eMAGAZINE

Constrofacilitator JUNE 2021 www.constrofacilitator.com Knowledge and b2b portal for construction and infrastructure Volume-03 eM-06

BUILDING &

FOLLOW US ARCHITECTURE

Architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people live, but architecture is more than just the built environment, it’s also a part of our culture. It stands as a representation of how we see ourselves, as well as how we see the world. Architecture is a discipline within itself, and it’s equally important for architects to continue to push the boundaries of buildings in new ways, for the pure pursuit of the craft. Modern architecture in building reects the same, the use of unconventional design to move towards an innovative sustainable environment, it is evolving with time.

In this edition of eMag, we are covering topics such as The Architecture Trends You Need To Know, Wall Panelling Ideas for your building architecture, Vastu tips for your building- preservation of positive living, Modular kitchen design and Different types of architecture styles adopted in . Going forward there is an anticipation that the technology will continue to have a large impact for the built architecture buildings. Architecture design continue to evolve the occupation and respond to the changing needs of our society.

June 2021 • Constrofacilitator 2 Decorative Wall Panelling For Your 04 Building Architecture

Vastu for your building - 08 preservation of positive living Different types of architecture styles 12 adopted in India Kéré Architecture uses local clay to 15 construct Burkina Institute of Technology The Building Architecture 16 Trends You Need To Know

20 Modular Kitchen; Advantages and types

Frank Gehry unveils The Tower, a stainless 22 steel-clad arts building for Luma Arles

4 8 12 16

3 Constrofacilitator • June 2021 DECORATIVE WALL PANELLING

Decorative Wall Panelling For Your Building Architecture

all panels have ishes, and grains with unique patterns. resistant that can be installed in come a long kitchens and bathrooms without way from the Benefits of decorative wall paneling warping or rotting. d a t e d m i d - for your building architecture Ÿ Wall paneling serves much more century installa- than a decorative purpose. It pro- tions. Modern Ÿ Tongue-and-groove designs and tects your walls from damage, it wWall panels for buildings offer a range clipping systems make modern also serves a functional purpose. of benefits, including high-tech materi- wall paneling for your building Impact-resistant paneling is less als, low-maintenance, and easy installa- installation easier. You need the likely to be dented or scratched. tions. Today's wall panels have evolved right dimensions and an experi- They are also easier to clean or from the natural wood and intricately enced installer replace a section of paneling carved panels of the earlier years. Mod- Ÿ Modern materials are not limited Ÿ There are numerous ways to ern materials such as medium-density to wood anymore, their medium- cover your walls with paneling. fiberboard and melamine etc. are density fiberboard and melamine Reclaimed wood is a rustic option more durable and impact-resistant, are more durable and impact- for creating an accent wall. Wain- making them suitable for high-traffic resistant, making them suitable for scoting adds character to the bot- areas when scuffing and denting are high-traffic areas when scuffing tom half of the wall with likely to occur. Decorative wall paneling and denting are likely to occur. The beadboard or v-groove paneling. is available in a variety of textures, fin- materials are also moisture- Board and batten paneling draw

04 June 2021 • Constrofacilitator DECORATIVE WALL PANELLING

your eye upward with vertical or sheets of solid wood, engi- styles. This type of wall paneling is used boards, while shiplap serves as a neered board, or other wood-like on the interior of a space and covers horizontal wall treatment. products. the lower portion of the wall. While it Ÿ No matter how artistic wall decor Ÿ Wainscot: It is made of wood and has the protective function of adding a or unique furniture items you use, synthetic materials. layer over the wall material and paint, the look of the room is marred by Ÿ Veneer and Laminate: These are wainscoting's main purpose is decora- the sight of wires or cables tangled composed of particleboard sub- tive. Wainscoting is particularly well together behind the TV unit or in a strate or wood veneer. suited to rooms that take a lot of wear corner. But once you install a deco- Ÿ Metal: Made from a variety of mate- and tear. Besides protection, it will also rative panel on the wall, this mess rials, including Aluminum, Copper give elegant armor to your walls. Using will not be visible anymore. Stainless steel, Titanium and Zinc. a combination of chair rail, trim and Ÿ Unlike the painted walls or wallpa- Ÿ MDF: This is manufactured by dry moldings, wainscoting typically runs pers, these decorative wall panels pressing wood shavings at a high horizontally along the lower portion of don't have to be cleaned daily. temperature. a wall. You can use wainscoting on Besides, their durability saves you Ÿ Fabric: These are wood panels pad- entries, stairs and hallways, eating from the hassle of frequent repair- ded with foam and batting and areas, family rooms and dens, baths, ing of the walls. then covered with fabric. kids' rooms. With many options for fin- Ÿ Apart from a myriad range of col- Ÿ Chipboard: This is made by hot ishing and design, this style of molding ors and prints, panels can also sim- pressing sawdust and chips. presents countless possibilities for indi- ulate natural textures like wood Ÿ PVC: It is made of rigid polyvinyl vidualizing and adding value to your and stone, adding a whole new chloride with a small amount of home. The main elements of all differ- dimension to your space. Use plasticizer. ent types of wainscoting are the panels as well as the frames that are built them to cover an entire wall or Ÿ Glass: It can give you sleek mirror- around those panels. The frame itself is cover only a segment to define a finished walls. focal point. made up of four different pieces – the Ÿ Reusing and repurposing ele- Different types of Decorative Wall two rails on the top and bottom as well ments is an integral part of the Panelling for your building architec- as the stiles on the sides. Depending Indian lifestyle. Decorative wall pan- ture ' on the look and image that you are interested in creating within your els can be easily removed without Wainscoting wall panels damaging the product or your home, you may need to invest in walls. Wainscot is commonly used to keep raised-panel, flat-panel, board-and- walls safe from damage and blemishes batten or even beadboard wainscoting. Materials Used in Decorative Wall in heavy-traffic areas like entryways, Bead boarding wall panels Panelling stairways and hallways. This decorative element can be found in a variety of Beadboard is a type of narrow panel- Ÿ Wood: These are made of planks materials and used with many décor ing that can be used as wainscoting on

Wainscoting wall panels Bead boarding wall panels

June 2021 • Constrofacilitator 05 DECORATIVE WALL PANELLING

walls and even as a treatment for ceil- ods like cement board and plywood sid- inexpensive, low-end product, and it ings. The name comes from the raised, ing. This is so because it is cut from should be used in areas where that rep- rounded ridge or "bead" in between pine or other inexpensive woods. One utation is not a drawback. Tileboard each panel - look at the edge of a plank of the major reasons why you should used in a laundry room or as wainscot- of beadboard and you'll see it. Older consider shiplap siding is because of its ing in a utility room will not raise eye- versions of beadboard used to be beautiful natural appearance. This type brows, but installing it in a master bath- installed panel by panel, but today it of siding is just cut from natural and room or even a regularly used guest comes in tongue-and-groove sheets beautiful woods like pine, oak or cedar. bathroom may lower the real estate that make it easier to cover a wall Because it is installed by hand, you get value of your home. If you are prep- quickly. It can be installed vertically (the that craftsman to feel then it is the case ping a home for sale, tileboard is an traditional orientation), or horizontally with aluminum or of a wooden siding. improvement over bare walls, but it is for a more modern feel. Full Another fascinating fact is, it provides a less appealing than almost any other beadboard walls aren't as common as transition that is logical as you move wall covering. partial walls and wainscoting; most use from one room to another, much Acoustics wall panels pair white beadboard paneling with a thanks to the seamless line through thin strip of wall above. Beadboard's space. Shiplap can be used effectively An acoustic panel is a sound-absorbing construction makes it a durable pick in almost any room in the home, and panel used to mitigate noise and for bathrooms and kitchens, where outdoors too. It can be used in their liv- reduce the reverberation and echo in there tends to be a lot of moisture lin- ing rooms, bathrooms, kitchens, bed- space. Vertical wall panels help mitigate gering in the air, and in humid climates, rooms, and garages throughout the sound transfers in space, preventing because the built-in space for expan- country. sound travels from one end of the sion means the wood will not crack - room to the other. These will help Tile Board wall panels that's why beadboard is a classic beach absorb the sound, reducing the num- or lake house paneling choice. The A tile board is an MDF board (medium ber of waves that are sent back into the same features that make beadboard density fiberboard) with a layer of mela- room. Vertical panels may also aid in great for humid spaces also make it mine on top, which looks like an ordi- lowering background noise to an great for high-traffic ones: A few scuffs nary ceramic tile. These have grooves acceptable level. Horizontal panels, on and dings on beadboard wainscoting to mimic the tile joints. These are much the other hand, are primarily used for or wall will only add to the room's easier and quicker to install, as there is direct absorption. To stop sound waves relaxed charm rather than make a no civil work involved. So, conceptually, from spreading, absorptive panels space feel dingy and unclean. the smaller the size of the panel, the must be used to convert the sound more will be the numbers of the frame energy into heat through friction. Made Shiplap wall panels and hence it will be more cumber- from sound-absorbing materials or The use of shiplap has proven to be some. Therefore, this system is benefi- soft acoustic foam, all our horizontal the most cost-effective. It is the cheap- cial to fix the larger size of panels. panels are performing well in terms of est method compared to other meth- Tileboard is widely recognized as an absorption. For improved acoustic per-

Shiplap wall panels Tile Board wall panels Acoustics wall panels

06 June 2021 • Constrofacilitator DECORATIVE WALL PANELLING

formance, install the panels in different bonded under a specific temperature, ing) or thermal insulation. When it's suspension heights. The air pockets pressure, and tension. The end prod- time to decide the external cladding between the panels will capture sound uct is a metal/plastic composite with material for a ventilated façade, natural waves, preventing them from traveling greater benefits than just using a solid stone can be a wise choice. A stone even further in spaces with high ceil- metal panel of the same thickness. wall panel offers the ideal combination ings. They can come insulated or of traditional and contemporary per- uninsulated and can be made with pro- formance. It enables the use of natural Board and Batten wall panels tective coatings that help fight corro- stone such as marble, granite or lime- Board and batten can be installed verti- sion and fading. However, since they stone in a convenient format that is cally, horizontally, or both. It's also are less rigid than other types of metal compatible with lighter building struc- cheap to repair due to its use of indi- wall panels, they are still very suscepti- tures. Natural materials can be used to vidual pieces rather than large sheets ble to damage, especially at ground provide a high-end look, along with of siding. When installed and taken level. Most wall panels of this type can durability and extended service life. care of properly, board and batten can be installed horizontally or vertically in Limestone or granite can fit in well with last for many years if not decades. This less time and with less of the cost of the local built environment, offering a long-lasting siding is perfect if you want other metal panel systems. Metal wall wall panel for residential and commer- to replace it as little as possible. Though panels have beautiful appearances for cial buildings, heritage buildings etc. board and batten siding has tradition- both interior and exterior applications Conclusion ally been used for wooden exteriors, on commercial or residential buildings. many home contractors today use this They come in a wide variety of colors, When it comes to home improvement, design for other types of siding alterna- have shiny or matte finishes, and can decorative wall panels bring a range of tives. Vinyl siding, fiber cement siding, be shaped and formed into different benefits that make them a great choice engineered wood siding, aluminum sid- patterns. The diverse nature of metal for your buildings From numerous ing, and other alternative cladding wall panels makes them extremely design options to extraordinary dura- options have incorporated board and easy for architects and interior design- bility, wall panels offer both functional batten aesthetics. Another aesthetic ers to use in their projects. Metal walls and aesthetic solutions for any build- benefit of board and batten siding is are considered to be eco-friendly and ing. With such diverse options, you can that it can be used for many different sustainable materials to use in building easily add high-end sophistication to home styles. While this exterior clad- construction. They can also help with your building. ding option is most often associated reducing energy consumption. References: with barn-style homes, it can also be Another advantage of using metal is incorporated into cabins and even that it can be recycled, and still keep its walljazzindia.com more modernist constructions. physical properties. designwud.com Metal wall panels Stone facade wall panels homify.com anikasdiylife.com These panels are formed of aluminum Natural stone offers all the advantages mahabalisteel.com of a sustainable material combined but can be made of steel, zinc, copper, stone-ideas.in stainless steel or titanium) to a core with the benefits of a ventilated façade: that is made of polyethylene or other energy efficiency, savings on mainte- fire-retardant plastic material, and nance costs (air conditioning and heat-

Board and Batten wall panels Metal wall panels Stone facade wall panels

June 2021 • Constrofacilitator 07 FOR YOUR BUILDING

Vastu Shastra for your building - preservation of positive living

astu Shastra holds an elements are earth (geomagnetic occupants of a Vastu-compliant important role in our lives. energy), water (gravitational energy), house. Vastu plays a crucial role in the It is not merely a science fire (solar energy), air (wind energy) construction of a building and ensuring of constructing a prop- and space (cosmic radiation). These dimensional and character features of erty, but it is rather a con- forces have a powerful influence on us, rooms in terms of length, sizes and nection with the ancient as well as the environment. breadths, together with ensuring that VedicV science promoting blissful living. the property utilizes harmonious cos- It involves the mathematical calculation Based on the data, the proper and mic energy to its fullest. Vastu is effec- of a site's direction-based attributes. ideal position of rooms, including the tive when the construction of a building Vaastu finds its references in Vedic consideration of exit and entry pas- follows both traditional and modern per- knowledge and has come down to us sage, along with placement of furniture spectives incorporating correct direc- through these years. Everything that items are determined, as per Vastu prin- tion principles as suggested in Vastu exists in the universe, including our bod- ciples. These precautions later contrib- science. ies, is made of five elements. These five ute to the effective wellbeing of the

Constrofacilitator • June2021 08 VASTU SHASTRA FOR YOUR BUILDING

Orientation in Vastu Shastra refers to Whether you are constructing a house Vastu is planned in a building to use the eight directions set as the guiding or moving into a new one, organising every space and corner fruitfully. When force, which rules the life and destiny of things according to Vastu may prove complying with the requirements of the occupants who reside in the partic- beneficial. Below are the principles that directions, the structure allows the max- ular direction of the house. The basic guide Vastu. imum influx of natural light and air. Fol- directions according to Vaastu are lowing the principles can save you from East, West, North and South. And Ÿ Orientation that determines direc- harmful ultraviolet rays too. These fac- Northeast, Southeast, Southwest and tion-related facts to allow a living tors help promote better physical Northwest are considered to be the space to maximize cosmic energy health. Since Vastu Shastra keeps conjunction points where the two basic force of five elements. designs, colours and materials in mind directions meet and such directions Ÿ Site planning that is associated with also, your home can reduce stress lev- are of much significance as they hold design layout concepts applicable els and boost mental calm. the power to execute the powers of in construction of a living space. both the directions. So Vaastu Shastra Ÿ Proportion measurement to ensure The ancient wisdom of Vastu Shastra is mainly based on the accumulating of dimensional harmony of a property, enhances inner peace and satisfaction strengths diversified by the forces, in in terms of its length, size and that every craving. It uplifts your spiri- co-existence to the Pancha Bhootas or breadth, as well as thickness and tual health and helps you improve your the five Elements. interspace management. personality. Promoting better Ÿ Dimensions or architecture rules intrapersonal and interpersonal behav- Vastu Principles: involving six components like foun- iour helps the dwellers of the Vastu- dation/base, column, entablature, compliant house have better and more Vastu Shastra is to channelize positive wings, roof and dome. fulfilling relationships. energies and add value to human life. Ÿ An aesthetic that ensures a building Vastu considers the layout, design and has its rhythmical character by It is believed to bring harmony and construction of the house to bring hap- ensuring application of different fac- aims towards drawing positive cosmic piness and peace to the home. In tors, such as consideration on plot energy into people's lives. The science Vastu, there is a specific reason behind purchase and construction- behind this is that Vastu takes aspects the alignment and arrangement of specific guides among others. like rainfall, sunrise and sunset into con- items. It is an ancient science to bring sideration, to find an ideal way to build prosperity and positivity in the home. Advantages of Vastu for building a house. Designing a building by these guidelines is good for your mental health. Staying in a house like this offers solace and gives you the feeling of being at home.

Since Vastu compliant homes are built considering the natural elements, the same principles are used to balance or harmonize the energies from the cos- mos, the sun, moon, earth, light and wind.The apt Vastu settings can make you feel relaxed when you return from a stressful day at work. When the clutter in your mind reduces, it makes way for positive thoughts, it makes you more aware about yourself. You get a better understanding of yourself and your needs. This, in turn, can help you build harmonious relationships.

The basic demand of a Vastu- compliant building is to declutter the mess in and around your house. As soon as you declutter your house, you allow positive energies to flow into your

09 Constrofacilitator • June 2021 VASTU SHASTRA FOR YOUR BUILDING

house, which is considered to be a West or North-West sides of a house. good omen to build healthy relation- Do keep in mind that it's best if toilets ships. are not located in the East or North- Eastern side of the house. Vastu tips for a happy and positive environment for your building Get rid of broken things - Refrain from keeping broken things in the house. Vastu principles are not just rules for Whether it's a mirror or a window or creating good surroundings but also to even furniture, discard broken items at keep away from bad environments. the earliest. Broken things prevent the Below are a few tips for the use of the easy flow of positive energy. right Vastu elements in your building.

Bhoomi Pooja - If you are laying the first brick of your home in a plot than a Bedroom on the south-west - The Bhumi Pooja or worshiping of the earth main bedroom or the master bedroom is very important. must be located at the South West cor- ner of an East facing home.

Bring positivity through cross ventila- tion - When building your house, make sure you place the doors and windows in such a way that air freely flows and East facing entrance - We pray to the Kitchen on the west - According to there is sufficient cross ventilation. Sun God and since the sun rises in the Vastu food should be cooked facing East, it is considered to be auspicious. the east. The South-East corner is the So the main entrance should always be best for a kitchen. in the East. It's said that this brings posi- tive energy to the house and happiness prevails.

Compact storage space - You should never have one particular place that is Bathrooms on West or North-West - cluttered and messily dumped with Bathrooms/toilets can either be on the things. This will trap the positive energy

Deity on entrance - An empty wall at the entrance of the house can depict and lead to loneliness. By placing the deity there, you can combat this and bring happiness into your house.

Constrofacilitator • June2021 10 VASTU SHASTRA FOR YOUR BUILDING

and won't allow it to flow. Build small, compact storage areas all around the house so that you can keep a check on the stored items and also store them neatly.

Use of mirrors - Mirrors will give a beau- tiful appearance to your house. It will also pave the way for the free flow of positive energy.

Buddha statues - A statue of Lord Bud- dha signifies harmony and peace. It is also a symbol of prosperity. So ensure you have at least one statue of Lord Buddha in your house.

blue, yellow or anything relaxing should ing to Vaastu and it has been seen be used for this room. since ancient times that , monu- ments and towns are being con- Conclusion structed on the parameters of Vastu Shastra. Vastu Shastra is a guideline for best architecture optimized for its dwellers. References:- It doesn't command strict adherence to Maintain positivity of pooja room - If its principles. While all policies may not couponraja.in you have multiple floors in the house, be applicable, one should try to include sriastrovastu.com the pooja room should be ideally as many as possible for best results. If vastushastraguru.com designed on the ground floor, but it you are about to rent an apartment, thehappyhomes.com should never be built in the basement.If there are tips to figure out if the place gharexpert.com you must keep the idols in the pooja can become a Vastu compliant home. vastushastraguru.com room, ensure that they do not face east Vastu is now being used for the devel- architecturaldigest.in or the door and must not be placed opment of housing colonies, hotels, clarum.com adjacent to a wall. and almost all the major residential and housing.com commercial properties in India. Even homify.com Use of colour - Colour families of white, Towns and cities are planned accord- indvastu-shastra.com

11 Constrofacilitator • June 2021 ARCHITECTURE STYLES IN INDIA

Different types of architecture styles adopted in India

ndian architecture has evolved cus on popular architectural styles in this ar- mandapa congregation hall, and sometimes through centuries which is the result ticle. an antarala antechamber and porch be- of socio-economic and geographical tween garbhagriha and mandapa. There conditions. Different types of Indian Temple architecture may be further mandapas or other build- architectural styles include a mass of ings, connected or detached, in large tem- expressions over space and time, architecture as the main form ples, together with other small temples in transformed by the forces of history of has many varieties of the compound. The architectural principles considered unique to India. As a result of style, though the basic nature of the Hindu of Hindu temples in India are described in vIast diversities, a vast range of architectural temple remains the same, with the essential Shilpa and Vastu Sastras. Ancient specimens have evolved, retaining a certain feature an inner sanctum, the garbha griha amount of continuity across history. Indian or womb-chamber, where the primary architecture, belonging to different periods or the image of a deity is housed in a simple of history, bears the stamp of respective pe- bare cell. This chamber often has an open riods. Though the cities of Indus Valley pro- area designed for movement in clockwise ro- vide substantial evidence of extensive town tation for rituals and prayers. Around this planning, the beginnings of Indian architec- chamber there are often other structures ture can be traced back to the advent of Bud- and buildings, in the largest cases covering dhism in India. India has seen a plethora of several acres. On the exterior, the architectural styles which developed garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like throughout its history and it has been evolv- shikhara, also called the vimana in the ing till date. There has been a plethora of ar- south. The shrine building often includes an chitectural styles in indian culture, we will fo- circumambulatory passage for parikrama, a Somnath temple, Gir Somnath

June 2021 • Constrofacilitator 12 ARCHITECTURE STYLES IN INDIA

Indian temples are classified into three rise, called shikharas. One of the distinctive broad categories, i.e. Nagara or the Northern feature of this form of architecture is te use style, Vesara or Mixed style, and Dravida or of dwarapalakas - twin guardians at the the Southern style. Apart from the broad main entrance and the inner sanctum of the classification, regional areas also display temple and goshtams - deities carved in their regional styles in temple architecture niches on the outer side walls of the which are equally unique. garbhagriha.This form of architecture is mainly found in the Southern Indian states Victoria Memorial in Kolkata of , Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil although Calcutta was also a bastion of Euro- Nadu and Telangana. Various kingdoms and Mughal architecture, building style that pean Neo-classical architecture fused with empires such as the Cholas, the Chera, the flourished in northern and central India un- Indic architectural elements. This style of ar- Kakatiyas, the Pandyas, the Pallavas, the der the patronage of the Mughal emperors chitecture drew stylistic and decorative ele- Gangas, the Kadambas, the Rashtrakutas, from the mid-16th to the late 17th century. ments from native Indo-, the Chalukyas, the Hoysalas, and The Mughal period marked a striking revival especially Mughal architecture, which the Vijayanagara Empire. of Islamic architecture in northern India. Un- British regarded as the classic Indian style, der the patronage of the Mughal emperors, and, less often, from Hindu temple architec- Persian, Indian, and various provincial styles ture. The basic layout and structure of the were fused to produce works of unusual buildings tended to be close to that used in The Kalinga architectural style flourished in quality and refinement. The tomb of the em- contemporary buildings in other revivalist the ancient Kalinga previously known as peror Humāyūn (begun 1564) at Delhi inau- styles, such as Gothic revival and Neo- Utkal and in present eastern Indian state of gurated the new style, though it shows Classical, with specific Indian features and . The style consists of three distinct strong Persian influences. The first great pe- decoration added. types of temples: Rekha , Pidha Deula riod of building activity occurred under the and Khakhara Deula. The former two are as- emperor Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) at sociated with , and tem- Agra and at the new capital city of Fatehpur ples while the third is mainly with Sikri, which was founded in 1569. The latter Dravidian architecture or the South Indian and temples.The various city's Great Mosque (1571; Jami Masjid), temple style is an architectural idiom in aspects of a typical Kalinga temple include with its monumental Victory Gate (Buland Hindu temple architecture that emerged in architectural stipulations, iconography, his- Darzawa), is one of the finest mosques of the southern part of the Indian subconti- torical connotations and honoring the tradi- the Mughal period. Humayun's Tomb, nent or South India and in Sri Lanka, reach- tions, customs and associated legends. A Akbar's Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort at ing its final form by the sixteenth century. It typical Kalinga (Odishan) temple consists of Delhi, Jami Masjid Delhi and the at is seen in Hindu temples, and the most dis- two parts, a sanctuary where an idol or linga Agra are few examples of such structures. tinctive difference from north Indian styles is placed and a hall where pilgrims can view is the use of a shorter and more pyramidal the lord installed in the sanctuary. The sanc- tower over the garbhagriha or sanctuary tuary is referred to as deul while the hall is called a vimana, where the north has taller known as jagamohana. Early period temples towers, usually bending inwards as they were devoid of jagamohan. Kalinga archi- tecture style is broadly classified into three main categories, namely Rekha, Pidha and Khakhara. Rekha-deul (temple) is distin- guished with its square plan topped with a curvilinear tower. A Pidha-deul, also re- ferred as Bhadra deul, also has a square plan topped with a pyramidal tower composed Taj Mahal, Agara of horizontal tiers arranged in receding man- Indo-Saracenic Revival Architecture ner. A Khakhra deul is surmounted with a barrel-shaped (vault-shape) tower over a Indo-Saracenic architecture (also known as rectangular plan. Indo-Gothic, Mughal-Gothic, Neo-Mughal, or Hindoo style) was a revivalist architec- tural style mostly used by British architects in India in the late 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the British Raj, and the palaces of rulers of the princely states. The first Indo-Saracenic building is often said to be the Chepauk Pal- ace, completed in 1768, in present-day Chennai (Madras), for the Nawab of Arcot. Bombay and Calcutta (as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, Vitthala Temple, Hampi ,

13 June 2021 • Constrofacilitator ARCHITECTURE STYLES IN INDIA

Sikh Architecture fact miniature shikharas, often of the chitecture is the practice of creating a struc- type, showing that the architects ture by carving it out of solid natural rock. Sikh Architecture is a style of architecture were well aware of northern styles. Vesara Rock that is not part of the structure is re- that was developed under Sikh Empire dur- architecture is divided into storeys or steps, moved until the only rock left makes up the ing 18th and 19th century in the Punjab re- but there are more of them, and the kapota architectural elements of the excavated inte- gion. Due to its progressive style, it is con- roof motif that is so common in contempo- rior. Indian rock-cut architecture is mostly re- stantly evolving into many newly develop- rary southern vimanas. This style combines ligious in nature. Caves were excavated out ing branches with new contemporary styles. both the Dravida and the Nagara architec- of rocks, as rocks are very durable as com- Although Sikh architecture was initially de- tural styles. pared to other materials like wood or any veloped within Sikhism its style has been structural building. They were used as used in many non-religious buildings due to Indian Vernacular Architecture (Varshavasa) residences for Buddhists its beauty. Sikh Architecture is heavily influ- monks during the rainy season and as a me- enced by Mughal and Islamic styles. The on- The term indian vernacular architecture in dium to propagate principles of different re- ion dome, frescoes, in-lay work, and multi- general refers to the informal building of ligions. Oldest rock-cut architecture is the foil arches, are Mughal influences, more spe- structures through traditional building meth- Barabar caves, Bihar built around 3rd Cen- cially from Shah Jahan's period, whereas ods by local builders without using the ser- tury BC. Other early cave temples were used chattris, oriel windows, bracket supported vices of a professional architect. It is the by Buddhist and Jain monks as places of wor- eaves at the string-course, and ornamented most widespread form of building. In India ship and residence found in western India. friezes are derived from elements of Rajput there are numerous traditional regional Buddhist cave architecture reflected in the architecture. Apart from religious buildings, styles, although there is much in common form of caves date back from 100 BC to 170 Sikh architecture includes secular forts, with the styles of the Hindi belt in the north. AD. At some places we see traces of wood bungas (residential places), palaces, and col- Compared to Hindu temple architecture being used and this indicates imitation of leges. The religious structure is called and Indo-Saracenic architecture there was wooden construction of that period. The ear- gurdwara (a place where the Guru dwells). traditionally much more use of wood rather liest cave temples include the Bhaja Caves, than stone, though today brick and concrete the Karla Caves, the Bedsa Caves, the are more typical, and Indian versions of Kanheri Caves and Ajanta Caves. Western styles dominate in recent build- ings. This architecture can be broadly di- vided into three categories - Kchcha, Pakka and semi-Pakka. categories. Building mate- rial depends on location. In hilly country where rocky rubble, ashlar, and pieces of stone are available, these can be patched to- gether with a mud mortar to form walls. Finer stonework veneer covers the outside. Golden Temple at Amritsar Sometimes wood beams and rafters are Vesara Architecture used with slate tiles for roofing if available. The roof is pitched to deal with the mon- Vesara is one of a number of terms for a dis- soon season and the house may sit on Kailash Temple, Ellora cave 16 tinct stylistic tradition of Indian Hindu tem- raised platforms, plinths or bamboo poles ple architecture primarily used in the to cope with floods. Colonial architecture Deccan, parts of North India and Central In- dia. In particular the shape of the super- The colonial architecture in India can be structure over the sanctum is usually py- seen in office buildings. Europeans who ramidal in profile, and shorter than the started coming from the sixteenth century northern shikhara tower. In plan the walls AD constructed many churches and other and superstructure are broadly circular, or a buildings. Portuguese built many churches straight-sided cone, though its geometry is at Goa, the most famous of these are Basil- based on rotating a square imposed on a cir- ica Bom Jesus and the chruch of Saint Fran- cle. It has rather different decorations and cis. The British also built administrative and motifs to either. One common motif is in residential buildings which reflect their im- perial glory. Some Greek and Roman influ- ence can be observed in the colonnades or pillared buildings. Parliament House and Connaught Place in Delhi are good exam- Bhimakali temple in Himachal Pradesh ples. The earliest architectural influences of Rock-cut / cave architecture the British colonial rule is seen on the churches. Gothic and neo-classical style Indian rock-cut / cave architecture is more was in rage and many of the structures in varied and found in greater abundance in the Presidency of Bengal, Madras and Bom- that country than any other form of rock-cut bay became flag bearers of the opulent Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal architecture around the world. Rock-cut ar- style of building. St. John's Church, Fort Wil-

June 2021 • Constrofacilitator 14 ARCHITECTURE STYLES IN INDIA

liam, Calcutta Cathedral in Kolkata or the Mu- tiny Memorial Church in Kanpur are some ex- amples of the Gothic style of colonial archi- tecture. Many cities have some or the other influence of colonial architecture. However, the cities that are landmarks of the British ar- chitectural history are Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Agra, Delhi, Hyderabad, Nagpur and Bhopal.

Conclusion

The indian architectural style has gone through evolution and with growing techno- logical advancements we are ready to em- brace innovative architectural designs. The essence of architecture remains the same as the rich in India.

References: templepurohit.com iasmania.com

Gateway of India, Mumbai

Kéré Architecture uses local clay to construct Burkina Institute of Technology

urkinabe architect Diébédo Francis Kéré's studio has built a university in Burkina Faso, western Africa, which Bhas walls made with locally sourced clay and screens of eucalyptus wood. The facility, named the Burkina Institute of Technology, forms part of Lycée Schorge Secondary School campus in Koudougou that was also designed by Kéré Architecture. It was built to expand the campus, owned by the Stern Stewart Institute, and offer high school graduates an opportunity to continue their education. The 2,100-square-metre building is composed of a series of repeated modules that contain classrooms, lecture halls and auxiliary spaces. than using traditional clay bricks. The modules are placed in a staggered formation to facilitate Clay was also chosen as it is locally abundant and helps to cool airflow in and around the building. Those that contain the the institute's interiors through thermal mass. classrooms are arranged around a rectangular courtyard at The cooling properties of the clay work in tandem with mechani- their centre. cal air conditioning, and openings in the walls and a saw-tooth Each module of the Burkina Institute of Technology is made with roof profile. local clay that has been combined with concrete and then The rooftop openings are designed to release warm air through poured and cast in-situ into large formworks. the stack effect – a technique that naturally ventilates buildings The formworks are the size of one whole classroom and were by expelling rising hot air. designed to be disassembled and rebuilt to cast each module. Around each classroom are shaded corridors and walkways, This building technique is informed by the studio's construction framed by screens of locally sourced eucalyptus wood. These of a primary school in Gando, for which it has used the same screens unify the institute with the Lycée Schorge Secondary method. It is a quicker and more flexible construction method School, which is lined with the same wood.

15 June 2021 • Constrofacilitator BUILDING ARCHITECTURE TRENDS

The Building Architecture Trends You Need To Know

he complexity of the struc- below are trends in building architec- on previously developed land rather tures is increasing by the ture in India. than developing new land. It's also day as demands for multi- important to build near existing infra- Sustainability remains the focus faceted projects incorpo- structure, such as bus routes and librar- rating residential, commer- ies, to reduce residents' dependence Sustainable building, high- cial and other aspects are on transportation. Water reduction is performance building and green con- rising. Each of the structural compo- built-in by design, using low-flow toi- T struction are used interchangeably to nents has its design, structure and tech- lets, greywater systems etc. These describe what is essentially the same nical requirements which vary in buildings are being constructed using thing, though there are variations on nature, but, at the same time have to be energy-efficient designs. The passive the theme that have slightly different in sync with each other to create a houses are built with super-insulation meanings. Sustainable design encom- great experience. The architects are and other techniques to ensure a tight passes green building, yet delves into a exploring and innovating with the lay- building envelope and minimal energy much broader set of issues from the outs in their bid to create the maximum consumption). Processes that make micro (sustainable furniture design) to possible green spaces, corners and use of clean energy such as geother- macro (sustainable urban planning). ambiance without deviating from the mal and solar PV systems are also The builders are encouraged to build core goals of the project. Discussed widely used in these buildings.

Constrofacilitator • June2021 16 BUILDING ARCHITECTURE TRENDS

Move towards “Carbon Neutral” Building

Indian practitioners are vouching for strategies that go beyond ''building scale'' to achieving a zero-carbon bal- ance for neighborhoods, districts, or even cities. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a Low Carbon Design framework. The Carbon Neutral buildings in India usually offer climate mitigation benefits by drastically reducing emissions from energy use. They also aid in balancing the urban heat islands through interventions like green and cool roofs. And they offer important add-ons, like improving energy access to the underserved and better air quality inside and outside. The current trend is to synchronize the Modular design for flexibility building with its surroundings. As the people are rebelling against boring will be made from aluminium (powder design is climate-responsive, the design and standard building struc- coated or anodized) or stainless steel. building responds to sun, wind, light tures, building facades are likely to In recent years more lavish materials and rainfall as well as the location. The become an integral part of the design. such as titanium have sometimes been shift in building materials also assists In architecture, the façade of a building used, but due to their cost and suscep- the Movement. Material like Stabilised is often the most important aspect tibility to panel edge staining these Earth Blocks is cast on-site reducing from a design standpoint, as it sets the have not been popular. In addition to the carbon emissions in the construc- tone for the rest of the building. From being aesthetically pleasing, a façade tion phase. 'Mittal Auriga' a 10-unit the engineering of a build- plays a pivotal role in energy efficiency apartment complex by 'Living Habitats' ing, the façade is also of great impor- and linking the exterior to the interiors is Bangalore's first carbon-neutral tance due to its impact on energy effi- of the building. Façade can help in sig- building. ciency. The façade can at times be nificantly reducing the energy bills. Using facade for aesthetic and func- required to have a fire-resistance rat- You may think how, well, a façade mini- tionality ing, for instance, if two buildings are mizes solar gain, which in turn, reduces very close together, to lower the likeli- the cooling loads of the building which at the results in minimal energy bills. Facades and curtain walls are features hood of fire spreading from one build- ing to another. In general, the façade that both homes and commercial Modular design for flexibility buildings can adopt. As more and more systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs The modular architecture is based on the design and use of systems com- posed of separate repetitive elements (standard units), which are similar in size, shape and functional nature. In India, modular building design is steadily growing in popularity, thanks to its flexibility in design and construc- tion. A modular design can be charac- terized by functional partitioning into discrete scalable and reusable mod- ules, rigorous use of well-defined mod- ular interfaces, and making use of industry standards for interfaces. In this context, modularity is at the com- ponent level and has a single dimen- sion, component stability. A modular Facade for aesthetic and functionality

17 Constrofacilitator • June 2021 BUILDING ARCHITECTURE TRENDS

system with this limited modularity is generally known as a platform system that uses modular components. Modu- larity offers benefits such as reduction in cost (customization can be limited to a portion of the system, rather than needing an overhaul of the entire sys- tem), interoperability, shorter learning time, flexibility in design, non- generationally constrained augmenta- tion or updating (adding new solution by merely plugging in a new module), and exclusion. Modularity in platform systems, offer benefits in returning margins to scale, reduced product development cost etc. Vertical architecture before beginning the heavy work since GYS Vision Towers, an office complex Incorporation of Smart technology in more advanced stages the complete comprising three high-rise towers in Smart technology is being incorpo- process becomes more complex. Gurgaon- the millennium city is the per- rated into modern architectural build- fect example of vertical architecture. Move towards Vertical architecture ings. It offers a variety of different This form of architecture aims to make options of a control panel, manages With the increase of urban density and available open spaces on the same the environmental conditions of space, the decrease in the availability of land, area and to use the opportunities of changes the intensity and color of the the verticalization phenomenon has the z-axis in urban development to light, adjusts the temperature, and/or intensified in cities all over the world. raise once inaccessible space poten- interacts with the different types of Similar to the vertical growth of build- tial. The vertical open space is a symbi- switches and their sensors. Smar tech- ings - which is often a divisive issue for osis of built and open space, and there- nology adopted in building architec- architects and urban planners - many fore the combination of architecture ture is enabling IoT, computer technol- initiatives have sought in the vertical and the objectives of landscape archi- ogy, control technology, image display dimension a possibility to foster the tecture. technology and communication tech- use of vegetation in urban areas. Verti- Use of Bamboo for construction ease nology to connect various facilities cal gardens, farms and forests, rooftop through the network to meet the auto- vegetable gardens, and elevated struc- Bamboo as a building material, with its mation requirements of the entire sys- tures for urban agriculture are some of high compressive strength and low tem and provide more convenient con- the many possibilities of verticalization weight, has been one of the most used trol and management. It's important to in plant cultivation, each with its building materials in support of con- point out that home automation must unique characteristics and specific crete. This is especially true in those be included in the construction plan impacts on the city and its inhabitants. locations where it is found in abun- dance. Most bamboos have a low resis- tance to biological degrading organ- isms and need specialized bamboo preservation techniques. A wide range of treatment methods is known to improve its durability. The benefits of bamboo structures, however, are greater than just construction ease. In many parts of the world, bamboo is readily available, replenishable, and, compared with other building materi- als, negligibly expensive. When grow- ing, the plant releases nearly 35 per- cent more oxygen and absorbs nearly 35 percent more carbon dioxide than most trees. Canes from one building can be reused several times over in Smart technology

Constrofacilitator • June2021 18 BUILDING ARCHITECTURE TRENDS

Bamboo for construction ease other projects. Bamboo structures can instance, once considered dull and now set to take the limelight. With its also be easily deployed as disaster devoid of any aesthetic value, now has properties of efficiency and shelters in many regions of the world. a new upgraded, polished version, and sustainability, steel is the new pre- is increasingly being applied in mod- ferred material by many in the field of The material palette for interior and ern-day interior and exterior designs. architecture. exterior Lighting made from concrete has also Conclusion Newer material pallets are being used made its mark with numerous design- for creating spaces with more visibility ers taking advantage of the hard- The future belongs to innovation in and clarity. Designers are looking for wearing, utilitarian properties of the internal and external designs. A struc- innovative ways and materials to add a material, which have created minimal- ture is considered a true piece of archi- new dimension to the interiors in terms ist lighting designs. The material which tectural brilliance only when it displays of energy efficiency, utilization and is used as a combination material in something out of the ordinary. Modern comfort. The plain old concrete, for conventional Indian architecture is architects are extremely conscious of the environment and the impact of con- struction on the environment as well as local aesthetics. Therefore, unlike in the past, the concept of sustainability and energy-efficiency s has become an integral part of all residential as well as commercial architectural projects in the country. References:- thepropertytimes.in re-thinkingthefuture.com archdaily.com designdekko.com proptiger.com Material palette for interior and exterior architecturaldigest.in

19 Constrofacilitator • June 2021 MODULAR KITCHEN

Modular Kitchen; Advantages and types

odular kitchen design two categories: floor units/cabinets and of classic and contemporary involves the mechani- wall units/cabinets. It has several colours, textures and finishes z a t i o n o f s u b - advantages and different types that can Ÿ It comes with functional storage assemblies or distinct be used as per customer's require- accessories, such as Magic corner parts like kitchen cabi- ments. units for hard-to-reach corners, nets,M cupboards, drawers, etc, that can pull-out plate racks, utensil storage be integrated into a single, holistic Advantages of modular kitchens and bottle dispensers and a range form. Modular kitchens are gaining of thoughtfully crafted units that popularity these days, and there are Ÿ They are available in a variety of add great value to your kitchen many reasons for this! Let's find out sleek models that are high on the Ÿ These components of the kitchens what are the advantages of the modu- style quotient. If you like contem- are mass-produced and fairly eco- lar kitchen which will help you to make porary stylish and clean lines, then nomic in terms of installation. The the right decision for your kitchen. A you will love the available design prefabricated nature of modular series of pre-made cabinets are used to options kitchen systems allows for simple configure a suitable layout as per your Ÿ Every unit comes with a string of and quick installation on-site, requirement. Multiple modules are fit- innovative accessories and modu- often taking no more than a week ted together to make a modular lar cabinet styles that help simulate to complete the procedure kitchen. These parts together create a a clutter-free environment in the Ÿ The components are entirely col- fully functional kitchen layout. The cabi- kitchen. lapsible, the skirting and other net modules are broadly divided into Ÿ You can choose from a wide array accessories of a modular kitchen

Constrofacilitator • June 2021 20 MODULAR KITCHEN

can be easily removed to ensure thorough cleaning or repair Ÿ Available in an extensive range of colours, textures and materials and designs. From chic and modern, to slick and refined, these offer a fit for every home and aesthetic. Mod- ular kitchen units can also be customised Ÿ Modular kitchens are factory- made, cut to precise sizes and fin- ished to perfection. As all the cut- ting and sizing is done by machines, the finishes are much better than what can be obtained through carpentry Ÿ Modular kitchens are created from core materials that are very durable and resistant to borers or termites. The core material is usually made of high-quality plywood or MDF that is boiling water-resistant and does not bend or warp easily mum storage. two long working areas that face Ÿ U-Shaped Layout- used for a large each other. Different types of modular kitchen area designated for the kitchen. Ÿ Island Kitchen- used for an open The layout is in a triangle and pro- plan kitchen and workspace. Its Ÿ Straight Layout- used for studio vides the maximum amount of stor- design includes a combination of apartments. It works for both small age. straight type or l type layout with and large kitchen spaces. Ÿ Parallel Layout- used for the longi- an unconnected island placed Ÿ L-Shaped Layout- used for small tudinal area for the kitchen. It con- along with the layout. kitchens. Its layout is small, com- sists of two parallel countertops Ÿ G-Shaped Kitchen- used for kitch- pact and discreet providing maxi- and work can be easily divided into ens of small size or area. The design layout of this type of kitchen resembles a G shape on the grid.

Conclusion

Modular kitchens have transformed the way kitchens are used all over the world. The kitchen-cum-living room and open living plans are on the rise and this form of kitchens fits into it. De- pending on the size of the kitchen you can determine the layout and design. It comes in different colors and finishes from a simple matte finish to high gloss kitchen cabinets which makes the kitchen highly attractive and stylish.

References

zenterior.in livspace.com bel-india.com

21 Constrofacilitator • June 2021 NEWS

Frank Gehry unveils The Tower, a stainless steel-clad arts building for Luma Arles

Pritzker Architecture Prize-winning architect Frank of discrete elements across a surface," he continued. Gehry has revealed a tower for the Luma Arles arts cen- "This manner of breaking down the surface to visible tre in southern France ahead of its public opening tomor- modules became an important theme in the surface de- row. velopment of the building as it reinforced the idea of a Named The Tower, the stainless steel-clad cultural 'painterly building'.” building is the centrepiece of the Luma Arles arts cam- The arts tower rises from a cylindrical glass base that re- pus in the town of Arles. calls Arles Amphitheatre, which was built in 90AD and According to Gehry, the design references Arles' Roman still stands in the nearby town. architecture, nearby mountains and Vincent van Gogh's "Like the arena, the scale and clear geometry of the Starry Night painting, which was painted nearby. drum reflects the ancient Roman planning influences "We wanted to evoke the local, from Van Gogh's Starry that set the foundation of Arles," said Gehry. Night to the soaring rock clusters you find in the region," "The Romans used civic buildings to organise the said Gehry. densely situated buildings around it," he continued. "Its central drum echoes the plan of the Roman amphi- “The drum is both transparent and porous, with walls theatre.” that open to the surrounding industrial buildings turning The 56-metre-high arts tower contains the exhibition gal- it into the central hub of the campus. The building grows leries, archives, a library, offices, seminar rooms and a out of the centre of the drum and is oriented towards the cafe for Luma Arles. historic centre of Arles." Clad with 11,000 irregularly arranged stainless steel pan- els, the distinctive tower was designed to be a landmark structure for the arts centre, which was established in 2013 by Swiss collector Maja Hoffmann. "The skyline of Arles is populated with towers built from the ancient times to the Middle Ages up to the pres- ent," said Gehry. "The new building will help establish Luma Arles as a significant site among the other landmarks of the city.” The form of the building and the arrangement of the Frank Gehry designed The Tower for the Luma Arles arts centre stainless steel cladding was informed by the nearby Les Alpilles mountain range northeast of Arles and how they were depicted by Dutch post-impressionist painter Van Gogh. "The manner in which Van Gogh rendered Les Alpilles influenced the development of the exterior cladding of the building," said Gehry. A series of industrial buildings on the site have The stainless steel-clad building is been renovated by Selldorf Architects the centrepiece of the Luma Arles "The design of the tower seeks to capture the movement Source: www.dezeen.com campus

22 June 2021 • Constrofacilitator What is the huss about eMagazine

eMagazine is a digital medium for interacon among the various personnel among the construcon industry namely, Manufacturers, Business to Business users and the Civil Engineering professionals. B2B and knowledge portal for Architecture, Civil and Infrastructure industry

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