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Geologic Investigations in the Lake Valley Area, Sierra County, New Mexico

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Geologic Investigations in the Lake Valley Area, Sierra County, New Mexico Geologic Investigations in the Lake Valley Area, Sierra County, New Mexico U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1644 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Front and back cover. Lake Valley mines and mill, Sierra County, New Mexico. Geologic Investigations in the Lake Valley Area, Sierra County, New Mexico By J.M. O’Neill, Editor U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1644 Chapter titles and authors are listed on volume contents page U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior Gale A. Norton, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Charles G. Groat, Director Version 1.0 First Printing 2002 For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 This report is also available online at: http://geology.cr.usgs.gov/pub/ppapers/p1644/ Published in the Central Region, Denver, Colorado Manuscript approved for publication March 30, 2001 Graphics by authors and Gayle M. Dumonceaux Photocomposition by Gayle M. Dumonceaux Edited by Lorna Carter Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Geologic investigations in the Lake Valley area, Sierra County, New Mexico / by J.M. O’Neill, editor. p. cm.—(U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1644) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Geology—New Mexico—Lake Valley Region (Sierra County). 2. Mines and mineral resources—New Mexico—Lake Valley Region (Sierra County). I. O’Neill, J. Michael. II. Series. QE144.L33 G46 2002 557.3 s—dc21 [557.89′67] 2001033355 ISBN: 0-607-96957-1 Volume Contents (Letters designate chapters) A. Geology of the Lake Valley Area By J.M. O’Neill, D.A. Lindsey, D.C. Hedlund, C.J. Nutt, and J.C. Ratté B. Geophysical Investigations in the Lake Valley Area By D.P. Klein, M.D. Kleinkopf, and R.A. Wise C. Mineral Deposits of the Lake Valley Mining District By V.T. McLemore and C.J. Nutt, with a Geochemistry Appendix by V.T. McLemore and J.R. Herring D. Geochemistry of Mine Dump Material from the Lake Valley Mining District By J.R. Herring and V.T. McLemore References Cited [combined references for all chapters] III PREFACE The Caballo Resource Area is a Bureau of Land Management (BLM) designated region that includes all of Sierra and Otero Counties, south-central New Mexico. Within this resource area of more than 33,790 square kilometers, nearly one-fourth of the land is administered by the BLM. At the request of the BLM, the area of the historic Lake Valley mining district and townsite, at the southeastern margin of the Black Range of western Sierra County, New Mexico, was evaluated for its potential for undiscovered mineral resources (Nutt and others, 1998). The BLM-designated study area, called the Lake Valley Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC), is located in the 1 ′ northern part of the Lake Valley 7 /2 quadrangle, New Mexico. An area of more than 195 square kilometers in the area of the Lake Valley ACEC was mapped to increase understanding of ore con­ trols and to effectively assess mineral potential. The geology of this map area is described in this Professional Paper. This report is divided into four chapters whose themes and content inform each other in contributing to a complete discussion of the area; each chapter is also designed to stand alone as an individual report. The first chapter describes the geology of the northern part of the Lake Valley 1 ′ quadrangle and the adjacent McClede Mountain 7 /2 quadrangle to the north. The second chapter presents the results of geophysical investigations, carried out to assist in the interpretation of the subsurface geology of the map area. The third chapter describes the mining history of Lake Valley and the character of its ore deposits. The fourth chapter is a geochemical study, undertaken to deter- mine the potential for contamination of the surrounding area from abandoned mine dumps in the mining district. Note that because the four chapters cite many of the same references, all references from the four have been combined into a single listing that is located at the end of the volume, beginning on page 76. IV Geology of the Lake Valley Area By J.M. O’Neill, D.A. Lindsey, D.C. Hedlund, C.J. Nutt, and J.C. Ratté U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1644–A Description of the geologic framework of Lake Valley and the surrounding area GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE LAKE VALLEY AREA, SIERRA COUNTY, NEW MEXICO U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Regional Geology.......................................................................................................................... 1 Paleozoic Sedimentary Rocks .................................................................................................... 4 Ordovician ........................................................................................................................... 4 Silurian................................................................................................................................. 4 Devonian.............................................................................................................................. 4 Mississippian...................................................................................................................... 5 Pennsylvanian .................................................................................................................... 5 Cenozoic Sedimentary Rocks ..................................................................................................... 5 Paleocene and Eocene ..................................................................................................... 5 Oligocene ............................................................................................................................ 5 Miocene............................................................................................................................... 6 Pliocene and Quaternary.................................................................................................. 6 Tertiary Igneous Rocks................................................................................................................ 6 Rubio Peak Formation ....................................................................................................... 6 Sugarlump Tuff ................................................................................................................... 7 Kneeling Nun Tuff .............................................................................................................. 9 Landslide Megabreccia .................................................................................................... 9 Mimbres Peak Formation.................................................................................................. 9 Trachydacite Porphyry...................................................................................................... 11 Andesite of Sibley Mountain............................................................................................ 11 Basalt, Dacite, and Rhyolite of McClede Spring........................................................... 12 Younger Intrusive Rocks................................................................................................... 12 Olivine Basalt...................................................................................................................... 13 Structural Geology........................................................................................................................ 13 Lake Valley Fault System .................................................................................................. 13 Berrenda Fault Zone.......................................................................................................... 14 East-Trending Faults North of Lake Valley Townsite................................................... 15 Eocene and Oligocene Unconformities and Paleotopographic Features........................... 16 Plate 1. Geologic map and cross sections of the McClede Mountain quadrangle and northern part of the Lake Valley quadrangle, Sierra County, New Mexico. VI Figures 1. Index map of Lake Valley area ...................................................................................... 2 2. Map showing major volcanic and tectonic features of Lake Valley area ............. 3 3. Alkali-silica plots for Tertiary igneous rocks of Lake Valley area........................... 9 4–7. Photographs showing: 4. Central part of vent breccia of Sugarlump Tuff..................................................... 10 5. Megabreccia landslide and Mimbres Peak Formation........................................ 10 6. Northward-thinning flows of late Oligocene age ................................................. 12 7. Lake Valley fault at Lake Valley ............................................................................... 14 8. Lower hemisphere stereograms ................................................................................... 15 9. Photograph showing hills of
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