DOCSLIB.ORG

Entomopathogenic Fungi As Biological Control Agents for the Vector of The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Entomopathogenic Fungi As Biological Control Agents for the Vector of The Biological Control xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Control journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ybcon Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents for the vector of the laurel wilt disease, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ⇑ D. Carrillo a, , C.A. Dunlap b, P.B. Avery c, J. Navarrete a, R.E. Duncan a, M.A. Jackson b, R.W. Behle b, R.D. Cave c, J. Crane a, A.P. Rooney b, J.E. Peña a a University of Florida, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead, FL 33031, United States b U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, United States c University of Florida, Indian River Res. and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States highlights graphical abstract Four fungal strains can infect and kill Xyleborus glabratus, vector of laurel wilt. Spores adhere to beetles walking on fungus-treated wood. Initial tunneling activity is not inhibited but beetles die inside the tunnels. Beauveria bassiana kills Xyleborus glabratus faster than other tested fungi. Fungal pathogens are potential biological control agents of Xyleborus glabratus. article info abstract Article history: The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus, is a wood-boring insect that vectors the fungal Received 16 December 2013 pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, which causes laurel wilt, a lethal disease of avocado. The objective of this Accepted 28 October 2014 study was to determine the susceptibility of RAB to infection and subsequent death by exposure to three Available online xxxx commercial strains of entomopathogenic fungi [two strains of Isaria fumosorosea (Ifr 3581 and PFR), and strain GHA of Beauveria bassiana]. RAB females were dipped in fungal spore solutions and their median Keywords: survivorship times (MST) determined. Contact with any of the biopesticides resulted in death of all Avocado RAB females. MSTs of RAB females ranged from 3 days (B. bassiana) to 5 days (I. fumosorosea PFR). B. bas- Lauraceae siana killed RAB females faster, followed by Ifr 3581 and PFR. RAB females dipped in B. bassiana suspen- Xyleborus glabratus Invasive species sions had the highest number of viable spores attached to their bodies, followed by Ifr 3581. Beetles Beauveria bassiana dipped in PFR suspension had significantly less viable spores attached to their bodies. No significant dif- Isaria fumosorosea ferences were observed in the mortality of beetles exposed to entomopathogenic fungi by dipping in a fungal suspension or walking on treated avocado bolts. Beetles bored into the logs and constructed gal- leries, but they were found dead inside the galleries a few days after exposure to the entomopathogens. Entomopathogenic fungal infection in dead beetles was confirmed through molecular techniques. This is the first study to demonstrate that entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents against RAB. Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +1 305 2467003. E-mail address: dancar@ufl.edu (D. Carrillo). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.10.009 1049-9644/Ó 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Carrillo, D., et al. Entomopathogenic fungi as biological control agents for the vector of the laurel wilt disease, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.10.009 2 D. Carrillo et al. / Biological Control xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 1. Introduction entomopathogenic inoculation of adult females could result in reduced beetle populations in the field (Castrillo et al., 2011). Avocado is Florida’s second most important fruit crop after cit- The objective of this study was to provide baseline data on the rus, with an economic impact of $54 million annually (Evans et al., potential use of three formulations of different entomopathogenic 2010). The redbay ambrosia beetle (RAB), Xyleborus glabratus Eich- fungi to cause RAB mortality. The specific objectives were to: (1) hoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), represents a major determine the median survivorship times of RABs exposed to the threat to the avocado industry. This beetle vectors the fungal path- entomopathogenic fungi; (2) determine the number of viable ogen, Raffaelea lauricola T.C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva spores attached to beetles exposed to fungal suspension of the (Harrington et al., 2008), which causes laurel wilt (LW), a lethal pathogens, and (3) compare infection rates between beetles dipped disease of trees in the family Lauraceae, including avocado, Persea in fungal solutions and beetles interacting with avocado wood americana Mill. (Crane et al., 2008; Mayfield et al., 2008). RAB was treated with fungal solutions. first detected during 2002 in southeast Georgia (Rabaglia et al., 2006), and the rapid spread of the vector has resulted in severe 2. Materials and methods mortality of several environmentally important native ornamental and forest tree species such as redbay [Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng.] 2.1. Beetle collection and rearing and swamp bay [Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg.] in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida (Fraedrich et al., 2008; Hanula et al., 2008). Wilting trees from a natural area in Miami-Dade County In 2007, LW eliminated a homeowner’s backyard avocado tree in (25°43037.9600N–80°28036.1600W) with abundant swamp bay trees northeastern Florida (Mayfield et al., 2008). A rapid progression infested with RAB were cut and measured, and wood >10 cm £ of this disease was observed during 2010 in an abandoned com- was stored inside emergence chambers (0.17 m3, Brute container mercial avocado grove located in Highlands County (central Flor- 2643-60, RubbermaidÒ, with a mason jar placed in a hole in one ida) (J.E. Peña/D. Carrillo, personal observation). of its sides to collect emerging beetles), transported to, and held Over 95% of avocados in Florida are grown in Miami-Dade at the Containment Facility of the University of Florida, Tropical County in the southeastern coast of the peninsula. During January Research and Education Center (TREC), Homestead, Florida. Wood 2010, the first RAB was detected in a natural area in Miami-Dade was kept at 14:10 h L:D, 80% RH, and 25 °C. RAB females that County about 19 km north of the commercial avocado production emerged from the wood were collected daily and placed inside area (Ploetz et al., 2011). By February 2011, the first native Petri dishes (5 cm £) provided with a moistened filter paper. Bee- swamp bay trees were confirmed positive for laurel wilt, and tles were kept inside a refrigerator at 12 °C before conducting the by February 2012 the disease was detected in a commercial avo- bioassays. All RAB adult females used in the bioassays were used cado grove (FDACS, 2012). To date, over 3000 avocado trees in 52 within 2 days of collection (Carrillo et al., 2014). groves have been destroyed due to this insect–disease complex (J. Crane, personal observation), and research in other parts of 2.2. Fungi the southeastern US and north Florida has demonstrated that anywhere this insect–disease complex is left unchallenged for Two strains of I. fumosorosea (ARSEF 3581 = Ifr 3581, a TX strain 18–24 months, 95% of the host (susceptible) trees are killed. isolated from Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and PFR 97Ò 20% WDG, an However, at this initial stage of the RAB’s invasion of the com- Apopka, FL commercial strain isolated from a mealybug, Phenacoc- mercial avocado growing area, vector densities are low (Carrillo cus solani Ferris (Certis USA, Columbia, MD)), and one commercial et al., 2012), which indicates that there is an urgent need to strain of B. bassiana GHA (Balsamo) Vuillemin (BotaniGardÒ quickly mitigate the spread of this problem to reduce its impact ES, Laverlam International, Butte, MT) were tested. The two on the entire Florida avocado industry. Current management I. fumosorosea strains were blastospore powder formulations in strategies for RAB have focused on evaluating chemical and vacuum-sealed bags containing 109 colony forming units (CFU)/g, cultural control practices. Several contact insecticides have been and B. bassiana was an emusifiable suspension. All products were tested and, so far, their effectiveness is limited (Peña et al., commercial formulations and were refrigerated at 4 °C until use. 2011; Carrillo et al., 2013). Growers are cutting, chipping, and All conidial or blastospore counts were made using a plastic burning infested/infected trees with the hope of reducing beetle disposable C-Chip Neubauer Improved hemocytometer (Incyto populations and the spread of the pathogen. One technique not yet DHC-No. 1, Chungnam, Korea) and viewed under a Leica tested is the use of entomopathogenic fungi, which has produced DM500 Brightfield (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) at good results with other Scolytinae. Several fungal entomopatho- 400Â. Suspensions were diluted to 2.4 Â 106 blastospores or gens are associated with scolytine beetles (Popa et al., 2011). conidia/mL. Changing focal depth with the microscope was Among them, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo), Metarhizium brunne- required to distinguish B. bassiana spores, which have conspicuous um (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (formerly Metarhizium anisopliae cell walls, from droplets formed after adding water to the emulsified (Metschnikoff) Sorokin), Isaria amoenerosea P. Hennings, Isaria suspension in the BotaniGard formulation. Viability for all farinosa Holm ex Gray, and Isaria fumosorosea Wize have shown strains was determined by spreading 100 lL of suspension of 106 efficacy against coleopterans and some scolytines. B. bassiana blastospores or conidia/mL on three separate Petri dishes contain- has been used against the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus ham- ing potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubating them at 25 °C for pei (Ferrari) (Bustillo et al., 1998; Posada and Vega, 2005). More- 16–24 h under a 14:10 h L:D photoperiod. Germination was over, the impact of entomopathogens on scolytinae broods determined by counting 200 spores/plate (100 spores/area) with a appears to cause significant reductions in survival.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area-Wide SIT Programmes
    Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area-Wide SIT Programmes Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 2019 DISCLAIMER The material in this document has been supplied by the authors. The views expressed remain the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the government(s) or the designating Member State(s). In particular, the FAO, IAEA, nor any other organization or body sponsoring the development of this document can be held responsible for any material reproduced in the document. The proper citation for this document is: FAO/IAEA. 2019. Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area-Wide SIT Programmes, A. Villaseñor, S. Flores, S. E. Campos, J. Toledo, P. Montoya, P. Liedo and W. Enkerlin (eds.), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna, Austria. 43 pp. Use of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Fruit Fly Control in Area- wide SIT Programmes Antonio Villaseñor IAEA/IPCS Consultant San Pedro La Laguna, Nayarit, México Salvador Flores Programa Moscafrut SADER-SENASICA, Metapa, Chiapas, México Sergio E. Campos Programa Moscafrut SADER-SENASICA, Metapa, Chiapas, México Jorge Toledo El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, México Pablo Montoya Programa Moscafrut SADER-SENASICA, Metapa, Chiapas, México Pablo Liedo El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Tapachula, Chiapas, México Walther Enkerlin Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna, 2019 FOREWORD Effective fruit fly control requires an integrated pest management approach which may include the use of area-wide sterile insect technique (SIT).
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi Into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops
    insects Review Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops Kim Khuy Khun 1,2,* , Bree A. L. Wilson 2, Mark M. Stevens 3,4, Ruth K. Huwer 5 and Gavin J. Ash 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2696, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; [email protected] (B.A.L.W.); [email protected] (G.J.A.) 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales 2703, Australia; [email protected] 4 Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia 5 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +61-46-9731208 Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Simple Summary: Horticultural crops are vulnerable to attack by many different weevil species. Fungal entomopathogens provide an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides for weevil control because they pose a lesser risk to human health and the environment. This review summarises the available data on the performance of these entomopathogens when used against weevils in horticultural crops. We integrate these data with information on weevil biology, grouping species based on how their developmental stages utilise habitats in or on their hostplants, or in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective
    biology Review Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective Valentina Virginia Ebani 1,2,* and Francesca Mancianti 1,2 1 Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 2 Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968 Simple Summary: Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract: The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenicity of Isaria Sp. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) Against the Sweet Potato Whitefly B Biotype, Bemisia Tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)Q
    Crop Protection 28 (2009) 333–337 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Crop Protection journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro Pathogenicity of Isaria sp. (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against the sweet potato whitefly B biotype, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)q H. Enrique Cabanillas*, Walker A. Jones 1 USDA-ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research Center, Beneficial Insects Research Unit, 2413 E. Hwy. 83, Weslaco, TX 78596, USA article info abstract Article history: The pathogenicity of a naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria sp., found during natural Received 13 May 2008 epizootics on whiteflies in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, against the sweet potato whitefly, Received in revised form Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, was tested under laboratory conditions (27 C, 70% RH and 26 November 2008 a photoperiod of 14:10 h light:dark). Exposure of second-, third- and fourth-instar nymphs to 20, 200, Accepted 28 November 2008 and 1000 spores/mm2, on sweet potato leaves resulted in insect mortality. Median lethal concentrations for second-instar nymphs (72–118 spores/mm2) were similar to those for third-instar nymphs Keywords: (101–170 spores/mm2), which were significantly more susceptible than fourth-instar nymphs Biological control 2 Entomopathogenic fungi (166–295 spores/mm ). The mean time to death was less for second instars (3 days) than for third instars 2 Whitefly (4 days) when exposed to 1000 spores/mm . Mycosis in adult whiteflies became evident after delayed infections of sweet potato whitefly caused by this fungus. These results indicate that Isaria sp. is path- ogenic to B. tabaci nymphs, and to adults through delayed infections caused by this fungus.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Biology of Xyleborus Bispinatus (Coleoptera
    Fungal Ecology 35 (2018) 116e126 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fungal Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Developmental biology of Xyleborus bispinatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on an artificial medium and fungal cultivation of symbiotic fungi in the beetle's galleries * L.F. Cruz a, , S.A. Rocio a, b, L.G. Duran a, b, O. Menocal a, C.D.J. Garcia-Avila c, D. Carrillo a a Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th St, Homestead, 33031, FL, USA b Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera Mexico - Texcoco, Chapingo, Mex, 56230, Mexico c Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnostico, Servicios y Constatacion, Tecamac, 55740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico article info abstract Article history: Survival of ambrosia beetles relies on obligate nutritional relationships with fungal symbionts that are Received 10 January 2018 cultivated in tunnels excavated in the sapwood of their host trees. The dynamics of fungal associates, Received in revised form along with the developmental biology, and gallery construction of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus bispi- 10 July 2018 natus were elaborated. One generation of this ambrosia beetle was reared in an artificial medium con- Accepted 12 July 2018 taining avocado sawdust. The developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 22 to 24 d. The mean Available online 23 August 2018 total gallery length (14.4 cm and 13 tunnels) positively correlated with the number of adults. The most Corresponding Editor: Peter Biedermann prevalent fungal associates were Raffaelea arxii in the foundress mycangia and new galleries, and Raf- faelea subfusca in the mycangia of the F1 adults and the final stages of the galleries.
    [Show full text]
  • Pathogenic and Enzyme Activities of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Tolypocladium Cylindrosporum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from Tierra Del Fuego, Argentina
    Pathogenic and enzyme activities of the entomopathogenic fungus Tolypocladium cylindrosporum (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina Ana C. Scorsetti1*, Lorena A. Elíades1, Sebastián A. Stenglein2, Marta N. Cabello1,3, Sebastián A. Pelizza1,4 & Mario C.N. Saparrat1,5,6 1. Instituto de Botánica Carlos Spegazzini (FCNyM-UNLP) 53 # 477, (1900), La Plata, Argentina; [email protected], [email protected] 2. Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-CEBB-CONICET, Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul, UNCPBA, República de Italia # 780, Azul (7300), Argentina; [email protected] 3. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires; [email protected] 4. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE), CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP, Calle 2 # 584, La Plata (1900), Argentina; [email protected] 5. Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)- CCT-La Plata- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Diag. 113 y 61, CC 327, 1900-La Plata, Argentina; [email protected] 6. Cátedra de Microbiología Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, UNLP, 60 y 119, 1900-La Plata, Argentina. * Corresponding author Received 27-IV-2011. Corrected 20-VIII-2011. Accepted 14-IX-2011. Abstract: Tolypocladium cylindrosporum is an entomopathogenic fungi that has been studied as a biological control agent against insects of several orders. The fungus has been isolated from the soil as well as from insects of the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Hymenoptera. In this study, we analyzed the ability of a strain of T. cylindrosporum, isolated from soil samples taken in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, to produce hydro- lytic enzymes, and to study the relationship of those activities to the fungus pathogenicity against pest aphids.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2016 Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M. Shearman Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Shearman, Timothy M., "Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States" (2016). All Dissertations. 1656. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1656 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPACTS OF LAUREL WILT DISEASE ON NATIVE PERSEA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Forest Resources by Timothy M. Shearman May 2016 Accepted by: Dr. G. Geoff Wang, Committee Chair Dr. Saara J. DeWalt Dr. Donald L. Hagan Dr. Julia L. Kerrigan Dr. William C. Bridges ABSTRACT Laurel Wilt Disease (LWD) has caused severe mortality in native Persea species of the southeastern United States since it was first detected in 2003. This study was designed to document the range-wide population impacts to LWD, as well as the patterns of mortality and regeneration in Persea ecosystems. I used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from the U.S. Forest Service to estimate Persea borbonia (red bay) populations from 2003 to 2011 to see if any decline could be observed since the introduction of LWD causal agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Screening of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes As Control Agents for Drosophila Suzukii
    insects Article Further Screening of Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes as Control Agents for Drosophila suzukii Andrew G. S. Cuthbertson * and Neil Audsley Fera, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-1904-462-201 Academic Editor: Brian T. Forschler Received: 15 March 2016; Accepted: 6 June 2016; Published: 9 June 2016 Abstract: Drosophila suzukii populations remain low in the UK. To date, there have been no reports of widespread damage. Previous research demonstrated that various species of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes could potentially suppress D. suzukii population development under laboratory trials. However, none of the given species was concluded to be specifically efficient in suppressing D. suzukii. Therefore, there is a need to screen further species to determine their efficacy. The following entomopathogenic agents were evaluated for their potential to act as control agents for D. suzukii: Metarhizium anisopliae; Isaria fumosorosea; a non-commercial coded fungal product (Coded B); Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. The fungi were screened for efficacy against the fly on fruit while the nematodes were evaluated for the potential to be applied as soil drenches targeting larvae and pupal life-stages. All three fungi species screened reduced D. suzukii populations developing from infested berries. Isaria fumosorosea significantly (p < 0.001) reduced population development of D. suzukii from infested berries. All nematodes significantly reduced adult emergence from pupal cases compared to the water control. Larvae proved more susceptible to nematode infection. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora proved the best from the four nematodes investigated; readily emerging from punctured larvae and causing 95% mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi (Ascomycota) for the Control of Cydia Pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
    EVALUATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI (ASCOMYCOTA) FOR THE CONTROL OF CYDIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) BY ASOMIBA RITA ABAAJEH A THESIS PRESENTED TO CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY DEGREE IN HORTICULTURE. IN THE FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCES SUPERVISOR: DR NCHU, F. CO- SUPERVISOR: PROF LAUBSCHER, C. CAPE TOWN CAMPUS JANUARY 2014 i Title page EVALUATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI (ASCOMYCOTA) FOR THE CONTROL OF CYDIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ii DECLARATION I, Asomiba Rita Abaajeh, declare that the contents of this thesis represent my own unaided work, and that the thesis has not previously been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Signed Date iii Dedication To God almighty for keeping me healthy and guiding me throughout this study To Dr. P. Igue To my parents; Mr & Mrs Abaajeh. iv _____________________________________________________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________________________________ I want to thank: . My supervisor, Dr. Nchu, F. for the guidance and for being so passionate about entomopathogenic fungi. His knowledge of the subject helped me unlock the potentials that this subject holds. Dr. Karabu, S. for providing laboratory space for fungal isolation. Mr. Wohlfarter, M. for providing codling moth eggs and larvae used for this work and
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Patterns of Fungal Entomopathogens in Soil Habitats
    Distribution patterns of fungal entomopathogens in soil habitats: Natural occurrence, diversity, dynamics Nicolai V. Meyling SIP Utah 2009. Fungus Division Symposium 'Fungi in Soil Habitats' Slide 1 Assessing diversity in soils •Isolation methods Patterns of distribution •Agricultural vs. natural habitats •Horizontal distribution Dynamics of soil reservoir •Cycling between below and above ground environments Molecular characterization •Species identification •Emergent patterns and implications SIP Utah 2009. Fungus Division Symposium 'Fungi in Soil Habitats' Slide 2 Natural occurrence on fungal entomopathogens in soil habitats – why ? Reservoir and buffer environment • Natural enemies – targets for conservation biological control strategies • Effects of management practices on fungal populations • Find indigenous isolates for biological control • Predict effects of augmented biocontrol strains SIP Utah 2009. Fungus Division Symposium 'Fungi in Soil Habitats' Slide 3 Isolation from soil environment Insect bait methods • Entomopathogenic isolates • Standardized approach? • Which insects? Selective in vitro media • Detection levels? • How selective? ”… the Galleria bait method tends to be more sensitive that the (in vitro) isolation method.” From Keller et al. (2003) BioControl , 48, 307-319 SIP Utah 2009. Fungus Division Symposium 'Fungi in Soil Habitats' Slide 4 Conidiobolus coronatus Isaria fumosorosea Metarhizium anisopliae Metarhizium flavoviride Beauveria bassiana Isaria farinosa Hirsutella SIP Utah 2009. Fungus Divisionnodulosa Symposium 'Fungi in Soil Habitats' Slide 5 Host range and specialization Specialist Strongwellsea spp . Pandora neoaphidis Beauveria brongniartii SIP Utah 2009. Fungus Division Symposium 'Fungi in Slide 6 Beauveria bassiana Generalist Soil Habitats' Host range: using the target pest Tolypocladium Metarhizium Beauveria cylindrosporum anisopliae bassiana Delia floralis (Diptera) + + - Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) - + + Based on Klingen et al. (2002) Agriculture, Ecosystem and Envrionment , 91, 191-198 SIP Utah 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy of Native Entomopathogenic Fungus, Isaria Fumosorosea, Against
    Kushiyev et al. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control (2018) 28:55 Egyptian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0062-z Biological Pest Control RESEARCH Open Access Efficacy of native entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea, against bark and ambrosia beetles, Anisandrus dispar Fabricius and Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Rahman Kushiyev, Celal Tuncer, Ismail Erper* , Ismail Oguz Ozdemir and Islam Saruhan Abstract The efficacy of the native entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea TR-78-3, was evaluated against females of the bark and ambrosia beetles, Anisandrus dispar Fabricius and Xylosandrus germanus Blandford (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), under laboratory conditions by two different methods as direct and indirect treatments. In the first method, conidial suspensions (1 × 106 and 1 × 108 conidia ml−1) of the fungus were directly applied to the beetles in Petri dishes (2 ml per dish), using a Potter spray tower. In the second method, the same conidial suspensions were applied 8 −1 on a sterile hazelnut branch placed in the Petri dishes. The LT50 and LT90 values of 1 × 10 conidia ml were 4.78 and 5.94/days, for A. dispar in the direct application method, while they were 4.76 and 6.49/days in the branch application 8 −1 method. Similarly, LT50 and LT90 values of 1 × 10 conidia ml for X. germanus were 4.18 and 5.62/days, and 5.11 and 7.89/days, for the direct and branch application methods, respectively. The efficiency of 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 was lower than that of 1 × 108 against the beetles in both application methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Fungus Isaria Fumosorosea
    This article was downloaded by: [University of Florida] On: 11 June 2013, At: 06:27 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Biocontrol Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cbst20 Effects of the fungus Isaria fumosorosea (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) on reduced feeding and mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Pasco B. Avery a , Vitalis W. Wekesa b c , Wayne B. Hunter b , David G. Hall b , Cindy L. McKenzie b , Lance S. Osborne c , Charles A. Powell a & Michael E. Rogers d a University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA b USDA, ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Subtropical Insect Research Unit, 2001 South Rock Road, Ft. Pierce, FL, 34945, USA c University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Mid-Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, 2725 Binion Road, Apopka, FL, 32703, USA d University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL, 33850, USA Published online: 25 Aug 2011. To cite this article: Pasco B. Avery , Vitalis W. Wekesa , Wayne B. Hunter , David G. Hall , Cindy L. McKenzie ,
    [Show full text]