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Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule
TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A COMPILATION OF REFUGEE STATEMENTS 1958-1975 A SERIES OF “EXPERT ON TIBET” PROGRAMS ON RADIO FREE ASIA TIBETAN SERVICE BY WARREN W. SMITH 1 TIBET UNDER CHINESE COMMUNIST RULE A Compilation of Refugee Statements 1958-1975 Tibet Under Chinese Communist Rule is a collection of twenty-seven Tibetan refugee statements published by the Information and Publicity Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama in 1976. At that time Tibet was closed to the outside world and Chinese propaganda was mostly unchallenged in portraying Tibet as having abolished the former system of feudal serfdom and having achieved democratic reforms and socialist transformation as well as self-rule within the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans were portrayed as happy with the results of their liberation by the Chinese Communist Party and satisfied with their lives under Chinese rule. The contrary accounts of the few Tibetan refugees who managed to escape at that time were generally dismissed as most likely exaggerated due to an assumed bias and their extreme contrast with the version of reality presented by the Chinese and their Tibetan spokespersons. The publication of these very credible Tibetan refugee statements challenged the Chinese version of reality within Tibet and began the shift in international opinion away from the claims of Chinese propaganda and toward the facts as revealed by Tibetan eyewitnesses. As such, the publication of this collection of refugee accounts was an important event in the history of Tibetan exile politics and the international perception of the Tibet issue. The following is a short synopsis of the accounts. -
Buddhist Archeology in Mongolia: Zanabazar and the Géluk Diaspora Beyond Tibet
Buddhist Archeology in Mongolia: Zanabazar and the Géluk Diaspora beyond Tibet Uranchimeg Tsultemin, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Uranchimeg, Tsultemin. 2019. “Buddhist Archeology in Mongolia: Zanabazar and the Géluk Dias- pora beyond Tibet.” Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review (e-journal) 31: 7–32. https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/e-journal/issue-31/uranchimeg. Abstract This article discusses a Khalkha reincarnate ruler, the First Jebtsundampa Zanabazar, who is commonly believed to be a Géluk protagonist whose alliance with the Dalai and Panchen Lamas was crucial to the dissemination of Buddhism in Khalkha Mongolia. Za- nabazar’s Géluk affiliation, however, is a later Qing-Géluk construct to divert the initial Khalkha vision of him as a reincarnation of the Jonang historian Tāranātha (1575–1634). Whereas several scholars have discussed the political significance of Zanabazar’s rein- carnation based only on textual sources, this article takes an interdisciplinary approach to discuss, in addition to textual sources, visual records that include Zanabazar’s por- traits and current findings from an ongoing excavation of Zanabazar’s Saridag Monas- tery. Clay sculptures and Zanabazar’s own writings, heretofore little studied, suggest that Zanabazar’s open approach to sectarian affiliations and his vision, akin to Tsongkhapa’s, were inclusive of several traditions rather than being limited to a single one. Keywords: Zanabazar, Géluk school, Fifth Dalai Lama, Jebtsundampa, Khalkha, Mongo- lia, Dzungar Galdan Boshogtu, Saridag Monastery, archeology, excavation The First Jebtsundampa Zanabazar (1635–1723) was the most important protagonist in the later dissemination of Buddhism in Mongolia. Unlike the Mongol imperial period, when the sectarian alliance with the Sakya (Tib. -
Japanese Visitors to Tibet in the Early 20Th Century and Their Impact on Tibetan Military Affairs—With a Focus on Yasujirō Yajima*
Japanese Visitors to Tibet in the Early 20th Century and their Impact on Tibetan Military Affairs—with a Focus on Yasujirō Yajima* Yasuko Komoto (Hokkaido University) ittle information has been so far been made available in west- L ern language literature on Tibet concerning the Japanese mil- itary instructor Yasujirō Yajima (1882–1963, see Photograph 1) who stayed in Tibet between 1912 and 1918. He is known for having been among the instructors entrusted by the government of Tibet with the training of the Tibetan army in the context of modernisation re- forms undertaken by the Thirteenth Dalai Lama after 1913. Two eye- witness accounts of him by Tibetans have come down to us, the first by the historian Shakabpa (1907–1989): Under the auspices of Japan’s ambassador in Beijing, Gonsuke Hayashe, a retired Japanese military officer named Yasujiro Yajima ar- rived in Lhasa by way of Kham in 1913. He trained a regiment of the Tibetan army according to Japanese military customs. During his six- year stay in Lhasa, he tied his hair (in the Tibetan manner) and attended all of the ceremonies, just like the Tibetan government officials. He also constructed the camp of the Dalai Lama’s bodyguard in the Japanese style.1 The second account is by the Tibetan army General Tsarong Dasang Dadul (Tsha rong zla bzang dgra ’dul, 1888–1959), as recounted in the biography by his son: * The research for this article has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 677952 “TibArmy”). -
Quarterly of the Nepal and Tibet Philatelic Study Circle
POSTAL HIMAL QUARTERLY OF THE NEPAL AND TIBET PHILATELIC STUDY CIRCLE The TSARONG Crest: No. 84 4th Quarter 1995 Postal Himal is' a qua r terly publication of the Nepal & Tibet Phi latelic Study Circle . Membe rship subscriptions run from January through Decent:Jer of each yea r . Dues should be paid in l ocal currency at the prevai ling exchange rat e to the society representative in your area. ~E M8ERSHI P DUE S AS Of JAN UA RY 1993 4th Quarter 1995 One Yea r Three Year s Li f e Member £ 12 £ 33 £250 Ame r ican Philatelic Society Affiliate #122 Bri t ish Philatelic Federation Affiliate #435 Secretary: Mr . Col i n Heppcr Editor: Mr . Leo Martyn C/72 Call e Miguel Angel P.o. 80x 49263 El Sueno -Fase I Los Angeles , CA 90049-0263 El Chaparral U.S.A. 031BO Torrevieja Fax: 310 476 - 2608 Alicante Spain The Board Of The Nepal And Tibet Philatelic Study Circle : President: Dr . Wol f gang C. Hellrigl Past President : Dr . Pier re Couv reur Vice President: Mr . Colin T. Heppe r Secretary: Mr . Co l in T. Hepper Tr easurer: Mr . Colin T. Hepper Aucti oneers: Leo Martyn & Roger Skinner Members : Mr. Christopher Kinc" Mr . Al an Warren , Mr . Francis A. Westb r ook Jr . Ed itor: Mr. Leo I"lartyn Representatives: Europe Mr . Co lin Hepper, see address above . India Soha n Lal Ohawan & Sons, P.D. Box 95, Datiala-147001 , India. Nepal Mr. Surendra Lal Shrestha, Kathmandu District , P.O. Box 72 , Kathmandu, Nepal. U.S.A. -
11 Medicine As Impartial Knowledge the Fifth Dalai Lama, the Tsarong School, and Debates of Tibetan Medical Orthodoxy1
11 Medicine as Impartial Knowledge The Fifth Dalai Lama, the Tsarong School, and Debates of Tibetan Medical Orthodoxy1 Stacey Van Vleet University of California Berkeley When the bloody Mongol-Tsang war concluded in 1642, Gušri (Gushri) Khan’s conquest of the Tibetan plateau raised the Gelukpa tradition of Tibetan Buddhism to power over the Kagyü and Jonang traditions favored by the defeated King of Tsang. The Qošot Mongol prince turned to the Fifth Dalai Lama Ngawang Lopzang Gyatso (Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho, 1617–1682) to design the institutions for his rule, and one of the hierarch’s first and primary ongoing projects was the creation of a state system of medicine. The Fifth Dalai Lama supported medical teachers from family lineages and monasteries throughout Central Tibet, established new medical institutions at the centers of his government, Drepung Monastery and the Potala Palace, and offered an examination testing physicians on their knowledge of the Four Tantras (Rgyud bzhi), the root text of theory, diagnosis, and treatment in Tibetan medicine.2 He 1. This research was made possible by support from the Social Science Research Council, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Special thanks also to Tashi Tsering of the Amnye Machen Institute, for generously sharing his knowledge of the source material. 2. These activities are described in Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho, “Za hor gyi ban+de ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho’i ’di snang ’khrul ba’i rol rtsed rtogs brjod kyi tshul du bkod pa du kU la’i gos bzang,” in Gsung ’bum/ Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho/, ’Bras spungs dga’ ldan pho brang gi par khang, vol. -
Medical Murals at Labrang Monastery Katharina Sabernig (Universität Wien)
Medical Murals at Labrang Monastery Katharina Sabernig (Universität Wien) Thursday, December 8, 3:50 pm, Jindřišská 27, room No. 1 (2nd floor) In the courtyard of the medical College at Labrang Monastery in China's Gansu Province the visitor finds a series of murals depicting the first and the second part of the Four Tantras in form of so-called unfolded trees. The murals are fascinating works of art illustrating traditional knowledge of Tibetan medicine. Their meaning is not obvious for the ordinary viewer but the ramifying structure, using leaves of different color and shape, is a guide through medical contents which an aspiring physician should become acquainted. The paintings are based on a text written by Darmo Menrampa Lobsang Chodrag (Dar mo sman rams pa Blo bzang chos grags), the personal physician of the Fifth Dalai Lama. Both didactically intriguing and visually captivating, they seem to be connected to the famous set of thangkas illustrating the Blue Beryl commentary of the Four Tantras compiled by Desi Sangye Gyatso (Sde srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho) in a complementary way. After the destructive years of the Cultural Revolution, the original murals at Labrang Monastery have been repainted skilfully. They indicate a time of revitalisation of Tibetan Medicine and still form a vivid part of Labrang's medical culture. Katharina Sabernig (MD/MA) is a lecturer in different fields of Tibetan Medicine at the Department of South Asian, Tibetan and Buddhist Studies of the University of Vienna and teaches related topics at the Medical University of Vienna. Beyond her research on the medical murals at Labrang Monastery in Northeastern Tibet (modern Gansu province) her interests focus on medical illustrations, history, terminology and development of contents in Tibetan medicine, particularly in the field of anatomy. -
The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on Warfare, Weapons, and the Right to Self-Defense
THE THIRTEENTH DALAI LAMA ON WARFARE, WEAPONS, AND THE RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE Federica Venturi I would like to express sincere gratitude to the colleagues and friends who have contributed in various ways to bring this article to completion. The topic of the subject was inspired by a talk given by Dr. Shun Hidaka of Otani University at the XIII Seminar of the IATS in Ulaan Baatar. Gedun Rabsal helped with the translation of the passages that were most cryptic. Frank Drauschke of the historical research institute Facts & Files, in Berlin, provided an advance copy of documents he has collected for his forthcoming publication Who was Who in Tibet. Dr. Alice Travers of the French National Center for Scientific Research helped with the translation of several Tibetan terms identifying weapons. Last but not least, I would like to thank the editor of this volume, Roberto Vitali, assisted by Gedun Rabsal and Nicole Willock, for much patience and collaboration. One of the recurrent themes of Professor Sperling’s lectures on the different aspects of Tibetan history highlighted the existence of mechanisms for sanctioning violence in every religion, including Buddhism. Today this religion is considered the paradigm of a nonviolent and pacifist mindset, particularly in its Tibetan manifestation. Similarly, Tibet’s spiritual leader, the XIV Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, symbolizes the commitment of Tibetan Buddhism to nonviolence, both on account of his Nobel Peace Prize and as a constant champion of the Tibetan cause of “true autonomy” within the People’s Republic of China through ahiṃsā. However, throughout its history, even Tibetan Buddhism has not been immune from the use of violence or warfare, activities that are in conflict with the fundamental Buddhist precept of abstaining from killing any living being.1 Moreover, these activities were both perpetrated and endorsed in various ways by the higher echelons of the Tibetan Buddhist hierarchy. -
Tibetan Buddhism
HREL 35200 / SALC 39001: Tibetan Buddhism Spring Quarter 2004 Christian K. Wedemeyer T/Th 15:00-16:20 Swift 303A Swift Hall Rm 204 Office Hours: M/T 11–12 [email protected] Course description: This course is designed to serve as an introductory survey of the history, doctrines, institutions, and practices of Buddhism in Tibet from its origins in the mid-first-millennium through the end of the 20th century. Readings will be drawn both from primary sources (in translation) and secondary and tertiary scholarly research. There will be an in-class mid-term exam, and the option of either a take-home final exam or a short (7–9 pp.) paper. PQ: Preferably HREL 35100 or equivalent background in Buddhism. Schedule of Meetings 30 March 2004: Introduction/ Orientation 1 April 2004: Tibetan pre-history and Bon Topics: Earliest records of Tibet Bon and the “pre-Buddhist religion of Tibet” How “Tibetan” is Tibetan Buddhism? Readings: Stein, Tibetan Civilization, pp. 19–44. Karmay, “A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon” 6 April 2004: the Imperial Period Topics: The Tibetan Imperium The Mythos of the Three Religious Kings Readings: Snellgrove and Richardson, Cultural History of Tibet, pp. 19-32, 49-65 Kapstein, Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism, pp. 51-65 Richardson, A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions, pp. 7-15, 26-31, 72-81 8 April 2004: Old Tibetan Buddhism: “Scholastic” Topics: Śāntarakṣita and the foundation of bSam-yas Imperial support for translation projects Kamalaśīla and the “Great Debate” of bSam-yas Readings: Snellgrove & Richardson, Cultural History of Tibet, pp. -
Conversations with Tibetans in Exile William Lukas Gramlich University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 5-2014 Hope, Faith and Trust: Conversations with Tibetans in Exile William Lukas Gramlich University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Graphic Communications Commons, and the Journalism Studies Commons Recommended Citation Gramlich, William Lukas, "Hope, Faith and Trust: Conversations with Tibetans in Exile" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2327. https://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2327 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Hope, Faith and Trust: Conversations with Tibetans in Exile Hope, Faith and Trust: Conversations with Tibetans in Exile A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Journalism by William Lukas Gramlich University of Arkansas Bachelor of Arts in Journalism, 2011 May 2014 University of Arkansas This thesis is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Professor Larry Foley Professor Carmen Coustaut Thesis Director Committee Member –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Professor Sidney Burris Professor Dale Carpenter Committee Member Committee Member ABSTRACT The goal of Hope, Faith and Trust: Conversations with Tibetans in Exile was to create a documentary to serve as a platform for Tibetan refugees living in India to tell, in their own words, the story of the Tibetan peoples’ political struggles since the Chinese government occupied Tibet in the 1950s. To achieve this goal, this project utilized oral-history interviews with Tibetan exiles, gathered as part of the University of Arkansas TEXT Program. -
The Life and Vicissitudes of Khandro Choechen Nicola Schneider
Self-Representation and Stories Told: the Life and Vicissitudes of Khandro Choechen Nicola Schneider To cite this version: Nicola Schneider. Self-Representation and Stories Told: the Life and Vicissitudes of Khandro Choechen. Revue d’Etudes Tibétaines, CNRS, 2015. hal-03210266 HAL Id: hal-03210266 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03210266 Submitted on 27 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Self-Representation and Stories Told: the Life and Vicissitudes of Khandro Choechen Nicola Schneider (Centre de Recherche sur les Civilisations d’Asie Orientale)1 n Tibetan Buddhism, the female figure of the khandroma (mkha’ ’gro ma) is an elusive one, especially in her divine I form,2 but also when applied to a particular woman. Most often, khandroma refers to a lama’s wife (or his consort)—who is usually addressed by this title—, but there are also other female religious specialists known as such. Some are nuns, like the famous Mumtsho (Mu mtsho, short for Mu med ye shes mtsho mo, b. 1966) from Serthar,3 yet others are neither nuns nor consorts. All can be considered, in varying degrees, as holy women or female saints. -
Tibetan Women's Life Writing and the En-Gendering of National History in Exile
Complex Conformities: Tibetan women’s life writing and the en-gendering of national history in Exile Isabella Heidi Ofner ORCID: 0000-0001-6472-4487 Submitted in total fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy October 2016 School of Culture and Communication Faculty of Arts The University of Melbourne Abstract This thesis examines the ways in which the life writing of Tibetan women in exile negotiates the place of gender in the (re)writing of Tibetan history, within the larger project of ideological nation building. Located at the intersection of literary, cultural and historical studies, this study is concerned with the alternative histories contained within women’s life stories and their relation to ‘official’ Tibetan national history and the structures of power that maintain the gendered nature of the historical archive in the Tibetan exile community. Engaging questions of gender, nationalism and life writing through the lens of postcolonial feminism, I use a historically contextualized close- textual analysis to show how five selected exile Tibetan women’s life narratives present previously neglected national histories that both challenge and uphold the dominant exile political history of Tibet during the first half of the twentieth century. This research project is thus also an inquiry into our understanding of what constitutes Tibetan national history and the possibility of transforming the Tibetan historical archive, within which women and their histories have mostly remained hidden from view. 1 Table -
Construction Work and Wages at the Dergé Printing House in the Eighteenth Century Rémi Chaix, École Pratique Des Hautes Étud
Construction Work and Wages at the Dergé Printing House in the Eighteenth Century Rémi Chaix, École Pratique des Hautes Études Abstract During the eighteenth century, the powerful Kingdom of Dergé in eastern Tibet became a major political, economic, and religious center that gave birth to one of the most important printing houses in the Tibetan world. Written documentation about the construction of the building and the work performed by numerous artisans allows for a better understanding of the traditional economy in Kham in general, and of wage labor in particular. This article investigates the nature and terms of remuneration for construction and decoration work on the extension to the printing house that was built in 1744–1745. It demonstrates that, in Kham, tea and barley were taken as a reference value to estimate wages and, in so doing, lays out the methodology for comparing these data with those of Central Tibet, where the terms of remuneration were far more complex, including as many as ten different types of goods. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of the role certain goods and trade items played in the economy and lays the groundwork for the history of remuneration in Kham and Tibetan societies at large. Keywords: printing house, Dergé, Kham, Tibet, economy, wages, construction work, decoration work Introduction The history of economic facts, particularly as far as quantitative aspects are concerned, remains an underinvestigated field of research with regard to pre-twentieth-century Tibet. Multiple factors have contributed to this situation: the small number of documents, limited access to them, and the fact that any relevant figures are scattered here and there and are, above all, difficult to interpret.