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UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 Ghz Shahriar Emami UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 GHz Shahriar Emami UWB Communication Systems: Conventional and 60 GHz Principles, Design and Standards 123 Shahriar Emami Samsung R&D San Jose, CA USA ISBN 978-1-4614-6752-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-6753-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6753-3 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013932772 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my parents, our memories and To my brothers Preface Ultra wideband (UWB) technology is at least 50-years old. However, up until roughly a decade ago its use was limited to the military. FCC through its landmark ruling dated 14 February 2002 authorized the use of UWB for commercial applications on unlicensed basis. A decade of intense research and development on commercial applications of UWB followed the ruling. The end result is not only a published standard and working prototypes, but capable silicon and some other products. Since the beginning of the new millennium, a significant amount of spectrum, around 60 GHz, has been allocated for unlicensed use around the world. The vast amount of spectrum, its unlicensed nature, propagation characteristics at 60 GHz, and a few other factors make this band ideal for developing high throughput short- ranged WPANs. The vision to support WPANs with Gigabit transmission capa- bility at 60 GHz has led to publication of five standards and working chipsets. Above and beyond that, the first wave of 60 GHz products is on the store shelves. A snapshot of the two technologies is provided below. Technology UWB 60 GHz UWB Standard WiMedia IEEE 802.15.3c IEEE 802.11ad ECMA 387 WirlessHD WiGig MAC IEEE 802.15.3 MAC IEEE 802.15.3c MAC WiMedia MAC ECMA 387 MAC Modulation MB-OFDM SC (GMSK, DAMI, BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM) OFDM Coding Convolutional coding RS Convolutional coding LDPC Bandwidth 3 9 528 MHz 2 GHz Data Rate 480 Mbps 7 Gbps Range 10 m 10 m Band Allocation Unlicensed Unlicensed Environment Indoor Indoor vii viii Preface UWB and 60 GHz technology have a great deal in common. Both are unlicensed WPAN technologies used for high throughput indoor communications.1 Consequently their band allocation type, application domain, operating environ- ment, ranges, and data rates are roughly the same. The similarities do not end there. 60 GHz technology can be viewed as UWB as well, because its respective bandwidth is greater than 500 MHz.2 In fact, we will refer to 60 GHz technology as 60 GHz UWB (in contrast to the conventional UWB). In conclusion, UWB and 60 GHz UWB are two very similar technologies applied to the same application domain. It is most appropriate to introduce, compare, and contrast them side- by-side in a single text. To that end this book is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 introduces UWB concepts and technology. A short history is pro- vided first. Then the regulatory authorization process and the details of the FCC First Report and Order are described. The applications of UWB technology, emission masks, and restrictions on its usage are detailed. The differences between regulations in the US and other countries are discussed. Lastly, properties and characteristics of UWB signal are described and the sweet spots for UWB tech- nology are identified. UWB channel models are described in Chap. 2. Initially, channel sounding techniques are introduced. Then components of IEEE 802.15.3 channel model, an enhanced version of IEEE 802.15.3 channel model and IEEE 802.15.4a channel models are detailed. The shortcomings of models are identified and their differ- ences are pointed out. Chapter 3 focuses on impulse radio (IR). A working definition is provided and transceiver block diagram is illustrated. Various pulse shaping techniques as well as a pulse shape custom tailoring technique are presented. Modulation schemes are described, their performances are compared, and time hopping multiple access scheme is elaborated. Advanced techniques for power spectral density and modulation schemes are the topic of Chap. 4. PSDs of IR modulation schemes are examined and various ways to mitigate PSDs are presented. Techniques to deal with multipath such as rake receiver and T-R scheme are introduced. Then dual format modulation (DFM) is justified and its performance is evaluated. Finally, IEEE 802.15.4a standard is described in detail. Chapter 5 presents a couple of alternative UWB modulation schemes. Multi- band OFBM (MB-OFDM) and direct sequence UWB (DS-UWB) are defined and their transmitter architectures are shown. The modulation, coding, scrambling, and spreading operations are illustrated. Then other specific issues related to each modulation scheme such as time frequency codes for MB-OFDM and M-BOK codes for DS-UWB are discussed in detail. 1 UWB can be used in low data rate applications with longer ranges as well. 2 As per FCC First Report and Order a signal is considered UWB if either the signal bandwidth is larger than 500 MHz or its fractional bandwidth is 0.2 or larger. Preface ix Selected UWB topics including MAC, ranging, chipsets, test equipment, and products are the subject of Chap. 6. Medium access control of IEEE 802.15.3, IEEE 802.15.4a and WiMedia as well as their operations are described. A fun- damental lower bound for ranging known as Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is introduced and is used to compare the performance of UWB with that of nar- rowband systems. Then time of arrival ranging scheme and its variations are detailed and compared. Following a description of UWB chipset evolution examples of available chipsets are presented. Finally, evaluation kits, reference design kits, and existing test equipment are described and the UWB products in the market are listed. Chapter 7 is dedicated to introducing 60 GHz communications. A working definition for 60 GHz band is established, the 60 GHz regulations in various countries are described, and their differences are highlighted. Characteristics and properties of this band are discussed and listed, hence pointing to the class of applications that could take advantage of this technology. Capacity analysis and link budget study are conducted to reveal the technology potentials. Directional antenna feature of 60 GHz UWB and antenna training procedure are elaborated. MAC attributes and unequal error protection feature are discussed and their benefits are highlighted. At the end, landscape for chipset process technology is drawn, existing and potential developers are identified, and first wave of 60 GHz technology products are listed. The objective of Chap. 8 is to introduce the existing/upcoming IEEE 60 GHz UWB standards. Operational modes of IEEE 802.15.3c, IEEE 802.11ad are explored; their supported data rates and their applications are highlighted. Various transmitter components such as modulation, coding, scrambler, spreading, and interleaving are detailed. Band plan and emission mask applicable to each standard are described as well. Chapter 9 introduces and reviews the remaining 60 GHz standards such as ECMA 387, WirelessHD and WiGig. Initially, the transmitter block diagrams for ECMA 387 are presented. Then the various transmitter components such as modulation, coding, scrambler, spreading, and interleaving are detailed. Band plan and emission mask are described as well. Finally, industry alliance standards, WirelessHD, and WiGig are introduced and their unique features are described. The material presented in this book can be used to offer any of the following graduate-level courses. • UWB Communications. • WPAN High Data Rate Standards. • Conventional and 60 GHz UWB. The text can also be used to offer an undergraduate senior-level course on UWB communications. Practicing engineers and technical managers can benefit from this text as well. It can also serve as a technical reference on the subject. The suggested chapters in the order of presentation for each course are listed below. x Preface Introduction to UWB Chapters 1, 3–6 WPAN Standards (graduate level) Chapters 1–5, 8 and 9 UWB (graduate level) Chapters 1 through 6 Conventional and 60 GHz UWB (graduate level) Chapters 1 through 9 Short/long course Industry Course Chapters 1, 3, 5, 8 and 9 Problems and simulation projects are placed at the end of the chapters to master the material.
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