Jakobspilgern

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Jakobspilgern Mag. JÖRG SCHADER Jakobspilgern Eine teilnehmende Beobachtung am Camino Francés Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Geisteswissenschaften an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Prof. Dr. MANFRED PRISCHING Institut für Soziologie Prof. Dr. FRANZ HÖLLINGER Institut für Soziologie Graz, Oktober, 2009 Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich erkläre ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und ohne fremde Hilfe verfasst, andere als die angegebenen Quellen nicht benutzt und die den Quellen wörtlich oder inhaltlich entnommenen Stellen als solche kenntlich gemacht habe. Die Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form keiner anderen inländischen oder ausländischen Prüfungsbe- hörde vorgelegt und auch noch nicht veröffentlicht. Die vorliegende Fassung entspricht der eingereichten elektronischen Version. Datum: Unterschrift: Danksagung Ich bedanke mich herzlich für die kompetente und unkomplizierte Begleitung durch Prof. Dr. Manfred Prisching (Erstbetreuer) und Prof. Dr. Franz Höllinger (Zweitbetreuer). Weiters dan- ke ich Prof. Dr. Karl Acham für sein Bemühen, Prof. Dr. Roland Girtler für seine methodi- schen Anregungen, Prof. Dr. Pelikan für so manchen reflexiven Input, Dr. Andreas Drouve und Prof. Dr. Mariano Delgado für die Korrespondenz zur Pilgerthematik. Weiters bedanke ich mich bei den beiden „Jakobsweg-Buchautoren“ René Freund und Peter Lindenthal für die offene und nette Interviewsituation. Besonderen Dank möchte ich hiermit Bernhard Binder entgegenbringen, welcher seit 16 Jahren auf spanischen und französischen Jakobswegen pilgert, die „Jakobusgemeinschaft Salzburg“ führt und mir des Öfteren als Pil- gerexperte Rede und Antwort stand. Weiters bedanke ich mich beim Dissertant Mag. Florian Spendlingwimmer, mit dem ich, auf- grund zahlreicher Parallelen unserer beiden Analyseobjekte, so manchen fruchtbaren Dialog führen konnte. Ebenfalls bedanke ich mich bei Dr. in Bernadette Müller, die mir mehrmals im bürokratischen Dickicht ihre helfende Hand reichte, sowie bei Katharina Kiss für das Lektorat der vorliegenden Arbeit. Der größte Dank gebührt meiner Lebensgefährtin Mag.a Katharina Thünauer, die mich auf den letzten Etappen meiner Feldforschung begleitete und mir durch die gemeinsame Reflexi- on des Forschungsverlaufs half, blinde Flecken aufzuspüren. An dieser Stelle soll meiner Partnerin weiterer Dank für ihre Geduld und ihr Verständnis ausgesprochen werden. Dieses Dissertationsprojekt wurde nur bedingt gefördert, wodurch ich, aufgrund der Doppelbelastung des Broterwerbes sowie der Verfolgung einer zügigen Fertigstellung der Arbeit, mehr als ein Mal die Grenzen meiner Belastbarkeit ausreizte. Der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz soll ebenfalls Dank entgegengebracht werden, da ich immerhin für acht von insgesamt dreiunddreißig Monaten, die dieses Projekt in Anspruch nahm, Fördergelder erhielt. Zu guter Letzt soll auch den Protagonisten der hier vorliegenden Forschungsarbeit – den Pil- gerinnen und Pilgern – gedankt sein, die sich meist freudig für Interviews zur Verfügung stell- ten und mir oftmals intime Einblicke in ihr Wesen gaben. Inhalt EINLEITUNG ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 INFORMATIONEN ZUM VERSTÄNDNIS ................................................................................................................ 10 VOM PILGERBOOM AM JAKOBSWEG .................................................................................................................. 11 DIE VORLIEGENDE ARBEIT ALS GRUNDLAGENWERK ........................................................................................ 11 ÜBERBLICK....................................................................................................................................................... 13 Erster Teil Forschungsmethodik, Kontextualisierung & Ontologie I. METHODOLOGISCHE GRUNDKRITERIEN .......................................................................................... 15 I. 1. ZUR METHODIK DER FORSCHUNGSREISE ................................................................................................... 15 I. 2. DATENVERKNÜPFUNG MITTELS GROUNDED THEORY ................................................................................ 18 II. KONTEXTUALISIERUNGEN UND ONTOLOGISCHE KRITERIEN................................................. 19 II. 1. JAKOBSPILGERN IM KONTEXT ................................................................................................................... 19 II. 1. 1. Von postmodernen Bedürfnislagen – ein Querschnitt..................................................................... 19 II. 1. 2. Die Frage nach dem Sinn als „Letztbedürfnis“.............................................................................. 21 II. 2. PILGERN ALS TOURISMUSVARIANTE ......................................................................................................... 22 II. 2. 1. Zur Geschichte des Wanderns......................................................................................................... 22 II. 2. 2. Vom Streben nach Homöostase in Urlaub und Freizeit.................................................................. 23 II. 2. 3. Pilgern als Modus des sanften Reisens ........................................................................................... 24 II. 3. ZUR SYSTEMENTITÄT DES CAMINO FRANCÉS ........................................................................................... 25 Zweiter Teil Etymologie, Historie & Grundlagenwissen III. PILGER- VERSUS WALLFAHRT............................................................................................................ 28 III. 1. DAS BILDNIS DES HOMO VIATORS .......................................................................................................... 28 III. 2. ZU DEN KRITERIEN : PRIVATFRÖMMIGKEIT UND AUSGESETZT -SEIN ........................................................ 29 III. 3. POSTMODERNE SEMANTIKEN DER (J AKOBS -)P ILGERFAHRT .................................................................... 31 IV. FIGURATIONEN DES JAKOBSPILGERTUMS .................................................................................... 33 IV. 1. DREIERLEI KETZEREI ! ............................................................................................................................. 33 IV. 1. 1. Der Jakobuskult als Relikt einer archaischen Kultur .................................................................... 33 IV. 1. 2. Vom Mythos der Spanienmission des Jakobus............................................................................... 34 IV. 1. 3. Eine Grabauffindung zur Bekämpfung liberaler Glaubensbrüder................................................. 35 IV. 2. DIE PILGERMETROPOLE „S ANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA “ .......................................................................... 36 IV. 2. 1. Vom Aufstieg Compostelas zum Epizentrum des christlichen Pilgerwesens.................................. 36 IV. 2. 2. Die Pulsader der mittelalterlich-abendländischen Kultur............................................................. 39 Exkurs: Jakobus als Kompetenzgottfigur .................................................................................................... 40 IV. 2. 3. Vierhundert Jahre Niedergang ...................................................................................................... 40 IV. 3. EINE KOMETENHAFTE RENAISSANCE ....................................................................................................... 43 VI. 3. 1. Von den Meilensteinen des Wiederaufstiegs.................................................................................. 43 Exkurs: Europäische Identität als Seifenblase ............................................................................................ 44 V. STRUKTURKRITERIEN DES PILGERSYSTEMS ................................................................................. 46 V.1. GRUNDLAGENWISSEN ................................................................................................................................ 46 V. 1. 1. Jakobusbruderschaften als Knotenpunkte des Systems................................................................... 46 V. 1. 2. Vom Netz europäischer und iberischer Jakobswege....................................................................... 47 Exkurs: Der Camino Francés als „Camino Real“...................................................................................... 49 V. 1. 3. „Wegdokumente“: Pilgerpass & Compostela-Urkunde ................................................................. 51 V. 1. 4. Pilgerführer und Wegzeichen.......................................................................................................... 53 V.2. STATISTISCHE DIFFERENZIERUNGSVERSUCHE ........................................................................................... 55 V. 2. 1. Vom Pilgerboom der letzten beiden Dekaden ................................................................................. 55 V. 2. 2. Jakobspilgern nach Alter und Geschlecht....................................................................................... 56 V. 2. 3. Pilgerfahrten im Jahreszyklus......................................................................................................... 57 V. 2. 4. Pilgerdichte am letzten Viertel des Weges ...................................................................................... 58 V. 2. 5.
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