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Ground Water in the Animas, Plata S Hachita, and San Luis Basins New Mexico

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Ground Water in the Animas, Plata S Hachita, and San Luis Basins New Mexico DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Water-Supply Paper 422 GROUND WATER IN THE ANIMAS, PLATA S HACHITA, AND SAN LUIS BASINS NEW MEXICO BY A. T. SCHWENNESEN WITH ANALYSES OF WATER AND SOIL BY R. F. HARE Prepared in cooperation with TJHE JflBW MEXICO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 20 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. 9 Purpose of investigation................................................ 9 Geographic sketch..................................................... 11 Historical sketch.................. ~. ..................................... 14 Industries and population.............;....................-...-....-. 15 Agricultural possibilities............................................... 17 Physiography and drainage..........--..........-.---.-----.-.-----...----- 20 Mountains............................................................ 20 General features.......-.................--....--.-.-..-.......-..- 20 Western chain..................................................... 20 Central chain...................................................... 22 General features............................................... 22 San Luis and Animas ranges................................... 22 Pyramid Range............................................... 23 Eastern chain..................................................... 23 General features............................................... 23 Dog Mountains............................................... 23 Hatchet Range................................................ 24 Hachita Range................................................. 24 Coyote and Quartzite hills.................................... 24 Apache (Doyle) Hills............................................. 24 Little Burro Mountains............................................. 25 Valleys or plains..................................................... 25 General features................................................... 25 Alkali flats or playas.............................................. 26 Ancient shore features............................................ 26 Erosion features................................................... 27 Sand dunes...................................................... 27 Lava beds....................................................... 27 Geology.................................................................. 28 Pre-Quaternary rocks.................................................. 28 Quaternary deposits.................................................... 30 Origin and distribution............................................ 30 Stream deposits................................................... 31 Origin................................................:....... 31 Character..................................................... 31 Correlation................................................... 32 Thickness...................................................' 33 Lake deposits.................................................... 34 Stratified lake beds............................................ 34 Beach deposits................................................ 34 Wind deposits....................................................' .35 Lava beds.......................................................... 35 3 4 CONTENTS. Page. Climate.................................................................. 36 Precipitation......................................................... 36 Records.......................................................... 36 Fluctuations from year to year..................................... 38 Seasonal distribution............................................. 38 Regional distribution.............................................. 40 Temperature......................................................... 40 Soil..............................................................-..:... 43 General characteristics................................................. 43 Alkali.....................................................:......... 44 Formation and accumulation...................................... 44 Kinds of alkali.................................................... 44 Distribution of alkali.............................................. 45 Prevention of accumulation of alkali................................ 47 Treatment of alkali soils........................................... 49 Vegetation...................................................../......... 50 General features....................................................... 50 Mountain areas........................................................ 50 Valleys and plains.................................................... 51 Barren zone...................................................... 51 Zone of alkali vegetation........................................... 52 Mesquite zone..................................................... 52 Zone of upland grass and brush.................................... 52 Ground water............................................................ 53 Occurrence.......................................................... 53 Source......"......................................................... 53 Head and artesian prospects........................................... 54 Water table........................................................... 55 Shallow-water areas.................................................... 56 Quantity of water. ...............................................*..... 57 Quality of water...................................................... 58 Importance of quality............................................ 58 Substances dissolved in water....................................... 58 Classification of waters with respect to total dissolved solids and chem­ ical type...................................................... 59 Distribution of waters according to total mineral content and type.... 59 Distribution of calcium and magnesium............................ 60 Distribution of sodium and potassium............................... 61 Distribution of carbonate and bicarbonate .......................... 62 Distribution of sulphate........................................... 62 Distribution of chloride........................................... 62 Relation of quality to derivative rocks............................. 63 Quality for irrigation.............................................. 64 Quality for domestic use............................................ 66 Quality for boiler use.............................................. 67 Distribution according to quality................................... 69 Descriptions by areas...................................................... 69 Lordsburg Valley....................................................... 69 Physiography and drainage....................................... 69 Water table....................................................... 70 Water-bearing beds................................................. 71 Quality of water.................................................... 71 Soil in relation to water supplies.................................... 72 Pumping plants and yields of wells................................. 73 CONTENTS. 5 Descriptions by areas Continued. Page. Upper Animarf Valley.................................................. 75 Physiography and drainage........................................ 75 Occurrence of ground water......................................... 78 Irrigation developments........................................... 80 Artesian prospects............ ..................................... 81 Quality of water..................................................... 81 Soil in relation to water supplies.................................... 82 Lower Animas Valley................................................... 83 Physiography and drainage.................................. .>..... 83 General features............................................... 83 Alkali flats..................................................... 84 Sand dunes.........!.......................................... 85 Lava beds (malpais)............................................ 85 Shore features of ancient Lake Animas......................... 86 Ground water....................................................... 89 Depth to water................................................ 89 Form of the water table........................................ 89 Water-bearing beds............................................. 91 Quality of water................................................ 94 Amounts of dissolved solids................................ 94 Quality for irrigation...................................... 96 Quality for domestic use.................................... 96 Quality for boiler use................-..................',.... .97 Soil in relation to water supplies................................ 97 Pumping plants and irrigation................................... 98 San Luis Valley....................................... *................. 100 Location and drainage.............................................. 100 Ancient Lake Cloverdale............................................ 100 Ground water...................................................... 104 Occurrence
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