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Non-Chemical On-Farm Hermetic Maize Storage in East Africa Ali Yakubu Iowa State University

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Non-Chemical On-Farm Hermetic Maize Storage in East Africa Ali Yakubu Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2009 Non-chemical on-farm hermetic maize storage in East Africa Ali Yakubu Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Yakubu, Ali, "Non-chemical on-farm hermetic maize storage in East Africa" (2009). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 10856. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/10856 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Non-chemical on-farm hermetic maize storage in East Africa By Ali Yakubu A thesis submitted to graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Industrial and Agricultural Technology Program of Study Committee: Carl Bern, Major Professor Arnold Paulsen Brian Steward Glen Rippke Joel Coats Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2009 Copyright © Ali Yakubu, 2009. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………..……….…..v LIST OF FIGURES...…………………………………………………...….....……...…...vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………..…….…....ix ABSTRACT………………………………………………………….……………...….…..x CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..1 Thesis organization……....……………………………………………….1 Literature review…..…………………………….…………………….….1 The maize plant……………………………………………………..……1 World production……… …………………...……………………………6 Maize utilization………… …...…………………………………………..8 Maize storage and preservation…… …………………….…………..12 Other storage problems……………….………………………………..13 Insect detection and quantification methods……….…………………14 Maize weevil…………………………...….……………………………..16 Maize preservation…...….…………………………….……………..…22 Barrels…...…….………………………….……………….…………......34 Oxygen quantification……..……………………………………………..34 Pycnometry……..…………………………………………………………37 Rodents……..……………………………………………………………..38 GENERAL OBJECTIVES…...……………………………………………………….…..38 REFERENCES….……………...…………………………………………………………39 iii CHAPTER 2. NON-CHEMICAL ON-FARM HERMETIC MAIZE STORAGE IN EAST AFRICA…..…………….………………………………..………………………………..50 INTRODUCTION…………..………………………………………………………..…...52 Maize…..………...………………………………………..……………...52 Weevil and mold activity………………….…………………………….54 Hermetic storage………..……………………………………………....55 Steel and plastic containers…………………………………….……...57 Objective……………………………………………………………….…58 Experimental design…………………………………….………..……..61 Dead weevil features……………….…………………………………...62 Statistical analysis…………………………….…………………………63 Temperature and weevil respiration………….…..…………..……….69 Weevil adaptation to hypoxia……….………………………….………73 CONCLUSIONS……..…………………………………………………………….…….78 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………..79 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………...82 Storage study……………….…………………………………………...82 Oxygen quantification/weevil curves…………………………………..83 Future research………………………………………………………….83 iv APPENDIX A: VB SOFTWARE AND GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE (GUI)……..85 APPENDIX B: STUDY 1-TREATMENT ASSIGNMEN……………………………...90 APPENDIX C: DRYING PRINCIPLE AND CALCULATIONS……………………....98 APPENDIX D: EXPERIMENTAL SETUP…………………………………………...107 APPENDIX E: STUDY 1 DATA SHEETS…………………………………………...116 APPENDIX F: OXYGEN QUANTIFICATION…………………………………….…128 APPENDIX G: WEEVIL OXYGEN UTILIZATION……………………………….....130 APPENDIX H: WEEVIL OXYGEN GRAPH INTERPOLATION………..…….…...134 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: 2004 maize export statistics by country sorted by value .............. ………..7 Table 1.2 : 2006-2007 maize production statistics by country sorted by value .......... 8 Table 1.3 : Nutritional composition comparison per 100 g maize, weat and rice grain sorted by value......................................................................................................... 11 Table 1.4: Safe maize grain storage moisture content requirements....................... 12 Table 1.5: Detection techniques for stored grain insects ......................................... 15 Table 1.6: Shelled corn storage time (SCST) in days .............................................. 19 Table 1.7: Petroleum ether extract of four medicinal plants evaluated for insecticidal activities against Sitophilus zeamais........................................................................ 24 Table 2.1: East African average maize consumption by country ............................. 52 Table 2.2: East African average maize production by country................................. 53 Table 2.3: Statistical factors comparison ................................................................. 64 Table 2.4: 100% weevil mortality conditions and maize kernel densities................. 73 Appendix B-Table 1: 27OC Chamber 1 run 1 treatment ........................................... 90 Appendix B-Table 2: 10OC Chamber 2 run 1 treatment ........................................... 91 Appendix B-Table 3: 10OC Chamber 3 run 1 treatment ........................................... 92 Appendix B-Table 4: 27OC Chamber 4 run 1 treatment ........................................... 93 Appendix B-Table 5: 27OC Chamber 1 run 2 treatment ........................................... 94 vi Appendix B-Table 6: 27OC Chamber 2 run 2 treatment positions………………...….95 Appendix B-Table 7: 10OC Chamber 3 run 2 treatment positions………………..…..96 Appendix B-Table 8: 10OC Chamber 4 run 2 treatment positions……………………97 Appendix C-Table 1: Oven test results for study 1…………………………………..104 Appendix C-Table 2: Initial maize moisture determination…………………………..106 Appendix E-Table 1: weevil mortality data recording…………………………...……116 Appendix E-Table 2: Mean weevil mortality at 27OC over 3 days for each moisture…………………………………………………………………………….……..124 Appendix E-Table 3: Mean weevil mortality at 27OC, hermetic over 5 days for all moisture……………………………………………………………………………...……125 Appendix E-Table 4: Mean weevil mortality at 27OC over 5 (hermetic) and 3 days (non-hermetic) for all moisture………………………………………………...………..125 Appendix E-Table 5: Mean weevil mortality at 10OC over 3 days for each moisture……………………………………………………………………...……………126 Appendix E-Table 6: Mean weevil mortality at 10OC over 5 (hermetic) and 3 days (non-hermetic) for all moisture…………………………………………….……………127 Appendix F-Table 1: Oven test results for study 2……………………….………….128 Appendix G-Table 1: Weevil oxygen consumption at each moisture and temperature………………………………………………………………………….……132 Appendix G-Table 2: Average values of oxygen quantification at 27OC and two moistures (8 and 16%)…………………………………………………………………..132 Appendix G-Table 3: Average values of oxygen quantification at 10OC and two moistures (8 and 16%)…………………………………………………………………..133 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1a. The maize plant ..................................................................................... 2 Figure 1.1b. Maize ..................................................................................................... 3 Figure 1.1c. The arrangement and structure of male and female flowers on a maize plant ...........................................................................................................................4 Figure 1.2a. Maize kernel:outer layer and internal structure...................................... 9 Figure 1.2b. Parts of the maize kernel ..................................................................... 10 Figure 1.3. The maize weevil and weevil infested maize ......................................... 17 Figure 1.4a. Double-bagging……………………………………………………………..30 Figure 1.4b. Woven polypropylene SGB-HC ........................................................... 31 Figure 1.5. Mill concrete silos .................................................................................. 33 Figure 1.6. Hermetic oxygen quantification of weevil infested maize....................... 36 Figure 2.1. Mean mortality of S. zeamais hermetic storage at 27OC........................ 66 Figure 2.2. Mean mortality of S. zeamais hermetic storage at 10OC........................ 67 Figure 2.3. Mean mortality of S. zeamais non-hermetic storage at 27OC ................ 68 Figure 2.4. Mean mortality of S. zeamais non-hermetic storage at 10OC ................ 69 Figure 2.5. Average percentage oxygen for three replications at 8% maize moisture and 10OC ................................................................................................................. 70 Figure 2.6. Average percentage oxygen for three replications at 16% maize moisture and 10OC ................................................................................................................. 71 Figure 2.7. Average percentage oxygen for three replications at 16% maize moisture and 27OC ................................................................................................................. 72 Figure 2.8. Average percentage oxygen for three replications at 8% maize moisture and 27OC ................................................................................................................. 72 Figure 2.9. Average oxygen consumption of maize weevils in shelled maize.......... 77 viii Appendix A-Figure 1. Graphic user interface (GUI) ................................................. 88 Appendix A-Figure 2. Oxygen quantification circuitry .............................................
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