Laurel Wilt on Sassafras

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Laurel Wilt on Sassafras Technical Forestry Bulletin ● NRES-305 Forest Heath Alert - Laurel Wilt on Sassafras Christopher W. Evans, Extension Forestry and Research Specialist Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences A new forest health threat, laurel wilt, has recently been detected in states neighboring southern Illinois. This has the ability to rapidly kill sassafras trees (Sassafras albidum) and potentially spicebush (Lindera benzoin). Laurel wilt is a disease complex caused by the interaction of an exotic fungus (Raffaelea lauricola) and the exotic red-bay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). Symptoms of laurel wilt on sassafras include rapid wilting of leaves, red-brown leaves still attached to dead or dying trees and dark streaky staining in wood just under bark. If you see sassafras trees matching these symptoms, please alert the University of Illinois Extension Forestry Program at [email protected] or 618-695-3383. Red-brown leaves still attached Dark streaky staining under bark Staining of small sassafras stem Evans, C. W. 2019. Forest Heath Alert—Laurel Wilt on Sassafras. University of Illinois Extension Technical Forestry Bulletin NRES-305. Urbana, IL 1page. Images courtesy of Abe Nielson, Kentucky Division of Forestry © 2019 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. All Rights Reserved. Information provided within this bulletin is for informational purposes only. Reference to specific external websites, trade names, commercial products, companies, or individuals does not imply endorsement by University of Illinois Extension, nor is discrimination intended against any that are not listed. The Dept. of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences and Extension Forestry at the University of Illinois would like to thank and acknowledge the Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA) and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture for Extension Forestry program funding. University of Illinois Extension provides equal opportunities in programs and employment. .
Recommended publications
  • Developmental Biology of Xyleborus Bispinatus (Coleoptera
    Fungal Ecology 35 (2018) 116e126 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fungal Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Developmental biology of Xyleborus bispinatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on an artificial medium and fungal cultivation of symbiotic fungi in the beetle's galleries * L.F. Cruz a, , S.A. Rocio a, b, L.G. Duran a, b, O. Menocal a, C.D.J. Garcia-Avila c, D. Carrillo a a Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th St, Homestead, 33031, FL, USA b Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera Mexico - Texcoco, Chapingo, Mex, 56230, Mexico c Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnostico, Servicios y Constatacion, Tecamac, 55740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico article info abstract Article history: Survival of ambrosia beetles relies on obligate nutritional relationships with fungal symbionts that are Received 10 January 2018 cultivated in tunnels excavated in the sapwood of their host trees. The dynamics of fungal associates, Received in revised form along with the developmental biology, and gallery construction of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus bispi- 10 July 2018 natus were elaborated. One generation of this ambrosia beetle was reared in an artificial medium con- Accepted 12 July 2018 taining avocado sawdust. The developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 22 to 24 d. The mean Available online 23 August 2018 total gallery length (14.4 cm and 13 tunnels) positively correlated with the number of adults. The most Corresponding Editor: Peter Biedermann prevalent fungal associates were Raffaelea arxii in the foundress mycangia and new galleries, and Raf- faelea subfusca in the mycangia of the F1 adults and the final stages of the galleries.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2016 Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M. Shearman Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Shearman, Timothy M., "Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States" (2016). All Dissertations. 1656. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1656 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPACTS OF LAUREL WILT DISEASE ON NATIVE PERSEA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Forest Resources by Timothy M. Shearman May 2016 Accepted by: Dr. G. Geoff Wang, Committee Chair Dr. Saara J. DeWalt Dr. Donald L. Hagan Dr. Julia L. Kerrigan Dr. William C. Bridges ABSTRACT Laurel Wilt Disease (LWD) has caused severe mortality in native Persea species of the southeastern United States since it was first detected in 2003. This study was designed to document the range-wide population impacts to LWD, as well as the patterns of mortality and regeneration in Persea ecosystems. I used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from the U.S. Forest Service to estimate Persea borbonia (red bay) populations from 2003 to 2011 to see if any decline could be observed since the introduction of LWD causal agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Redbay Ambrosia Beetle-Laurel Wilt Pathogen: a Potential Major Problem for the Florida Avocado Industry1 Jonathan H
    HS1136 Redbay Ambrosia Beetle-Laurel Wilt Pathogen: A Potential Major Problem for the Florida Avocado Industry1 Jonathan H. Crane, Jorgé Peña, and J.L. Osborne2 Descriptions the redbay ambrosia beetle and its associated fungus (which causes laurel wilt; Raffaelea lauricola) can cause whole tree Ambrosia Beetles death (Fraedrich et al., 2008). Ambrosia beetles are members of the insect tribe Xyleborini and are known for attacking various woody plants, causing Most ambrosia beetles attack trees and shrubs that are some limb and stem dieback and sometimes plant death stressed, dying, or dead. Plant stress may be the result of (Rabaglia et al., 2006; Atkinson and Peck, 1994). There are drought, flooding, freezing temperature damage, wind at least 30 species of ambrosia beetles in Florida, several of damage, or very poor cultural practices. In contrast, some which are non-native (Thomas, 2007). Typically ambrosia ambrosia beetles -- the redbay ambrosia beetle included beetles have a symbiotic relationship with a fungus, and the -- attack healthy trees. More importantly, the fungus that beetles carry fungal spores on their bodies. causes laurel wilt, which accompanies this beetle, often causes tree death. When the beetles bore into the sapwood of the host tree, the galleries formed from the beetle boring are inoculated Redbay Ambrosia Beetle with the fungal spores, which then germinate and infect The redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus) is a very the host tissue (Atkinson and Peck, 1994; Thomas, 2007). small (about 2 mm in length), dark brown to black, cylin- The fungus continues to grow in the galleries and adjacent der-shaped beetle, similar to other ambrosia beetles found sapwood, disrupting the flow of water and nutrients in the in Florida (Hanula et al., 2008) (Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Raffaelea Lauricola T.C
    -- CALIFORNIA D EPAUMENT OF cdfa FOOD & AGRICULTURE ~ California Pest Rating Proposal for Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, 2008 Laurel Wilt Current Pest Rating: None Proposed Pest Rating: A Domain: Eukaryota, Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Subphylum: Pezizomycotina, Class: Sordariomycetes, Subclass: Sordariomycetidae, Order: Ophiostomatales, Family: Ophiostomataceae Comment Period: 08/25/2021 through 10/09/2021 Initiating Event: The USDA’s Federal Interagency Committee on Invasive Terrestrial Animals and Pathogens (ITAP.gov) Subcommittee on Plant Pathogens has identified the worst plant pathogens that are either in the United States and have potential for further spread or represent a new threat if introduced. Raffaelea lauricola is on this list. A pest risk assessment of this fungus is presented here, and an official pest rating for California is proposed. History & Status: Background: Since 2003, a wilt disease has been observed causing substantial mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia) and other members of the family Lauraceae in the coastal plains of South Carolina, Georgia, and northeastern Florida. In 2008, Fraedrich et al. published that the cause of the extensive tree mortality was from a new disease caused by a previously unknown vascular fungal pathogen they named “laurel wilt”. In the same year, Harrington et al. (2008) described the laurel wilt pathogen as a new species of Raffaelea by analyses of rDNA sequences. It is a member of the monophyletic group of species with Raffaelea and other asexual fungi that are primarily nutritional symbionts of ambrosia beetles. This pathogen produces conidiophores and conidia similar to those of other beetle symbionts that are related to the Ophiostoma clade, an infamous group responsible for Dutch elm disease and many other lethal, beetle-transmitted tree diseases around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Range Expansion and Increasing Damage Potential of Euwallacea Nr
    Host range expansion and increasing damage potential of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida David Owens1,2, Luisa F. Cruz3, Wayne S. Montgomery1, Teresa I. Narvaez1, Elena Q. Schnell1, Nurhayat Tabanca1, Rita E. Duncan3, Daniel Carrillo3, and Paul E. Kendra1,* Abstract Ambrosia beetles in the Euwallacea nr. fornicatus complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) vector Fusarium spp. fungi pathogenic to susceptible hosts, including avocado, Persea americana Mill., (Lauraceae). Previous survey traps in Florida avocado groves indicated significant beetle populations in several groves with minimal observed beetle activity, suggesting an external beetle source. A natural area near one such grove revealedE. nr. fornica- tus colonization of wild tamarind, Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Bentham (Fabaceae). A survey of the natural area was conducted to understand the role that natural areas might play in E. nr. fornicatus ecology in southern Florida. Headspace volatiles from rasped avocado and L. latisiliquum bark were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) to identify potential attractants. Genetic analysis confirmed that these beetles and their symbiotic fungi are of the same complex that attacks Florida avocado. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis indicated that avocado is high in α-copaene (a known attractant of E. nr. fornicatus), but this kairomone is lacking in L. latisiliquum. Host diam and ht were examined for potential influence on colonization behavior.Albizia lebbeck (L.) Bentham (Fabaceae) and an unknown shrub also were observed to be suitable hosts. Concur- rent with this study, a nearby grove of soursop, Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae), was found to have infestations ofE. nr. fornicatus. Euwallacea nr. fornicatus populations are increasing in Florida and other cultivated and native trees are potentially at risk.
    [Show full text]
  • Laurel Wilt: a Devastating Disease of G Lauraceous Trees
    Laurel Wilt: A Devastating Disease of Lauraceous Trees A.E. Mayfield A.E. Mayfield Bud Mayfield, Forest Entomologist Florida DACS Division of Forestry FHM Working Group Meeting, Savannah, GA 24 Feb 2009 Acknowledgments This presentation contains data and information provided by many individuals • UDSA Forest Service • Florida DACS – Stephen Fraedrich – Jeff Eickwort, Ed Barnard, Mike – Jim Hanula Thomas – Bob Rabaglia – Mike Ulyshen • South Carolina Forestry Comm. – Dan Miller – Laurie Reed, Andy Boone – W.D. Smith • Georgia Forestry Commission • Iowa State University – James Johnson, Chip Bates – Tom Harrington – Scott Cameron • University of Florida • Rainbow Treecare Scientific – Jason Smith – Shawn Bernick – Randy Ploetz • USDA-ARS – John Foltz – Kent Smith – Jorge Pena • North Carolina State Univ. – Jonathan Crane – F.H. Koch – MHhMarc Hughes – Tyler Dreaden • Others I have probably overlooked Laurel Wilt: Introduction • Laurel wilt: – Vascular wilt disease of trees in the Lauraceae in the southeastern U.S. A.E. Mayfield • The pathogen: – Raffaelea lauricola, a newly- described ambrosia beetle symbiont S.W. Fraedrich • The vector: – Xyleborus glabratus, the redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), a non-native invasive species M.C. Thomas Redbay (Persea borbonia) • Aromatic, broadleaved, evergreen ofSEf SE coast al pl ai n • Other closely-related species or varieties (swamp bay, silk bay) • Wide habitat variety: hammocks, swamp edges, dunes, residential • Cultural value: culinary, cabinetry, woodturning • Fruits utilized by variety of wildlife • Important larval host of Palamedes swallowtail butterflyy( (Papilio palamedes) Redbay (Persea borbonia) A.E. Mayfield Redbay (Persea borbonia) A.E. Mayfield Redbay (Persea borbonia) GDG. Dunn A.E. Mayfield G. Dunn S.W. Fraedrich Redbay at the Horton House on Jekyll Island, GA (November, 2006) Horton House on Jekyll Island, GA (December, 2007) Photo credit: William Kauffman (USDA APHIS) Redbays on coastal dunes A.E.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Laurel Wilt Disease in Georgia: Progression in Redbay and Sassafras – 2008-2010
    Evaluation of Laurel Wilt Disease in Georgia: Progression in Redbay and Sassafras – 2008-2010 A program of the Georgia Forestry Commission with support from the USDA Forest Service – Forest Health Protection Region 8 Evaluation of Laurel Wilt Disease in Georgia: Progression in Redbay and Sassafras – 2008-2010 By: R. Scott Cameron, Chip Bates, and James Johnson Georgia Forestry Commission December 2010 Cover photo: A unique high density stand of large redbay devastated by laurel wilt disease near Claxton, GA, photographed on 2/11/2009. ii Table of Contents Background ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives............................................................................................................................................................ 1 Methods ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 LWD Distribution and Spread in Georgia ................................................................................................ 1 Long-term Monitoring Plots ........................................................................................................................ 1 Plot distribution and classification ......................................................................................................... 2 Plot installation and data collection methods ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Laurel Wilt Threatens Redbay
    NEW DISEASE EPIDEMIC THREATENS REDBAY AND OTHER RELATED SPECIES James Johnson, Georgia Forestry Commission Laurie Reid, South Carolina Forestry Commission Bud Mayfield, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services – Division of Forestry Don Duerr, USDA Forest Service – Forest Health Protection Stephen Fraedrich, USDA Forest Service – Southern Research Station Laurel wilt, a new disease of redbay (Persea James Johnson, Georgia Forestry Commission borbonia) and other plant species in the family Lauraceae, is causing widespread mortality in the Redbay tree with ambrosial fungus in beetle coastal regions of South Carolina, Georgia and galleries. Florida. The disease is caused by a fungus (Raffaelea species) that is introduced into trees by Commission Forestry Georgia Johnson, James an exotic insect, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus), which is native to Asia and is the 12th new species of ambrosia beetle introduced into the U.S. since 1990. Redbay trees grow in the Coastal Plain region from eastern Texas to Virginia and are ecologically and culturally important, although of minor commercial timber value. Redbay trees provide fruit for song birds, turkey, and quail; deer and black bear browse on the foliage and fruits. Additionally, the larvae “Toothpicks” on Xyleborus glabratus attacked of the Palamedes swallowtail butterfly require redbay leaves for development. redbay tree. The redbay ambrosia beetle was discovered in Savannah’s Port Wentworth area in spring 2002; however, it is likely to have been established in the area prior to 2002 when the three adult specimens were trapped at the port. The beetle likely entered the country in solid wood packing material with cargo that was imported at Port Wentworth.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutritional Symbionts of a Putative Vector, Xyleborus Bispinatus, of the Laurel Wilt Pathogen of Avocado, Raffaelea Lauricola
    Symbiosis DOI 10.1007/s13199-017-0514-3 Nutritional symbionts of a putative vector, Xyleborus bispinatus, of the laurel wilt pathogen of avocado, Raffaelea lauricola J. R. Saucedo1 & R. C. Ploetz1 & J. L. Konkol1 & M. Ángel2 & J. Mantilla1 & O. Menocal1 & D. Carrillo1 Received: 18 May 2017 /Accepted: 22 September 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017 Abstract Ambrosia beetles subsist on fungal symbionts that the beetle were positively impacted. However, no fungus was they carry to, and cultivate in, their natal galleries. These sym- recovered from, and reproduction did not occur on, the bionts are usually saprobes, but some are phytopathogens. A. roeperi and no symbiont diets. These results highlight the Very few ambrosial symbioses have been studied closely, flexible nature of the ambrosial symbiosis, which for X. and little is known about roles that phytopathogenic symbi- bispinatus includes a fungus with which it has no evolutionary onts play in the life cycles of these beetles. One of the latter history. Although the Bprimary^ symbiont of the neotropical symbionts, Raffaelea lauricola, causes laurel wilt of avocado, X. bispinatus is unclear, it is not the Asian R. lauricola. Persea americana, but its original ambrosia beetle partner, Xyleborus glabratus, plays an uncertain role in this Keywords Nutritional symbiont . Laurel wilt . Avocado . pathosystem. We examined the response of a putative, alter- Raffaelea lauricola . Xyleborus bispinatus native vector of R. lauricola, Xyleborus bispinatus,toartificial diets of R. lauricola and other ambrosia fungi. Newly eclosed, unfertilized females of X. bispinatus were reared in no-choice 1 Introduction assays on one of five different symbionts or no symbiont.
    [Show full text]
  • Laurel Wilt: a Threat to Redbay, Avocado and Related Trees in Urban and Rural Landscapes1
    HS1137 Laurel Wilt: A Threat to Redbay, Avocado and Related Trees in Urban and Rural Landscapes1 Albert E. Mayfield III, Jonathan H. Crane and Jason A. Smith2 Introduction Descriptions Laurel wilt is a disease of redbay (Persea Ambrosia Beetles borbonia), avocado (Persea americana), and other trees in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is caused by In general, ambrosia beetles are very small, a fungus (Raffaelea sp.) that stops the flow of water wood-boring insects that typically attack trees and in host trees, causing the leaves to wilt. The fungus is shrubs that are already stressed, dying, or dead. carried into host trees by a non-native insect, the There are at least 30 species of ambrosia beetles in redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus), which Florida, several of which are non-native. Ambrosia was first detected in the United States in 2002 and beetles transport spores of fungi with which they have Florida in 2005.Laurel wilt has caused high levels of a mutually beneficial relationship. When an ambrosia redbay tree death in Florida, Georgia, and South beetle bores into a host tree, it creates tunnels Carolina, and avocado has succumbed to this disease (galleries) in the sapwood and inoculates the gallery in both residential and experimental settings. At this walls with fungal spores that are carried on its body. time, the geographic distribution of the redbay The fungus grows in the galleries and serves as food ambrosia beetle and laurel wilt disease continues to for the beetles and their larvae. Thus, ambrosia expand in Florida. beetles can be considered "fungus farmers." The fungus obtains nutrition from the tree and is dispersed to new trees by the beetles when they emerge from the wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Fungi As Biological Control Agents for the Vector of The
    Biological Control xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents for the vector of the laurel wilt disease, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ⇑ D. Carrillo a, , C.A. Dunlap b, P.B. Avery c, J. Navarrete a, R.E. Duncan a, M.A. Jackson b, R.W. Behle b, R.D. Cave c, J. Crane a, A.P. Rooney b, J.E. Peña a a University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031, United States b U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, United States c University of Florida, Indian River Res. and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States highlights graphical abstract Four fungal strains can infect and kill Xyleborus glabratus, vector of laurel wilt. Spores adhere to beetles walking on fungus-treated wood. Initial tunneling activity is not inhibited but beetles die inside the tunnels. Beauveria bassiana kills Xyleborus glabratus faster than other tested fungi. Fungal pathogens are potential biological control agents of Xyleborus glabratus. article info abstract Article history: The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus, is a wood-boring insect that vectors the fungal Received 16 December 2013 pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, which causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of avocado. The objective of this Accepted 28 October 2014 study was to determine the susceptibility of RAB to infection and subsequent death by exposure to three Available online xxxx commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi [two strains of Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr 3581 and PFR), and strain GHA of Beauveria bassiana].
    [Show full text]
  • The Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus Glabratus Eichhoff (Scolytinae: Curculionidae)
    DACS-P-01651 Pest Alert Pest Alert revised 30-July-2009 Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry Charles H. Bronson, Commissioner of Agriculture The Redbay Ambrosia Beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Scolytinae: Curculionidae) Albert E. Mayfield III, Forest Entomologist, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Forestry Michael C. Thomas, [email protected], Taxonomic Entomologist, Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry INTRODUCTION: The redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff, was first detected in the US in a survey trap near Port Wentworth, Georgia in 2002 (Rabaglia 2005). By 2003, this Asian beetle and its associated fungus (Raffaelea lauricola T. C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva) had caused substantial mortality of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.) within a 40-mile radius of the initial trap detection (Douce and Johnson 2005), but the cause of the mortality was unknown at that time. By 2005, Xyleborus glabratus was found to be consistently associated with unusual redbay and sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees) mortality in an expanded area of coastal South Carolina and Georgia. In Florida, unusual mortality of redbay was first reported in the spring of 2005 at theTimucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in northern Duval County, and the presence of X. glabratus was confirmed at this site in October 2005. Currently, the range of X. glabratus and associated redbay mortality continues to expand in Florida and the coastal Southeast. This ambrosia beetle introduces a vascular fungus (Raffaelea lauricola) into its host, causing infected redbays and other hosts in the Lauraceae to wilt and die within a few weeks or months.
    [Show full text]