomly placed in the field. This was not surprising, for magnetic variations of a few nano-tesla do occur over the entire face of the earth. I again walked the tape measure and Mark recorded where I felt the tingling sensation. We again took the magnetometer over the tape measure at one-foot intervals, and it appeared that I was more successful, especially in sensing gradients due to a drop in the magnetic level. These results are also included in Appendix A. One observation after completing the surveys is that the scientific instrument used to detect magnetic variations is too crude to test accurately for small variations that may be detectable by human beings. Although claims are made by magnetometer manufacturers that these instruments are accurate to + 1 nT, we found that the the reading obtained in one spot often changed by 5-10 nT as the person holding the magnetometer moved around the pole. In addition, one's distance from the magnetometer could also change the reading by a few nT. We also have reached the tentative conclusion that the human organism's ability to sense subtle variations in energy at a site is much more refined than readings from the instrument. We believe that these sites do possess some very powerful energies and that magnetic variations may also exist as secondary energy anomalies. Our experience was that remaining inside the circles for extended periods while we were surveying did yield significant physical effects, most notably headaches and fatigue much greater than one would expect as a result of the surveying itself. 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From its ditch, hacked deep into the limestone, came some four thousand tons of rock, six months' work for fifty labourers, a workforce that would easily have been available from the families in the region. At the centre of the circle, conspicuously placed within the ring of stones, was a'Covc' three thick slabs arranged like a roofless sentry-box. This was very probably a representation of the forecourts of the Derbyshire tombs where traditional funerary rituals could be performed, watched by the whole population." /-VTTVVJ ^li&S £ttJ< mi \j 0 -mi ^ •mi 3 , o mi ^ 2/ 50 The Carles, Castlerigg Cumbria. Two tall stones flank the wide entrance at the north. The much lower stones of the 'rectangle' can he seen between them. This may be one of the olilesl of the llritish stone circles 'Hi' mt Most northerly setting moon mi m d m mi mi To notch and most southerly mt Most southerly setting moon rising moon m Castle Rigg, (54° 36'-l, 3° 05'-5). 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' \ * r | 1 1 ! ! | 1 i ! m | j] L 1 j j i i 1 90 t 1 i : 1 1 i : i 1 l i i | 3 j ! i i • | ; ; i J i i ! i i I 1 .7" r- I 1 j | j r o iillililM - j i ! 1 a | \ i j i ; j | j i .. el r> ! ! l:\ o ! ! i i 1 i ! 1 i i i i ; 1 i 1 ! 1 | ! ;1 I i 1 i H 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 cr- ! 1 i • 1 ! r- i< i 1 1 i «H- j i i i 1 1 1 1 | j r- j i 1 I i | ! 1 i i <' 1 j i i i ! i ' I i ! i \15 j | f; l l ! j .!»:•> i1 0 i-i 1 Mi m c i»- id! i 1 : r~ ! i ! n 1 ; 1 o 1 in i | i i ! ! 1 I i ; 1 !f ! 1 ! 1 1 i I : c— II I II c— 1 ; ro I ! "0 v~ i m r . j : n 1 : o - j f si r | t 1 -1- r- $ 1 !j •M Cr- »-o- u- 0- r- I c l! i I.I 1 i r cO; | , i I ?| 1 ! 1 r 1 r- •o f~ j r> ! r r O •V j a~ r c- 1 ! | 4i i I l Selected Note Sites under Guardianship, of Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission^, (not complete list) Arbor Low Sc-re Arthur's Round Table Avebury, Silbury Carn Euny Castlerigg Eyam Moor Glastonbury Tribunal Hurlers Maiden Castle Nine Ladies Nine Stones •Id Sarum Stanton Drew Stonehenge Glastonbury Torj_ Glastonbury Tor rised from the lower lias clays and limestones through the middle and upper lias to a depth of hard, midfurd sand on the cap. The cap is more resistant to erosion, making its slopes steep and unstable. The cap is known locally as Tor Burr. The earliest reference to the Tor is the mid-13th century story of St. Patrick's return from Ireland, in which he became the leader of a group of hermits at Glastonbury and discovered an ancient ruined oratory on the summit after climbing through a dense wood. Scattered finds of Roman and later objects suggest that the Tor was always used by man. Evidence for its occupation exist from the 6th century A.D. A vebury/Stonehenge Place Names j. Stoneleigh Inn and Stoneleigh town near Stonehenge Winterbourne Mockton north of Avebury Winterbourne near Stonehenge Winterbourne near Cerne Abbas (giant earth figure) Thorn on West Kennet Avenue at Avebury is same as thorn on Glastonbury Tor Stonehenge Festival^ Taken from Diverse Reports, 7/2/86, B:30 p.m., Channel 4. The secular order of the Druids are attempting to facilitate an agreement between the Druids, the Festival people, and the authorities. The most important issue is finding a Festival site for future years. This year, the Festival people tried to establish a camp at Scratchbury Hill after the authorities, acting under the authority of an Act of Parliament, blocked access to Stonehenge. John Michell believes that society disowns a part of itself, in this case the Festival people, and makes this disowned portion of itself a scapegoat. In 1918, Stonehenge was dedicated to the nation. Disregard for the dedicator's provision that no buildings be erected near the site is already evident in the snack shops, bookstores, and parking complex built next to the stones. The English Heritage refused to allow the Druids to participate in their sunrise festival. The Council for Civil Liberties is helping the Druids on the basis that it is illegal to ban a religious ceremony. This year, the Druids were only allowed to hold their ceremony on the parking lot, with military helicopters flying overhead. i tes Surveyed by Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission (fluxgate magnetometer with recording chart) 2 Avebury (NW corner) p Castlerigg Ring of Brodgar /_ Rollrights Stenness Stonehenge Avenue . Arbor Low: There is a theory that this circle was intended to keep energy within it. Barbrgok Circles: SK2785.7558~ go up A621 from Baslow white gate in wall on left follow path on hillside to right . Swinsidej. The landscape looks like I imagine China to be. Knot's Hill looks like G. Tor--is its oriented the same way? Mr. Drisedale said circle stones are not local. The only other stones like them in the vicinity are two markers on the hill behind his farm and a couple more on a hill on the other side of his farm. This is behind a large hill to the north. He said a local dowser in Millom had a reaction with the rods going down as he walked to the center of the circle. Rollrights It_ Four water bottles put up at 11a.m. on June 20. They were taken down at 7:40a.m. on June 21, the summer solstice (Sunrise was about 4:40a.m.). We were planning to take the water down earlier, but we forgot and drove back from Oxford to get it. The water was all on the tall watch stone on the side of the circle near the road. Long Meg: I (Jensine) sensed some sort of energy around two stones that moved clockwise up the stones in a spiral pattern and counterclockwise down the stones. (We have copies of these books.) Bach, Marcus. The Power of Perception.. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1966. Barnatt, John. Prehistoric Cornwall^ The Ceremonial Monuments^ Wellingborough, Turnstone Press, 1982. Blair, Lawrence. Rhythms of Vision: The Changing Patterns of Belief^ New York, Schocken Books, 1975. Bonewitz, Ra. Cosmic Crystals^. The Hidden World of Crystals and the New Age Application of Crystal Energies.. Wellingborough: Turnstone Press, 1983. Bonwick, James. Irish Druids and Old Irish Religions. United States: Marboro Books, Dorset Press, 1986. Bord, Janet and Colin. Earth Rites: Fertility Practices in Pre-Industrial Britain. London: Granada Publishing, 1982. Mysterious Britain: Ancient Secrets of the United Kingdom and Ireland.. London: Paladin Books, 1974. Sacred Waters^ Holy Wells and Water Lore in Britain and Ireland.. London: Granada, 1985. The Secret Country: More Mysterious Britain.. London: Granada Publishing, 1985. Brown, Peter Lancaster. Megaliths^. Myths and Menj. An Introduction to Astrg-_Archaeolggyj. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company, 1976. Burl, Aubrey. Prehistoric Avebury^ New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1979. Burl, Aubrey. Prehistoric Stone Circles.. Aylesbury: Shire Publications, 1983. The Stone Circles of the British Isles.. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976. Caine, Mary. The Glastonbury Zodiac. Kingston: Mary Caine, 1978. The Kingston Zodiac.. (2nd Edition). Kingston: Mary Caine, 1978. 34 ' • A Map of the Glastonbury Zodiac^ Kingston: Mary Caine. Capra, Fritzjof. The Turning Pointy Science^ Society^ and the Rising Culture.. New York: Bantam Books, 1982. Cirlot, J.E. A Dictionary of Symbols. (2nd Edition). New mt York: Philosophical Library, 1971. Clark, D.V., T.G. Cowie and A. Foxon. Symbols of Power: At — the Time of Stonehenge^ Edinburgh: National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, 1985. Critchlow, Keith. lime Stands Still. London: Gordon m Fraser, 1979. Dames, Michael. The Silbury Treasure: The Great Goddess mi Rediscovered.. London: Thames and Hudson, 1976. Darrah, John. The Real Camelot: Paganism and the Arthurian Romances.. London: Dorset Press, Thames and Hudson, *** 1981. Devereux, Paul. Earth Lights.. Wellingborough, ** Northamptonshire: Turnstone Press Limited, 1982. and Ian Thomson. The Ley Hunter's Companion -- Aligned Ancient Sites^ A New Study with Field Guide and Maps.. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979. Dyer, James. The Penguin Guide to Prehistoric England and Wales.. London: Penguin Books, 1982. Eitel, Ernest J. with John Michell. Peng-Shuij. The Science ijf of Sacred Landscape in Old China.. London: Synergetic Press, 1984. ^ Feachem, Richard. Guide to Prehistoric Scotland. London: B.T. Batsford, 1977. Fidler, J. Havelock. Ley Lines! Their Natures and ^ Properties zz A Dowser^.s Investigation.. Wellingborough: Turnstone Press, 1983. m Graves, Tom. Needles of Stone.. Glastonbury, England: Gothic Image Publishing, 1986. Hadingham, Evan. Circles and Standing Stones.. New York: ^ Walker and Company, 1975. Early Man and the Cosmos.. London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1983. Harrington, Edward. The Meaning of English Place Names. ml Belfast: The Blackstaff Press, 1984. Hogg, A.H.A. A Guide to the Hill-Forts of Britain^ London: Granada Publishing, 1975. Kearey, P. & M. Brooks. An Introduction to Geophysical Exglgratign^ Oxford: Blackvell Scientific Publications, 1984. Laing, Lloyd and Jennifer. The Origins of Britain.. London: Grafton Books, 1982. Leshan, Lawrence and Henry Margenau. Einstein^e Space & Van Gggy^s Sky! Physical Reality and Beyond^ New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1982. Lonegren, Sig. Spiritual Dowsing.. Glastonbury, England: Gothic Image Publishing, 1986. Luxton, Richard with Pablo Balam. The Mystery of the Mayan Hieroglyphs! The Vision of an Ancient Tradition.. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1981. Maltwood, K. E. The Enchantments of Britian^ or King Arthur j.s Round Table of the Starej. Cambridge: James Clarke & Co., (c. 1923). Matthews, Caitlin and John. The Western Way: A Practical Guide to the Western Mystery Tradition, Vols. 1 and 2. London: ARKANA Paperbacks, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985. Michell, John. The Earth Spirit.. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1975. . The New View Over Atlantis. London: Thames and Hudson, 1983. The Old Stones of Land^s End! An Enguiry into the Mysteries of the Megalithic Science^. Bristol: Pentacle Books, 1979. National Geographic Society. Builders of the Ancient World! Marvels of Engineering^ Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 1986. O'Brien, Christian. The Megalithic Odyssey! A Search for the Master Builders of the Bodmin Moor Astronomical Complex of Stone Circles and Giant Cairns Wellingborough: Turnstone Press, 1983. Pennick, Nigel. The Ancient Science of Geomancy. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979. Renfrew, Colin. Investigations in OrkneyLondon: The Society of Antiquaries of London, Thames and Hudson, 1979. » ed. The Megalithic Monuments of Western Europe. London: Thames and Hudson, 1983. Richardson, Alan. Gate of Moon! Mythical and Magical Doorways to the Qtherwgrld.. Wellingborough: The Aquarian Press, 1984. Ritchie, Graham and Anna. Scotland! Archaeology and Early History.. London: Thames and Hudson, 1981. Roberts, Anthony. Geomancy j. A Synthgnal Re^agpraisal^ Westhay: Zodiac House Publications, 1981. Robins, Don. Circles of Silence.. London: Souvenir Press Ltd., 1985. Rossbach, Sarah. Feng Shui! The Chinese Art of Placement.. New York: E.P. Dutton, Inc., 1983. Service, Alastair and Jean Bradbery. A Guide to the Megaliths of Europe.. London: Granada Publishing, 1981. Sharkey, John. Celtic Mysteries.. London: Thames and Hudson, 1984. Steinbeck, John. The Acts of King Arthur and his Noble Knights.. (From the Winchester Manuscripts of Thomas Malory and other sources). New York: Avenel Books, 1982. Temple, Robert. Conversations with Eternity! Ancient Man^s Attempts to Know the Future^ London: Rider & Company, 1984. Thorn, Alexander. Megalithic Lunar Observatories^. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978. Megalithic Sites in Britain.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967. Toulson, Shirley. The Winter Solstice.. London: Jill Norman & Hobhouse Ltd., 1981. Waterhouse, John. The Stone Circles of Cumbria.. Chichester, Sussex: Phillimore & Co. Ltd., 1985. Watkins, Alfred. The Ley Hunter^s Manual! A Guide to Early Tracks.. Wellingborough: Turnstone Press, 1927. Radiation in Nature^ Art and Science^ London: Routeledge & Kegan Paul, 1978. Williamson, Tom and Liz Bellamy. Ley Lines in Question. Kingswood, Tadworth, Surrey: World's Work, The Windmill Press, 1983. Zink, David. The Ancient Stones Speak. New York and London Paddington Press Co. Ltd., 1979. The Stones of Atlantis. London: W.H. Allen, Howard & Wyndham Company, 1978. Zohar, Danah. Through the Time Barrier: A Study in Precognition and Modern Physics.. London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1982. •0r s y" a R $ N Q 1 *>