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Ѵзз 2004 “Turkey- Eu Relations and It’S Future” . J í.fiíS^i" ’ - ' ^ a -S' .*' - V / /УС 11,0-Ζβ ■TS ѵзз 2004 “TURKEY- EU RELATIONS AND IT’S FUTURE” The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ZEYNEP YAYCIOGLU In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA December 2004 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Prof. Dr Yüksel İnan Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Prof. Dr Orhan Güvenen Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. Dr. Ali Tekin Examining Committee Member Approval of the Insttue of Economics and Social Sciences ABSTRACT TURKEY- EU RELATIONS AND IT’S FUTURE Yaycioglu, Zeynep Master of Arts in International Relations Supervisor; Prof. Dr. Yüksel inan December 2004 This thesis analyzes the process of both the European integration process from the beginning till now and the Turkey- EU relations. It also analyzes the existing situation in die lights of the past and gives knowledge to the readers the developments that had happened throughout this long process. In addition, it tries to make anticipations about the future of European Union and Turkey- EU relations. Keywords: EU, Turkey- EU Relations, Future of EU 111 ÖZET TÜRKİYE-AB İLİŞKİLERİ VE GELECEĞİ Yaycıoğlu, Zeynep Yüksek Lisans, Lfluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Yüksel İnan Aralık 2004 Bu çalışma başlangıcından bugüne kadar olan Avrupa bütünleşme sürecini ve Türkiye- AB ilişkilerini analiz ediyor. Bunun yanı sıra, geçmişin ışığında a su an içinde bulunan durumu anlatarak okuyucuya bu geniş dönemdeki gelişmeleri anlatıyor. Ayrıca, bütün bunlardan yola çıkarak hem AB ‘nin geleceği hem de Türkiye- AB ilişkileri hakkında geleceğe yönelik tahminler yapmaya çalışıyor. Anahtar Kelimeler: AB, AB- Türkiye İlişkileri, AB’nin Geleceği IV LIST OF ABBREVATIONS AP : Accession Partnership GEES : Central and Eastern European States CFSP : Common Foreign and Security Policy. EC : European Community ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EDC ; European Defense Committee EEC : European Economic Community EFTA : European Free Trade Association EPC ; European Political Committee ESDP : European Security and Defense Policy EU European Union EUMC : European Union Military Committee EUMS : European Union Military Staff EURATOM : European Atomic Energy Community NATO : North Atlantic Treaty Organization NP : National Program OECD : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PSC Politic and Security Committee TRT ; Turkish Radio Television UN : United Nations USA United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................... iii ÖZET.....................................................................................................................iv LIST OF ABBREVERATIONS ...................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................. ix CHAPTER LINTRODUCTION.........................................................................1 CHAPTER II: THEORIES ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION.................... 6 2.1 First Wave Theories.......................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Neo-functionalism.............................................................. 8 2.1.2 Intergovernmentalism........................................................12 2.2 Second Wave Theories......................................................................14 2.2.1 Liberal Intergovernmentalism..........................................14 2.2.2 Revived Neo-functionalism................................................16 2.2.3 Constructivism....................................................................17 CHAPTER III: HISTORY OF EUROPEAN UNION.................................... 21 3.1 Establishment of ECSC..................................................................... 21 3.2 EURATOM and EEC........................................................................ 22 3.3 Enlargement Waves......................................................................... 24 3.4 Single European Act.......................................................................... 24 3.5 The Treaty on European Union........................................................ 25 3.6 The Amsterdam Treaty..................................................................... 27 CHAPTER IV: RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKEY AND EUROPEAN UNION.................................................................................................................. 29 4.1 First Phase.......................................................................................... 30 4.2 Second Phase...................................................................................... 33 4.2.1 Application of Turkey (1987)- Luxembourg (1997)..... 33 4.2.2 Luxembourg (1997)- Helsinki (1999)................................ 36 4.2.3 Helsinki (1999)- Copenhagen (2002)................................. 37 4.2.4 Copenhagen (2002)- Present ...........................................42 CHAPTER V: CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE PROBABLE FUTURE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION ........................................................ 45 5.1 External Factors................................................................................ 46 5.1.1 Structure of International System......................................46 5.1.1.1 Questioning Unipolarity........................................ 46 5.1.1.1.1 Unipolarity: American Hegemony.... 46 5.1.1.1.2 American Hegemony: Criticised........ 48 5.1.1.2 Anarchic Structure of the International System. 50 5.1.2 Relationship Between USA and Europe............................ 53 5.1.2.1 Different Strategic Cultures.................................. 53 5.1.2.2 Power Gap Betw'een EU- USA................................56 5.1.2.3 Division of Labor..................................................... 58 5.1.3 Globalisation.......................................................................... 61 5.1.3.1 Economist Model of Explanation........................... 62 5.1.3.2 Second Model of Explanation................................. 63 VI 5.1.3.3 Which One For EU................................................ 65 5.2 Internal Factors................................................................................. 66 5.2.1 Dynamism of EU and Its Institution.................................... 66 5.2.2 Enlargement......................................................................... 67 5.2.2.1 First Enlargement.................................................... 68 5.2.2.2 Second Enlargement................................................ 69 5.2.2.3 Third Enlargement.................................................. 70 5.2.2.4 Current Enlargements............................................ 71 5.2.3 IdeaofCFSP.......................................................................... 76 5.2.3.1 Development of CFSP............................................. 77 5.2.3.2 Single European Act............................................... 77 5.2.3.3 The Treaty on European Union............................. 78 5.2.3.4 The Treaty of Amsterdam.............................. 80 5.2.4 ESDP........................................................................................82 5.2.4.1 The Treaty on European Union.............................. 82 5.2.4.2 The Treaty of Amsterdam....................................... 83 5.2.4.3 Nice Summit......................................................... 84 CHAPTER VI: EU AS A GLOBAL POWER................................................... 86 6.1 A Constitution For Europe................................................................ 87 6.1.1 CFSP and CSDP.................................................................... 88 6.1.1.1 Institutional Reforms Regarding CFSP................ 91 6.1.1.1.1 EU Foreign Minister........................... 92 6.1.1.1.2 President of the EU Council............... 93 6.1.1.1.3 Decision- making Procedures........... 95 6.1.1.2 Institutional Reforms Regarding CSDP............... 95 6.1.1.2.1 Decision- making Procedures.............. 95 6.1.1.2.2 The Scope of EU Tasks........................ 96 6.2 Barriers Against Being A More Influential Actor........................... 98 6.2.1 Economic Difficulties........................................................... 99 6.2.2 Political Difficulties........................................................... 102 6.2.2.1 Views of Members..................................................102 6.2.2.2 American Attitude Towards Political Integration ..................................................................................107 6.2.3 Geopolitical Difficulties........................................................110 CHAPTER VII: FUTURE OF TURKEY- EU RELATIONS....................... 113 7.1 Difficulties of Turkish Membership..............................................
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