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State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law Morten Bergsmo and LING Yan (Editors)

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State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law Morten Bergsmo and LING Yan (Editors) State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law Morten Bergsmo and LING Yan (editors) PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ State Sovereignty and International Criminal Law Morten Bergsmo and LING Yan (editors) 2012 Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher Beijing PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ This and other books in the FICHL Publication Series may be openly accessed and downloaded through the website www.fichl.org. This site uses Persistent URLs (PURL) for all publications it makes available. The URLs of these publications will not be changed. Printed copies may be ordered through online distributors such as www.amazon.co.uk. This book was first published on 19 November 2012. © Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher, 2012 All rights are reserved. You may read, print or download this book or any part of it from www.fichl.org for personal use, but you may not in any way charge for its use by others, directly or by reproducing it, storing it in a retrieval system, transmitting it, or utilising it in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, in whole or in part, without the prior permission in writing of the copyright holder. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the copyright holder. You must not circulate this book in any other cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer. You must not make this book or any part of it available on the Internet by any other URL than that on www.fichl.org. ISBN 978-82-93081-35-7 PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ Dedicated to the memory of Professor LI Haopei and his service to international law PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ PUBLICATION SERIES PREFACE The Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher is pleased to release State Sov- ereignty and International Criminal Law in its Publication Series. The book deals with a topic which champions of the international criminal jus- tice movement should strive to appreciate also from the perspective of States that have reservations about the extensive reach of contemporary war crimes justice. The chapters were originally prepared in the context of the FICHL LI Haopei Lecture Series. The anthology is published in sepa- rate Chinese and English versions. R. Frazier Lowell, NIE Jingjing, SONG Tianying and XUE Ru have assisted with translations. FAN Yuwen has provided invaluable and noble assistance with the Chinese version. We also thank Dr. YI Ping, ZHANG Xin and ZHANG Yueyao for their assistance. Morten Bergsmo Editor-in-Chief Kiki A. Japutra Executive Editor i PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ FOREWORD BY CHRISTIAN TOMUSCHAT This anthology is important for several reasons. First, it brings together a diversity of quality contributions on difficult current topics such as the reach of universal criminal jurisdiction for serious international crimes, immunity of State officials in respect of such crimes, and the conse- quences of the criminalisation of aggression in the context of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. These are three clusters of controversy subject to intense discussions in international courts, between governments, and among academics. The present book contributes to those discussions. Secondly, the theme of the anthology is State Sovereignty and In- ternational Criminal Law. This formulation speaks less to those who are already persuaded of the value of international criminal justice, than to those States and actors who have reservations about how fast and far it has developed. By engaging the laden concept of ‘state sovereignty’, the book reaches out to everyone interested in international criminal law, in- viting an inclusive and responsible dialogue on the need to balance the development of international criminal law with legitimate state interests. The editors suggest that time has come to “consolidate the significant gains in the development of international criminal law since 1993” rather “than further development at the risk of over-extension”. Coming from two Chinese and European professors in international criminal law – both of whom have been involved in the field since 1993 – this suggestion calls for further reflection. Indeed, the time has come to take stock and re- assess what has been achieved twenty years after the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and ten years after the coming into force of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The widespread feeling of satisfaction with the institu- tionalisation of international criminal justice should not blind our eyes for the necessity of carefully pondering the strengths and the shortcomings of this new wing of the constitution of the international community. The chapters of this book were all prepared in the context of the LI Haopei Lecture Series of the Forum for International Criminal and Hu- manitarian Law. This Series seeks to foster dialogue among international lawyers in China, Europe and elsewhere. The quality and topicality of this iii PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ anthology suggests that the Series is succeeding. Its great merit is to pro- vide Chinese scholars with a voice that will be heard everywhere in the legal world. Unfortunately, for many decades, China was de facto ex- cluded from debates about topics of paramount importance for humankind although, as the largest nation on the globe, its views and arguments are indispensable when universal standards of conduct are being elaborated. It may be hoped that contacts as those established by the Forum within the framework of its Lecture Series will continue and expand their reach, fa- cilitating dialogue and co-operation between international lawyers in China and Europe as well as more widely. Christian Tomuschat Emeritus Professor, Humboldt University Former Member, International Law Commission iv PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ TABLE OF CONTENTS Publication Series Preface........................................................................ i Foreword by Christian Tomuschat ......................................................... iii 1. On State Sovereignty and Individual Criminal Responsibility for Core International Crimes in International Law ......................... 1 By Morten Bergsmo and LING Yan 2. The Life and Contributions of Professor LI Haopei....................... 13 By WANG Houli 3. Brief Analysis of a Few Controversial Issues in Contemporary International Criminal Law ................................ 21 By ZHOU Lulu 3.1. The Crime of Aggression......................................................... 22 3.1.1. The Definition of Crimes of Aggression................... 25 3.1.2. Precondition for the Court to Exercise Jurisdiction over Crimes of Aggression.................... 29 3.2. Universal Jurisdiction .............................................................. 35 3.2.1. Background of the Question...................................... 35 3.2.2. Review and Analysis................................................. 38 3.2.2.1. What About Using the ‘Principle of Sovereignty’ as the Theoretical Basis of Universal Jurisdiction?................ 40 3.2.2.2. What About Taking the ‘Principle of Obligation Erga Omnes’ (the Common Interest of Humanity) as the Theoretical Basis of Universal Jurisdiction?.............................................. 42 3.2.2.3. What About the Theory of Combating Criminal Activity and Ensuring that Crimes Never Go Unpunished v PURL: https://www.legal-tools.org/doc/82ec96/ Being the Theoretical Basis of Universal Jurisdiction? ......................... 43 3.2.3. Case Analysis ............................................................ 45 3.3. Criminal Immunity of State Officials Abroad.......................... 46 3.3.1. The Institution of Immunity in International Law............................................................................ 46 3.3.2. Analysis..................................................................... 49 3.3.2.1. Regarding Criminal Immunity Enjoyed by State Officials in Other Countries..................................... 49 3.3.2.2. The Criminal Immunity of State Officials before International Criminal Tribunals .................................... 51 4. Has Non-Immunity for Heads of State Become a Rule of Customary International Law?................................................... 55 By LIU Daqun 4.1. Challenge to the Rule of Heads of State Immunity.................. 56 4.2. Immunity before National Courts ............................................ 60 4.3. Immunity of the Head of State before International Courts and Tribunals................................................................ 63 4.4. The Difference between the International ad hoc Tribunals and the ICC .................................................. 68 4.5. Security Council Referrals ....................................................... 70 4.6. Conclusion ............................................................................... 73 5. Immunity for State Officials from Foreign Jurisdiction for International Crimes ................................................................. 75 By JIA Bingbing 5.1. Introduction.............................................................................. 75 5.2. Criminal versus Civil Jurisdiction...........................................
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