Report for the Academic Year 2016–2017

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Report for the Academic Year 2016–2017 Institute for Advanced Study Re port for 2 0 1 6–2 0 1 7 INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY EINSTEIN DRIVE Report for the Academic Year PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY 08540 (609) 734-8000 www.ias.edu 2016–2017 Cover: The School of Mathematics’s inaugural Summer Collaborators program invited to the Institute campus small groups of mathematicians to further their collaborative research projects. Opposite: A view of the allée leading from Fuld Hall to Olden Farm, the residence of the Institute’s Director since 1940 COVER PHOTO: ANDREA KANE OPPOSITE PHOTO: DAN KOMODA Table of Contents DAN KOMODA DAN Reports of the Chair and the Director 4 The Institute for Advanced Study 6 School of Historical Studies 10 School of Mathematics 22 School of Natural Sciences 32 School of Social Science 42 Special Programs and Outreach 50 Record of Events 60 83 Acknowledgments 91 Founders, Trustees, and Officers of the Board and of the Corporation 92 Administration 93 Present and Past Directors and Faculty 95 Independent Auditors’ Report DAN KOMODA REPORT OF THE CHAIR Basic research, driven by fundamental inquiry, freedom, and and institutions: Trustees, Friends, former Members, founda- curiosity, is crucial for all true understanding and the advance- tions, corporations, government agencies, and philanthropists, ment and integrity of knowledge. Given this, I was extremely who recognize basic research as a vital public good. pleased to see the publication of The Usefulness of Useless The Board was very pleased to welcome new Trustees Jeanette Knowledge by Princeton University Press in March. It features Lerman-Neubauer, trustee of the Neubauer Family Foundation founding Director Abraham Flexner’s classic essay of the same and owner of a boutique communications practice; Christopher title, first published in Harper’s magazine in 1939, and a new A. Cole, founder and Chairman of Ardea Partners; and Manjul companion essay by Robbert Dijkgraaf, current Director and Bhargava, R. Brandon Fradd Professor of Mathematics at Leon Levy Professor. The book conveys the importance of Princeton University. Manjul succeeds Benedict Gross, George basic research as an essential precondition of innovation and Vasmer Leverett Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University, the first step in social and cultural progress, and describes how as Academic Trustee for the School of Mathematics. The Board is it has informed the mission of the Institute for nearly ninety immensely grateful for Dick’s invaluable perspective and guidance. years, leading to transformative ideas in theory and practice. We were also deeply saddened by the death in December of I have heard that some justices or congressmen walk around Trustee Emeritus Sidney Drell, our dear colleague and friend. with a copy of the U.S. Constitution in their pockets. Everyone At this very important moment, when scientific principles who is interested in science philanthropy or public policy and thinking are being sidelined or dismissed, it is essential to affecting science should have a copy of The Usefulness of Useless recognize basic research, and the Institute’s realization of it, as Knowledge in similar proximity. one of the most worthy and powerful causes at the root of all The Institute’s exceptional environment and revelatory societal and technological advancement. Raising funding for long-term ideas and outcomes would not be possible without and awareness of the Institute’s mission and leadership within our benefactors, who contributed more than $25 million to the field of basic research underscores the indispensable pursuit the Institute’s endowment and the IAS Fund, which supports and value of truth, beauty, and knowledge. annual operating costs. The independence inherent in the Charles Simonyi Institute’s mission requires the dedication of many individuals Chair of the Board REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR It was a great privilege to revisit founding Director Abraham We welcomed our new Chief Development Officer and Flexner’s essay “The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge” and Associate Director for Development and Communications, contribute a contemporary argument for what Flexner called Elizabeth Boluch Wood, formerly Vice President for Develop- “the unobstructed pursuit of useless knowledge.” It has been ment at Princeton University, and our new Chief Operating truly heartening to share and to experience the warm reception Officer and Associate Director for Finance and Administration, of its message around the world: that basic research must be a Janine Purcaro, formerly Chief Financial Officer for the fundamental attribute of modern society if we are to make Division of Intercollegiate Athletics at Rutgers University. integral strides in knowledge and understanding. Janine succeeds John Masten to whom the Institute is The influence of the Institute’s research continues to be immensely grateful for his eleven years of dedicated service. recognized across the sciences and humanities: Jonathan Israel Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang also joined was awarded the 2017 Comenius Prize by the Foundation of the the Institute as its newest Artist-in-Residence, succeeding Comenius Museum in the Netherlands; Peter Paret received the Sebastian Currier and producing a wonderful series of concerts 2017 Pritzker Military Museum & Library Literature Award for and special events for the Institute community. Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing; Jean Bourgain was Communicating the importance of curiosity, freedom, acknowledged with the 2017 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics; and imagination in the advancement of knowledge and Nathan Seiberg was awarded the 2016 Dirac Medal and Prize innovation is critically important, but to see these principles from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics; and Joan in action on the campus of the Institute is thrilling. Every Wallach Scott, who was named a Chevalier de la Légion day IAS researchers boldly follow their own intuition, risk d’Honneur of France, was recognized with the 2016 Talcott failure, and experience astounding successes that are shared Parsons Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences for freely throughout the world and improve society’s perspective her distinguished contributions to the social sciences. and possibilities. I am deeply grateful to our increasing Thomas Spencer transitioned as of July to Professor Emeri- number of supporters who make these endeavors and tus, having served on the Faculty of the School of Mathematics rewards possible. since 1986. We are deeply grateful for Tom’s many contributions Robbert Dijkgraaf and his continued involvement in the IAS community. Director and Leon Levy Professor 4 DAN KOMODA DAN DAN KOMODA DAN To p : Charles Simonyi, Chair of the Board of Trustees, addresses Faculty and Trustees at the Board meeting in October. Below: Robbert Dijkgraaf, Director of the Institute and Leon Levy Professor, gives a talk on The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge at the Princeton Public Library. 5 Sir Jacob Epstein’s bronze bust of Albert Einstein, sculpted from life in 1933, in Fuld Hall The Institute for Advanced Study It was founding Director Abraham Flexner’s belief that if the Institute “eschews the chase for the useful, the minds of its scholars will be liberated, they will be free to take advantage of surprises, and someday an unexpected discovery, apparently leading nowhere, will be found to be an indispensable link in a long and complex chain that may open new worlds in theory and practice.” FROM THE DEVELOPMENT of programmable computers and the uncovering of the deep symmetries of nature to advances in societal understanding and historical practice, long and complex chains of knowledge have developed for nearly ninety years through research originating at the Institute for Advanced Study. Albert Einstein was one of the first in a continuous line of distinguished Institute scientists and scholars who have produced a deeper understanding of the physical world and of humanity. Yet the Institute’s remarkable history does not seem to weigh heavily on current scholars and scientists. Instead, the atmosphere focuses on the present, where every twist and hairpin bend changes our view. What do we know? What do we yet need to understand? How should we try to comprehend it? Work at the Institute takes place across historical studies, mathematics, natural sciences, and social science. Currently, a permanent Faculty each year award fellowships to some two hundred visiting Members, from about one hundred universities and research institutions throughout the world. The Institute’s reach has been multiplied many times over through the more than eight thousand Members who have influenced entire fields of study as well as the work and minds of colleagues and students. Thirty- three Nobel Laureates, forty-one of the fifty-six Fields Medalists, and sixteen of the eighteen Abel Prize Laureates, as well as many winners of the Wolf and MacArthur prizes, have been affiliated with the Institute. At the Institute, everything is designed to encourage scholars to take their research to the next level. This includes creating and sustaining an environment where Members live in an academic village of apartments, originally designed by Marcel Breuer in 1957, at the edge of the Institute’s eight hundred acres of campus, woodland, and farmland. Members eat in the same dining hall, share common rooms and libraries, and carry out their work in an institutional setting where human scale has been carefully maintained to THOMAS CLARKE THOMAS encourage the sharing of ideas, mutual understanding, and friendship. 7 Each year a new intellectual mix is created by the Members, ranging from young postdoctoral fellows to distinguished senior professors, who typically stay a year but may stay up to five years and return for subsequent visits throughout their careers. A period spent as a Member is often a life-changing experience. Young scholars meet the contemporaries who, with them, will be leading figures in their field in the future. Senior Members have the time and freedom to initiate new lines of research. Freed from teaching and administration, Members are afforded opportunities for discussing their work with scholars and scientists from other fields.
Recommended publications
  • Copyright © 2014 Richard Charles Mcdonald All Rights Reserved. The
    Copyright © 2014 Richard Charles McDonald All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without, limitation, preservation or instruction. GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS ACCORDING TO A TRADITIONAL SEMITIC GRAMMAR __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Richard Charles McDonald December 2014 APPROVAL SHEET GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS BIBLICAL HEBREW TEXTS ACCORDING TO A TRADITIONAL SEMITIC GRAMMAR Richard Charles McDonald Read and Approved by: __________________________________________ Russell T. Fuller (Chair) __________________________________________ Terry J. Betts __________________________________________ John B. Polhill Date______________________________ I dedicate this dissertation to my wife, Nancy. Without her support, encouragement, and love I could not have completed this arduous task. I also dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Charles and Shelly McDonald, who instilled in me the love of the Lord and the love of His Word. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................vii
    [Show full text]
  • BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH of DR. FRED OLSEN Fred Olson Was Born 28 February, 1891 in Newcastle-On-Tyne, England. at the Age of 15 He E
    BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. FRED OLSEN Fred Olson was born 28 February, 1891 in Newcastle-on-Tyne, England. At the age of 15 he emigrated to Canada, where he entered the University of Toronto and was the recipient of the Edward Blake Scholarship in chemistry—defeating 3,000 examinees in a nation-wide competition. Olson received his BA and MA in chemistry in 1916 and 1917, respectively. Dr. Olson was awarded an honorary doctorate from Washington University, St. Louis, for his many research achievements in chemistry. In 1917 he married Florence Quittenton of Toronto. During World War I, Dr. Olson was loaned by the Canadian govern­ ment to the United States to assist in the manufacture of munitions. He was put in charge of US Army research at the Picatiny, New Jersey arsensal, where he became aware of the high incidence of explosions and consequent injuries and fatalities in the powder factories. As a result of his observations, Dr. Olson developed a safe and widely adopted technique for manufacturing explosives under water (ball powder). This innovation greatly reduced the hazard of explosion in the powder factories; in fact, during World War II not a single casualty was incurred by US Army personnel during the manufacture of munitions. After the War, Dr. Olson was employed by Olin-Matheson as Vice President in charge of research until his retirement. In 1960 he bought a house at the Mill Reef Club, Antigua, West Indies. There he discovered the Mill Reef archaeological site, which he called to the attention of Professor Irving Rouse of the Department of Anthropology, Yale University.
    [Show full text]
  • Manjul Bhargava
    The Work of Manjul Bhargava Manjul Bhargava's work in number theory has had a profound influence on the field. A mathematician of extraordinary creativity, he has a taste for simple problems of timeless beauty, which he has solved by developing elegant and powerful new methods that offer deep insights. When he was a graduate student, Bhargava read the monumental Disqui- sitiones Arithmeticae, a book about number theory by Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855). All mathematicians know of the Disquisitiones, but few have actually read it, as its notation and computational nature make it difficult for modern readers to follow. Bhargava nevertheless found the book to be a wellspring of inspiration. Gauss was interested in binary quadratic forms, which are polynomials ax2 +bxy +cy2, where a, b, and c are integers. In the Disquisitiones, Gauss developed his ingenious composition law, which gives a method for composing two binary quadratic forms to obtain a third one. This law became, and remains, a central tool in algebraic number theory. After wading through the 20 pages of Gauss's calculations culminating in the composition law, Bhargava knew there had to be a better way. Then one day, while playing with a Rubik's cube, he found it. Bhargava thought about labeling each corner of a cube with a number and then slic- ing the cube to obtain 2 sets of 4 numbers. Each 4-number set naturally forms a matrix. A simple calculation with these matrices resulted in a bi- nary quadratic form. From the three ways of slicing the cube, three binary quadratic forms emerged.
    [Show full text]
  • Karen Uhlenbeck Awarded the 2019 Abel Prize
    RESEARCH NEWS Karen Uhlenbeck While she was in Urbana-Champagne (Uni- versity of Illinois), Karen Uhlenbeck worked Awarded the 2019 Abel with a postdoctoral fellow, Jonathan Sacks, Prize∗ on singularities of harmonic maps on 2D sur- faces. This was the beginning of a long journey in geometric analysis. In gauge the- Rukmini Dey ory, Uhlenbeck, in her remarkable ‘removable singularity theorem’, proved the existence of smooth local solutions to Yang–Mills equa- tions. The Fields medallist Simon Donaldson was very much influenced by her work. Sem- inal results of Donaldson and Uhlenbeck–Yau (amongst others) helped in establishing gauge theory on a firm mathematical footing. Uhlen- beck’s work with Terng on integrable systems is also very influential in the field. Karen Uhlenbeck is a professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Texas at Austin, where she holds Sid W. Richardson Foundation Chair (since 1988). She is cur- Karen Uhlenbeck (Source: Wikimedia) rently a visiting associate at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton and a visiting se- nior research scholar at Princeton University. The 2019 Abel prize for lifetime achievements She has enthused many young women to take in mathematics was awarded for the first time up mathematics and runs a mentorship pro- to a woman mathematician, Professor Karen gram for women in mathematics at Princeton. Uhlenbeck. She is famous for her work in ge- Karen loves gardening and nature hikes. Hav- ometry, analysis and gauge theory. She has ing known her personally, I found she is one of proved very important (and hard) theorems in the most kind-hearted mathematicians I have analysis and applied them to geometry and ever known.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Association of America Ohio Section
    Program of Activities For the 90 th Annual Meeting of the Mathematical Association of America Ohio Section Spring 2006 The University of Akron Akron, Ohio March 31-April 1, 2006 MAA Ohio Section Program Friday, March 31, 2006 8:00—Noon NExT Workshop College of Arts and Sciences Building (CAS) Room 134 Noon—4:30 Registration Student Union, Second Floor, Theatre Area Book exhibits Student Union, Second Floor, Atrium Noon—1:20 Student problem-solving team competition CAS 107 12:15—1:15 Committee Meetings CONCUR Student Union, 308 CONSACT Student Union, 310 CONSTUM Student Union, 312 CONTEAL Student Union, 314 Program Committee Student Union, 316 1:30—1:45 Welcome and Announcements Student Union Theatre 1:45—2:45 Invited address: Student Union Theatre “Going Up and Down” Georgia Benkart, University of Wisconsin – Madison 2:45—3:10 Break & refreshments Lobby Area, Student Union 3:10—4:05 Retiring President’s address: Student Union Theatre “Some Thoughts on Rings and Things” Dwight Olson, John Carroll University 4:20—6:15 Contributed p aper sessions College of Arts and Sciences Bldg (CAS) 4:20—6:15 Special session on Applied Mathematics CAS 4:20—6:15 Executive Committee Meeting CAS 124 Conference Room 6:15—6:45 Social Time Martin University Center (Fir Street) 6:45—8:00 Banquet Martin University Center (Fir Street) 6:15—8:00 Student Pizza Party CAS Atrium and nearby rooms 8:00—8:45 After-dinner talk: Martin University Center (Fir Street) “Developing an undergraduate research program” Tom Price, The University of Akron 8:45 Business meeting
    [Show full text]
  • Twenty Female Mathematicians Hollis Williams
    Twenty Female Mathematicians Hollis Williams Acknowledgements The author would like to thank Alba Carballo González for support and encouragement. 1 Table of Contents Sofia Kovalevskaya ................................................................................................................................. 4 Emmy Noether ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Mary Cartwright ................................................................................................................................... 26 Julia Robinson ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Olga Ladyzhenskaya ............................................................................................................................. 46 Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat ....................................................................................................................... 56 Olga Oleinik .......................................................................................................................................... 67 Charlotte Fischer .................................................................................................................................. 77 Karen Uhlenbeck .................................................................................................................................. 87 Krystyna Kuperberg .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Copyrighted Material Introduction This book, unlike most books on mathematics, is about math- ematicians, their extraordinary passion for mathematics and their full complexity of being. We emphasize the social and emotional sides of mathematical life. In the great and famous works of Euclid and Newton, we find axioms and theorems. The mathematics seems to speak for itself. No first person speaks, no second person is addressed: “Here is Truth, here is Proof, no more need be said.” Going back to the reports of Plato and Descartes, mathematical think- ing has been seen as pure reason–a perfect and eternal faculty. The thoughts, feelings, and tribulations of the mathematician are not included. But it doesn’t take deep reflection to realize that this perfec- tion is a human creation. Mathematics is an artifact created by thinking creatures of flesh and blood. Indeed, this fact has al- ways been known to poets, novelists, and dramatists. Math- ematicians, like all people, think socially and emotionally in the categories of their time and place and culture. In any great en- deavor, such as the structuring of mathematical knowledge, we bring all of our humanity to the work. Along with reasoning, the work includes the joy of discovery, the struggle with uncer- tainty, and many other emotions. And it is shaped by social real- ities, including war, political oppression, sexism, and racism, as they have affected society and mathematicians in different eras. Today the connection between thought and emotion is a ma- jor active field of scientific research. Recently the neuroscientist Antonio Damasio and a collaborator wrote, “Modern biol- ogy reveals humans to be fundamentally emotional and social Copyrighted Material • intrODUCTION creatures.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Mathematics 78
    CONTEMPORARY MATHEMATICS 78 Braids Proceedings of the AMS-IMS-SIAM Joint Summer Research Conference on Artin's Braid Group held July 13-26. 1986 at the University of California, Santa Cruz, California Joan S. Birman Anatoly Libgober Editors http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/conm/078 Recent Titles in This Series 120 Robert S. Doran, Editor, Selfadjoint and nonselfadjoint operator algebras and operator theory, 1991 119 Robert A. Melter, Azriel Rosenfeld, and Prabir Bhattacharya, Editors, Vision geometry, 1991 118 Yan Shi-Jian, Wang Jiagang, and Yang Chung-chun, Editors, Probability theory and its applications in China, 1991 117 Morton Brown, Editor, Continuum theory and dynamical systems, 1991 116 Brian Harboume and Robert Speiser, Editors, Algebraic geometry: Sundance 1988, 1991 115 Nancy Flournoy an'il Robert K. Tsutakawa, Editors, Statistical multiple integration, 1991 114 Jeffrey C. Lagarias and Michael J. Todd, Editors, Mathematical developments arising from linear programming, 1990 113 Eric Grinberg and Eric Todd Quinto, Editors, Integral geometry and tomography, 1990 112 Philip J. Brown and Wayne A. Fuller, Editors, Statistical analysis of measurement error models and applications, 1990 Ill Earl S. Kramer and Spyros S. Magliveras, Editors, Finite geometries and combinatorial designs, I 990 II 0 Georgia Benkart and J. Marshall Osborn, Editors, Lie algebras and related topics, 1990 109 Benjamin Fine, Anthony Gaglione, and Francis C. Y. Tang, Editors, Combinatorial group theory, 1990 108 Melvyn S. Berger, Editor, Mathematics of nonlinear science, 1990 107 Mario Milman and Tomas Schonbek, Editors, Harmonic analysis and partial differential equations, 1990 I 06 Wilfried Sieg, Editor, Logic and computation, 1990 I 05 Jerome Kaminker, Editor, Geometric and topological invariants of elliptic operators, 1990 I 04 Michael Makkai and Robert Pare, Accessible categories: The foundations of categorical model theory, 1989 I 03 Steve Fisk, Coloring theories, 1989 I 02 Stephen McAdam, Primes associated to an ideal, 1989 101 S.-Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Jackson Pollock & Tony Smith Sculpture
    Jackson Pollock & Tony Smith Sculpture An exhibition on the centennial of their births MATTHEW MARKS GALLERY Jackson Pollock & Tony Smith Speculations in Form Eileen Costello In the summer of 1956, Jackson Pollock was in the final descent of a downward spiral. Depression and alcoholism had tormented him for the greater part of his life, but after a period of relative sobriety, he was drinking heavily again. His famously intolerable behavior when drunk had alienated both friends and colleagues, and his marriage to Lee Krasner had begun to deteriorate. Frustrated with Betty Parsons’s intermittent ability to sell his paintings, he had left her in 1952 for Sidney Janis, believing that Janis would prove a better salesperson. Still, he and Krasner continued to struggle financially. His physical health was also beginning to decline. He had recently survived several drunk- driving accidents, and in June of 1954 he broke his ankle while roughhousing with Willem de Kooning. Eight months later, he broke it again. The fracture was painful and left him immobilized for months. In 1947, with the debut of his classic drip-pour paintings, Pollock had changed the direction of Western painting, and he quickly gained international praise and recog- nition. Four years later, critics expressed great disappointment with his black-and-white series, in which he reintroduced figuration. The work he produced in 1953 was thought to be inconsistent and without focus. For some, it appeared that Pollock had reached a point of physical and creative exhaustion. He painted little between 1954 and ’55, and by the summer of ’56 his artistic productivity had virtually ground to a halt.
    [Show full text]
  • ICTS POSTER Outside Bangalore
    T A T A I N S T I T U T E O F F U N D A M E N T A L R E S E A R C H A HOMI BHABHA BIRTH CENTENARY & ICTS INAUGURAL EVENT International Centre Theoretical Sciences science without bo28 Decemberun 2009d29 -a 31 Decemberri e2009s Satish Dhawan Auditorium Faculty Hall Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. www.icts.res.in/program/icts-ie INVITED SPEAKERS / PANELISTS INCLUDE FOUNDATION STONE CEREMONY Siva Athreya ISI, Bangalore OF ICTS CAMPUS Naama Barkai Weizmann Institute The foundation stone will be unveiled by Manjul Bhargava Princeton University Prof. C N R Rao, FRS 4:00 pm, 28 December 2009 Édouard Brézin École Normale Supérieure Amol Dighe TIFR Michael Green DAMTP, Cambridge Chandrashekhar Khare UCLA Yamuna Krishnan NCBS-TIFR Lyman Page Princeton University Jaikumar Radhakrishnan TIFR C. S. Rajan TIFR Sriram Ramaswamy IISc G. Rangarajan IISc C. N. R. Rao JNCASR Subir Sachdev Harvard University K. Sandeep CAM-TIFR Sriram Shastry UC Santa Cruz PUBLIC LECTURES Ashoke Sen HRI J. N. Tata Auditorium, IISc (FREE AND OPEN TO ALL) Anirvan Sengupta Rutgers University K. R. Sreenivasan Abdus Salam ICTP Michael Atiyah University of Edinburgh Andrew Strominger Harvard University Truth and Beauty in Mathematics and Physics 5:30 pm, 27 December 2009 Raman Sundrum Johns Hopkins University Ajay Sood IISc David Gross KITP, Santa Barbara The Role of Theory in Science Tarun Souradeep IUCAA 5:30 pm, 28 December 2009 Eitan Tadmor University of Maryland Albert Libchaber Rockefeller University Sandip Trivedi TIFR The Origin of Life: from Geophysics to Biology? Mukund Thattai NCBS-TIFR 5:30 pm, 30 December 2009 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Avian Photoreceptor Patterns Represent a Disordered
    Avian photoreceptor patterns represent a disordered hyperuniform solution to a multiscale packing problem Yang Jiao1,2, Timothy Lau3, Haralampos Hatzikirou4,5, Michael Meyer-Hermann4, Joseph C. Corbo3 and Salvatore Torquato1,6 1Princeton Institute of the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 2Materials Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 3Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 4Department of Systems Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany 5Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany and 6Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, Program in Computational and Applied Mathematics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ (Dated: August 21, 2018) arXiv:1402.6058v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 25 Feb 2014 1 Abstract Optimal spatial sampling of light rigorously requires that identical photoreceptors be arranged in perfectly regular arrays in two dimensions. Examples of such perfect arrays in nature include the compound eyes of insects and the nearly crystalline photoreceptor patterns of some fish and reptiles. Birds are highly visual animals with five different cone photoreceptor subtypes, yet their photoreceptor patterns are not perfectly regular. By analyzing the chicken cone photoreceptor system consisting of five different cell types using a variety of sensitive microstructural descrip- tors, we find that the disordered photoreceptor patterns are “hyperuniform” (exhibiting vanishing infinite-wavelength density fluctuations), a property that had heretofore been identified in a unique subset of physical systems, but had never been observed in any living organism. A disordered hy- peruniform many-body system is an exotic state of matter that behaves like a perfect crystal or quasicrystal in the manner in which it suppresses large-scale density fluctuations and yet, like a liquid or glass, is statistically isotropic with no Bragg peaks.
    [Show full text]
  • TRINITY COLLEGE Cambridge Trinity College Cambridge College Trinity Annual Record Annual
    2016 TRINITY COLLEGE cambridge trinity college cambridge annual record annual record 2016 Trinity College Cambridge Annual Record 2015–2016 Trinity College Cambridge CB2 1TQ Telephone: 01223 338400 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.trin.cam.ac.uk Contents 5 Editorial 11 Commemoration 12 Chapel Address 15 The Health of the College 18 The Master’s Response on Behalf of the College 25 Alumni Relations & Development 26 Alumni Relations and Associations 37 Dining Privileges 38 Annual Gatherings 39 Alumni Achievements CONTENTS 44 Donations to the College Library 47 College Activities 48 First & Third Trinity Boat Club 53 Field Clubs 71 Students’ Union and Societies 80 College Choir 83 Features 84 Hermes 86 Inside a Pirate’s Cookbook 93 “… Through a Glass Darkly…” 102 Robert Smith, John Harrison, and a College Clock 109 ‘We need to talk about Erskine’ 117 My time as advisor to the BBC’s War and Peace TRINITY ANNUAL RECORD 2016 | 3 123 Fellows, Staff, and Students 124 The Master and Fellows 139 Appointments and Distinctions 141 In Memoriam 155 A Ninetieth Birthday Speech 158 An Eightieth Birthday Speech 167 College Notes 181 The Register 182 In Memoriam 186 Addresses wanted CONTENTS TRINITY ANNUAL RECORD 2016 | 4 Editorial It is with some trepidation that I step into Boyd Hilton’s shoes and take on the editorship of this journal. He managed the transition to ‘glossy’ with flair and panache. As historian of the College and sometime holder of many of its working offices, he also brought a knowledge of its past and an understanding of its mysteries that I am unable to match.
    [Show full text]