Evidentiality in South Asian Languages
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Logophoricity in Finnish
Open Linguistics 2018; 4: 630–656 Research Article Elsi Kaiser* Effects of perspective-taking on pronominal reference to humans and animals: Logophoricity in Finnish https://doi.org/10.1515/opli-2018-0031 Received December 19, 2017; accepted August 28, 2018 Abstract: This paper investigates the logophoric pronoun system of Finnish, with a focus on reference to animals, to further our understanding of the linguistic representation of non-human animals, how perspective-taking is signaled linguistically, and how this relates to features such as [+/-HUMAN]. In contexts where animals are grammatically [-HUMAN] but conceptualized as the perspectival center (whose thoughts, speech or mental state is being reported), can they be referred to with logophoric pronouns? Colloquial Finnish is claimed to have a logophoric pronoun which has the same form as the human-referring pronoun of standard Finnish, hän (she/he). This allows us to test whether a pronoun that may at first blush seem featurally specified to seek [+HUMAN] referents can be used for [-HUMAN] referents when they are logophoric. I used corpus data to compare the claim that hän is logophoric in both standard and colloquial Finnish vs. the claim that the two registers have different logophoric systems. I argue for a unified system where hän is logophoric in both registers, and moreover can be used for logophoric [-HUMAN] referents in both colloquial and standard Finnish. Thus, on its logophoric use, hän does not require its referent to be [+HUMAN]. Keywords: Finnish, logophoric pronouns, logophoricity, anti-logophoricity, animacy, non-human animals, perspective-taking, corpus 1 Introduction A key aspect of being human is our ability to think and reason about our own mental states as well as those of others, and to recognize that others’ perspectives, knowledge or mental states are distinct from our own, an ability known as Theory of Mind (term due to Premack & Woodruff 1978). -
Veridicality and Utterance Meaning
2011 Fifth IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing Veridicality and utterance understanding Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher D. Manning and Christopher Potts Linguistics Department Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 {mcdm,manning,cgpotts}@stanford.edu Abstract—Natural language understanding depends heavily on making the requisite inferences. The inherent uncertainty of assessing veridicality – whether the speaker intends to convey that pragmatic inference suggests to us that veridicality judgments events mentioned are actual, non-actual, or uncertain. However, are not always categorical, and thus are better modeled as this property is little used in relation and event extraction systems, and the work that has been done has generally assumed distributions. We therefore treat veridicality as a distribution- that it can be captured by lexical semantic properties. Here, prediction task. We trained a maximum entropy classifier on we show that context and world knowledge play a significant our annotations to assign event veridicality distributions. Our role in shaping veridicality. We extend the FactBank corpus, features include not only lexical items like hedges, modals, which contains semantically driven veridicality annotations, with and negations, but also structural features and approximations pragmatically informed ones. Our annotations are more complex than the lexical assumption predicts but systematic enough to of world knowledge. The resulting model yields insights into be included in computational work on textual understanding. the complex pragmatic factors that shape readers’ veridicality They also indicate that veridicality judgments are not always judgments. categorical, and should therefore be modeled as distributions. We build a classifier to automatically assign event veridicality II. CORPUS ANNOTATION distributions based on our new annotations. -
Minimal Pronouns, Logophoricity and Long-Distance Reflexivisation in Avar
Minimal pronouns, logophoricity and long-distance reflexivisation in Avar* Pavel Rudnev Revised version; 28th January 2015 Abstract This paper discusses two morphologically related anaphoric pronouns inAvar (Avar-Andic, Nakh-Daghestanian) and proposes that one of them should be treated as a minimal pronoun that receives its interpretation from a λ-operator situated on a phasal head whereas the other is a logophoric pro- noun denoting the author of the reported event. Keywords: reflexivity, logophoricity, binding, syntax, semantics, Avar 1 Introduction This paper has two aims. One is to make a descriptive contribution to the crosslin- guistic study of long-distance anaphoric dependencies by presenting an overview of the properties of two kinds of reflexive pronoun in Avar, a Nakh-Daghestanian language spoken natively by about 700,000 people mostly living in the North East Caucasian republic of Daghestan in the Russian Federation. The other goal is to highlight the relevance of the newly introduced data from an understudied lan- guage to the theoretical debate on the nature of reflexivity, long-distance anaphora and logophoricity. The issue at the heart of this paper is the unusual character of theanaphoric system in Avar, which is tripartite. (1) is intended as just a preview with more *The present material was presented at the Utrecht workshop The World of Reflexives in August 2011. I am grateful to the workshop’s audience and participants for their questions and comments. I am indebted to Eric Reuland and an anonymous reviewer for providing valuable feedback on the first draft, as well as to Yakov Testelets for numerous discussions of anaphora-related issues inAvar spanning several years. -
Chapter 6 Mirativity and the Bulgarian Evidential System Elena Karagjosova Freie Universität Berlin
Chapter 6 Mirativity and the Bulgarian evidential system Elena Karagjosova Freie Universität Berlin This paper provides an account of the Bulgarian admirative construction andits place within the Bulgarian evidential system based on (i) new observations on the morphological, temporal, and evidential properties of the admirative, (ii) a criti- cal reexamination of existing approaches to the Bulgarian evidential system, and (iii) insights from a similar mirative construction in Spanish. I argue in particular that admirative sentences are assertions based on evidence of some sort (reporta- tive, inferential, or direct) which are contrasted against the set of beliefs held by the speaker up to the point of receiving the evidence; the speaker’s past beliefs entail a proposition that clashes with the assertion, triggering belief revision and resulting in a sense of surprise. I suggest an analysis of the admirative in terms of a mirative operator that captures the evidential, temporal, aspectual, and modal properties of the construction in a compositional fashion. The analysis suggests that although mirativity and evidentiality can be seen as separate semantic cate- gories, the Bulgarian admirative represents a cross-linguistically relevant case of a mirative extension of evidential verbal forms. Keywords: mirativity, evidentiality, fake past 1 Introduction The Bulgarian evidential system is an ongoing topic of discussion both withre- spect to its interpretation and its morphological buildup. In this paper, I focus on the currently poorly understood admirative construction. The analysis I present is based on largely unacknowledged observations and data involving the mor- phological structure, the syntactic environment, and the evidential meaning of the admirative. Elena Karagjosova. -
Role of Pakistan Studies in Promoting Political Awareness at Secondary Level in Pakistan
Bulletin of Education and Research December 2017, Vol. 39, No. 3 pp. 57-74 Role of Pakistan Studies in Promoting Political Awareness at Secondary Level in Pakistan Muhammad Muzaffar*, Muhammad Arshad Javaid** and Fariha Sohail*** _______________________________________________________________ Abstract This study was designed to determine the role of Pakistan studies in promoting political awareness among the secondary level students in Pakistan. The study was delimited to three divisions of the Punjab province. A sample of 480 students was taken from the High and Higher Secondary Schools of Faisalabad, Multan and Rawalpindi Divisions. The tools of research adopted in this study were content analysis of the curriculum of Pakistan Studies and a test regarding the basic political knowledge. The collected data were analyzed by using the descriptive as well as inferential statistics. The content analyses showed a little inclusion of the text on the basic political knowledge and the test results confirmed the lower level of political awareness among the students. The integration of the basic political information in the books of Pakistan studies at secondary level was recommended in this study. Keywords: Politics, political awareness, students, secondary school certificate, education, pakistan * Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad. Email: [email protected] ** Lecturer University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus. *** Ph. D Scholar Department of Education, Government College University, Faisalabad. Role of Pakistan Studies in Promoting Political Awareness at SL in Pakistan 58 Introduction Pakistan is a country with a great multitude of population. “Even though the literacy rate is low, however the educational administration is constantly improving because of the concerted efforts on the part of successive governments. -
On the Grammar of Negation
Please provide footnote text Chapter 2 On the Grammar of Negation 2.1 Functional Perspectives on Negation Negation can be described from several different points of view, and various descriptions may reach diverging conclusions as to whether a proposition is negative or not. A question without a negated predicate, for example, may be interpreted as negative from a pragmatic point of view (rhetorical ques- tion), while a clause with constituent negation, e.g. The soul is non-mortal, is an affirmative predication from an orthodox Aristotelian point of view.1 However, common to most if not all descriptions is that negation is generally approached from the viewpoint of affirmation.2 With regard to the formal expression, “the negative always receives overt expression while positive usually has zero expression” (Greenberg 1966: 50). Furthermore, the negative morpheme tends to come as close to the finite ele- ment of the clause as possible (Dahl 1979: 92). The reason seems to be that ne- gation is intimately connected with finiteness. This relationship will be further explored in section 2.2. To be sure, negation of the predicate, or verb phrase negation, is the most common type of negation in natural language (Givón 2001, 1: 382). Generally, verb phrase negation only negates the asserted and not the presup- posed part of the corresponding affirmation. Typically then, the subject of the predication is excluded from negation. This type of negation, in its unmarked form, has wide scope over the predicate, such that the scope of negation in a clause John didn’t kill the goat may be paraphrased as ‘he did not kill the goat.’ However, while in propositional logic, negation is an operation that simply re- verses the logical value of a proposition, negative clauses in natural language rarely reverse the logical value only. -
A Syntactic Analysis of Rhetorical Questions
A Syntactic Analysis of Rhetorical Questions Asier Alcázar 1. Introduction* A rhetorical question (RQ: 1b) is viewed as a pragmatic reading of a genuine question (GQ: 1a). (1) a. Who helped John? [Mary, Peter, his mother, his brother, a neighbor, the police…] b. Who helped John? [Speaker follows up: “Well, me, of course…who else?”] Rohde (2006) and Caponigro & Sprouse (2007) view RQs as interrogatives biased in their answer set (1a = unbiased interrogative; 1b = biased interrogative). In unbiased interrogatives, the probability distribution of the answers is even.1 The answer in RQs is biased because it belongs in the Common Ground (CG, Stalnaker 1978), a set of mutual or common beliefs shared by speaker and addressee. The difference between RQs and GQs is thus pragmatic. Let us refer to these approaches as Option A. Sadock (1971, 1974) and Han (2002), by contrast, analyze RQs as no longer interrogative, but rather as assertions of opposite polarity (2a = 2b). Accordingly, RQs are not defined in terms of the properties of their answer set. The CG is not invoked. Let us call these analyses Option B. (2) a. Speaker says: “I did not lie.” b. Speaker says: “Did I lie?” [Speaker follows up: “No! I didn’t!”] For Han (2002: 222) RQs point to a pragmatic interface: “The representation at this level is not LF, which is the output of syntax, but more abstract than that. It is the output of further post-LF derivation via interaction with at least a sub part of the interpretational component, namely pragmatics.” RQs are not seen as syntactic objects, but rather as a post-syntactic interface phenomenon. -
Tagalog Pala: an Unsurprising Case of Mirativity
Tagalog pala: an unsurprising case of mirativity Scott AnderBois Brown University Similar to many descriptions of miratives cross-linguistically, Schachter & Otanes(1972)’s clas- sic descriptive grammar of Tagalog describes the second position particle pala as “expressing mild surprise at new information, or an unexpected event or situation.” Drawing on recent work on mi- rativity in other languages, however, we show that this characterization needs to be refined in two ways. First, we show that while pala can be used in cases of surprise, pala itself merely encodes the speaker’s sudden revelation with the counterexpectational nature of surprise arising pragmatically or from other aspects of the sentence such as other particles and focus. Second, we present data from imperatives and interrogatives, arguing that this revelation need not concern ‘information’ per se, but rather the illocutionay update the sentence encodes. Finally, we explore the interactions between pala and other elements which express mirativity in some way and/or interact with the mirativity pala expresses. 1. Introduction Like many languages of the Philippines, Tagalog has a prominent set of discourse particles which express a variety of different evidential, attitudinal, illocutionary, and discourse-related meanings. Morphosyntactically, these particles have long been known to be second-position clitics, with a number of authors having explored fine-grained details of their distribution, rela- tive order, and the interaction of this with different types of sentences (e.g. Schachter & Otanes (1972), Billings & Konopasky(2003) Anderson(2005), Billings(2005) Kaufman(2010)). With a few recent exceptions, however, comparatively little has been said about the semantics/prag- matics of these different elements beyond Schachter & Otanes(1972)’s pioneering work (which is quite detailed given their broad scope of their work). -
Evidentiality
Evidentiality This section covers evidentiality, mirativity, and validational force, as separate concepts that are closely intertwined. Evidentiality in Balti is expressed with clause-final particles, and are generally uninflected for tense or aspect. There is a distinction between the sources of evidence for a statement, and a multi-tiered distinction in validational force. 1 Hearsay In Balti, information that the speaker has experienced first-hand, or has any kind of first- hand knowledge of, is unmarked. In the first example below, the speaker has absolute knowledge that it’s raining, from experiencing it himself; perhaps he is outside and feels the rain hitting his skin, or sees it from a window. (1) namkor oŋ-en jʊt rain come-PROG COP ‘It’s raining.’ (first-hand knowledge) If the speaker gained this knowledge from another person, without witnessing the event himself, he expresses this source of information with the hearsay particle ‘lo’, which always occurs clause-finally. (2) namkor oŋ-en jʊt lo Rain come-PROG COP HSY ‘It’s raining.’ (hearsay) This particle occurs when the speaker is telling someone else, other than the person he received the information from. In other words, if I told Muhammad that it’s raining, and he went to tell someone else that it’s raining, he would express it using example 2 above. In this scenario, Muhammad had been in a basement all day with no windows and thus didn’t perceive any evidence of rain, and I had first-hand knowledge that it’s raining. This particle is uninflected for tense/aspect, and can be used with any tense. -
Bilingual / Bi-Annual Pakistan Studies, English / Urdu Research Journal
I ISSN: 2311-6803 PAKISTAN STUDIES Bilingual / Bi-annual Pakistan Studies, English / Urdu Research Journal Vol. 03 Serial No. 1 January - June 2016 Editor: Dr.Mohammad Usman Tobawal PAKISTAN STUDY CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA. II III MANAGING COMMITTE Patron Prof. Dr. Javaid Iqbal Vice Chancellor Editor Inchief Prof. Dr. Naheed Anjum Chishti Editor Dr. Muhammad Usman Tobawal Assistant Editors Dr. Noor Ahmed Prof. Dr. Kalimullah Prof. Dr. Ain ud Din Prof. Ghulam Farooq Baloch Prof. Yousuf Ali Rodeni Prof. Surriya Bano Associate Editors Prof. Taleem Badshah Mr. Qari Abdul Rehman Miss. Shazia Jaffar Mr. Nazir Ahmed Miss. Sharaf Bibi Composing Section Mr. Manzoor Ahmed Mr. Bijar Khan Mr. Pervaiz Ahmed IV EDITORIAL BOARD INTERNATIONAL Dr. Yanee Srimanee, Ministry of Commerce, Thailand. Prof. M. Aslam Syed Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Dr. Jamil Farooqui Dept. of Sociology and Anthropology, International Islamic University, Kaula Lumpur Prof. Dr. Shinaz Jindani, Savannah State University of Georgia, USA Dr. Elina Bashir, University of Chicago. Dr. Murayama Kazuyuki, #26-106, Hamahata 5-10, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 1210061, Japan. Prof. Dr. Fida Muhammad, State University of New York Oneonta NY 12820 Dr. Naseer Dashti, 11 Sparows Lane, New Elthaw London, England SEQ2BP. Dr. Naseeb Ullah, International Correspondent, Editor & Political Consultant, The Montreal Tribune, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Johnny Cheung Institute of Culture & Language Paris, France. V EDITORIAL BOARD NATIONAL Prof. Dr.Abdul Razzaq Sabir, Vice Chancellor, Turbat University. Dr. Fakhr-ul-Islam University of Peshawar. Dr. Abdul Saboor Pro Vice Chancellor, University of Turbat. Syed Minhaj ul Hassan, University of Peshawar. Prof. Dr. Javaid Haider Syed, Gujrat University. -
SAR BS Pakistan Studies
1 DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN STUDIES LAHORE COLLEGE FOR WOMEN UNIVERSITY, LAHORE SELF-ASSESSMENT REPORT BS Pakistan Studies Submitted to Quality Enhancement Cell, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Dated: ____6-11-2018__________ Program Team Members: 1. _Ms Afshan Aziz 2. Ms Nadira Shafi 3. Ms Hamna Khan Head of the Department: 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Description Page No. Criterion 1: Program Mission, Objectives and Outcomes Standard 1.1.1 Standard 1.1.2 (a&b) Standard 1.1.3 Standard 1.1.4 Standard 1.2 Standard 1.3 Standard 1.4 Criterion 2: Curriculum Design and Organization Standard 2.1 Standard 2.2 Standard 2.3 Standard 2.4 Standard 2.5 Standard 2.6 Standard 2.7 Criterion 3: Laboratories and Computing Facilities Standard 3.1 Standard 3.2 Standard 3.3 Criterion 4: Student Support and Advising Standard 4.1 3 Standard 4.2 Standard 4.3 Criterion 5: Process Control Standard 5.1 Standard 5.2 Standard 5.3 Standard 5.4 Standard 5.5 Criterion 6: Faculty Standard 6.1 Standard 6.2 Standard 6.3 Criterion 7: Institutional Facilities Standard 7.1 Standard 7.2 Standard 7.3 Criterion 8: Institutional Support Standard 8.1 Standard 8.2 Standard 8.3 Appendices 4 CRITERION 1: PROGRAM MISSION, OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES Standard 1-1: The program must have documented measurable objectives that support college and institution mission statements. MISSION STATEMENT OF THE DEPARTMENT The Mission of the Department is to enhance the teaching, research and other activities of the university in a productive manner. Various programs are offered by the Pakistan Studies department preparing students for active citizenship carrier, advanced training in various fields and to develop patriotism among the students. -
Quality and Standards of Pakistan Studies Curriculum at Master Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Global Regional Review (GRR) URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/grr.2019(IV-IV).23 Quality and Standards of Pakistan Studies Curriculum at Master Level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Vol. IV, No. IV (Fall 2019) | Page: 208 ‒ 218 | DOI: 10.31703/grr.2019(IV-IV).23 p- ISSN: 2616-955X | e-ISSN: 2663-7030 | ISSN-L: 2616-955X Tabassum Mehboob* Abdullah Khan† Amjad Reba‡ The main aim of the study was to explore the quality and standards of the curriculum at the master level in different Abstract institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The interview schedule was prepared for the collection of data from five subject specialists, experts. The analytic approach was used for the analysis of data. The data was coded into predetermined categories related to the theme. The results show that the curriculum of Pakistan studies enables the students to acquire and apply the concepts of Pakistan Studies to the problems of the world they live in. The result also provided that the curriculum of Pakistan Studies highlights the importance of national integration, unity and patriotism. There is no proper balance, for instance, most of the subject has been given the orientation of history, while Pakistan Study is not history it is supposed to be a very balanced composition of different subjects. Key Words: Quality, Standard, Pakistan Studies, Curriculum, Master Level. Introduction Pakistan's Study was introduced as a compulsory subject at the secondary and higher secondary level at the beginning of 1980. The main purpose of the subject was to promote national integration, cohesion, solidarity and harmony among the new generation (GoP, 2013).