DOCSLIB.ORG

The Authorial Model of the Therapy Used in Night Terrors and Sleep Disorders in Children

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Authorial Model of the Therapy Used in Night Terrors and Sleep Disorders in Children Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2011; 2 : 45–51 The authorial model of the therapy used in night terrors and sleep disorders in children Małgorzata Talarczyk Summary Aim. The article describes the authorial model of the therapeutic work with children and their families used in night terrors and sleep disorders in children. Methods. The reported symptoms concerned children 7 to 12 years old and were based on difficulties in falling asleep without the physical proximity of a parent or waking up at night and the reported anxiety as well as the need of the presence of a parent. The presented model of psychotherapy was worked out by the author on the basis of many years of clinical practice as well as searching for a possibly quick form of helping both children and their parents. The psychotherapy was conducted with 15 fami- lies in the form of a family therapy in the systemic approach and an individual therapy with a child conducted in the cognitive-be- havioral approach. Results. In all 15 families, in which the described model of psychotherapy was conducted, the symptoms of night terrors and sleep disorders in children subsided. Conclusions. The authorial model of the therapy with the use of a “night link” may be an example of an integrative therapy within the framework of which the remission of symptoms was only possible due to connecting individual and family interactions. night terror / sleep disorders / psychotherapy INTRODUCTION them to come to their bedroom. In the cases of falling asleep unaided night awakening usually In recent years, within the framework of the took place between 1 and 4 a.m. Awakening was conducted outpatients clinical practice, I started sometimes accompanied by the feeling of breath- to work more often with families that looked for lessness. The characterised situations concerned help for their children who suffered from night children 7 to 12 years old. Before the symptoms terrors and sleeping disorders. The reported occurred for many years the children had usu- sleep disorders were based on the fact that chil- ally fallen asleep unaided and slept without any dren could not fall asleep alone or woke from problems in their bedrooms. sleep with anxiety and demanded presence of In the cases of the reported night terror and one of their parents. When having difficulties in falling asleep they needed physical proxim- sleep disorders in children I was conducting the ity of their parents, came to their bed or called family therapy in systemic paradigm and the in- dividual child therapy in the cognitive-behav- ioral approach [1]. While analysing the prob- Małgorzata Talarczyk: The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clin- lem from the family perspective I distinguished ic, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, “System” – Specialized Psychological Practice in Poznań, Poland. Correspondence address: threes types of family situations in which a night Małgorzata Talarczyk, The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Clinic, terror and sleep disorders reported by the chil- Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 27/33 Szpitalna Str., 60-572 dren occurred: the change of a family structure, Poznań, Poland. Email: [email protected] the change of a place of living and atypical sit- This article has not been aided by any grant uations. 46 Małgorzata Talarczyk The change of a family structure took place in cence” (F90-F98) do not include the description five families and was usually caused by a par- of the discussed night terror. ents’ divorce or separation [2, 3, 4]. These types The description of the reported symptoms of causes of changes in a family structure could could make the assumption about the separa- undoubtedly contribute to frustration or depri- tion basis of the disorders. However, the chil- vation of satisfying a safety need and thus to dis- dren with anxiety disorders I worked with did turbing the sense of security. In some families not fulfil the required criteria concerning separa- the change of the structure also included the re- tion anxiety (F93.0). Children’s separation anxie- construction of a family that was based on one ty that is specific for the developmental stage is of the parents engaging in a relationship with a different from anxiety disorders in terms of sig- new partner. For the child – in case of a new re- nificant intensification, excessively long lasting, lationship of one the parents under whose cus- coexistence of difficulties which hamper func- tody the child remained – this situation could tioning [5]. be the source of various emotional difficulties The children I worked with did not fulfil the that included among others the conflict of loy- separation anxiety criteria because they did not alty towards parents, a relationship with a new worry about persons close to them. They also partner or anxiety connected with the status in did not fear of dramatic situations, went eager- a new family. The change of the family structure ly to school, did not show fixed unwillingness was also very often connected with changing the to go to sleep because in the earlier period they had fallen asleep and slept without any disrup- place of living. tion, had no problems with staying home alone Changing the place of living was the second during the day, did not report any night terrors, family situation that preceded the occurrence of did not show any distress when separating from a night terror and sleep disorders. I treat distin- their significant others. The children also did not guishing this type of a situation as an isolated show symptoms typical for phobic anxiety dis- situation which is not connected with changing orders (F93.1), i.e. the anxiety focused on vari- the family structure. Changing the place of liv- ous objects and situations [5]. Although, the de- ing usually concerned moving to a bigger flat or scribed disorder seems to be close to phobic anx- house. Before moving, the children had no prob- iety diagnostic criteria because the children ex- lems with falling asleep and slept alone in a sep- perienced symptoms such as shortness of breath arate bedroom. and these sensations occurred only in a specific Atypical situations concerned families where situation, they did not feel an anticipation fear the aforementioned changes had not taken place, and emotional tension or mental discomfort that is changing the family structure or changing while discussing or visualising situations caus- the place of living. Moreover, conversations with ing anxiety. The children calmly talked about the the parents and child did not indicate the exist- situation causing anxiety, often showing signif- ence of clearly perceptible factors which can be icant distance and even a sense of humour con- hypothesised to have a trigger character. nected with the reported night terror. They also did not see a problem in the fact that they could not fall asleep or woke up at night without the DIAGNOSTIC DILEMMAS presence of their parent. Anxiety and sleep disorders in children report- It is difficult to unambiguously classify night ed by the families also did not fulfil the sleep terrors reported by children and sleep disorders disorder criteria described in the category: (F50- associated with them in the specific diagnostic F59), “behavioural syndromes associated with category within the framework of ICD-10 clas- physiological disturbances and physical factors” sification as these types of disorders are not in- [5]. cluded in it [5]. The categories concerning the The disorders reported by the children cannot disorders of the developmental period, that is be classified as nonorganic sleep disorders (F51) “behavioural and emotional disorders with on- because they did not fulfil the criteria of both the set usually occuring in childhood and adoles- category (F.51.0) “nonorganic insomnia” and the Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2011; 2 : 45–51 The authorial model of the therapy used in night terrors and sleep disorders in children 47 category (F51.4) “night terrors” [5]. The children Within the framework of the cognitive-behav- did not complain about the problems with fall- ioral therapy of a child relaxation and systemat- ing asleep or poor quality of sleep and the fre- ic desensitization were the applied techniques quency with which their disorders occurred de- [1, 6, 7]. Most child and adolescent patients quite pended on physical availability of one or both fast experienced the feeling of muscle and emo- parents. The children also did not worry about tional relaxation because of the developmental the effects of the disordered sleep and the in- susceptibility to yielding to a suggestion. After terrupted sleep neither caused tension nor dis- the child gained the ability to experience relax- turbed normal functioning during the day. My ation I gradually introduced images relating to patients’ disorders also did not fulfil the crite- the symptom, that is a night and sleep. From the ria in the category (F51.4) “night terrors”. Night onset of the exposure to them the images did not terrors are the episodes of an extremely intense invoke strong emotions in children. The work panic attack accompanied by screaming, motor with a child based on relaxation and desensiti- and autonomic nervous system agitation. The zation was usually conducted within the frame- patient does not react to attempts to calm him work of 2 or 3 sessions and was emotional prep- or her down, is disorientated and usually does aration for sleeping alone. Individual sessions not remember the past episode [5]. My patients usually took place once a week. also did not complain about nightmares (51.5). In the therapeutic work with a family I ap- The children did not remember whether they plied the systemic approach within the frame- had had any dreams while sleeping. work of which I put forward hypotheses relat- On the other hand, in the DSM-IV classifica- ing to both the stage of a family life and its spe- tion one may distinguish the category: “anxie- cific situation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sleep Problems
    Sleep Problems About 70 million Americans have some kind of sleep problem, and for many it’s a long-term problem. Even though sleep problems are very common, they are very often undiagnosed and untreated. Here are descriptions of some of the most common sleep problems. Bruxism Bruxism is grinding, gnashing, or clenching your teeth during sleep or in situations that make you feel anxious or tense. It can be mild and happen only once in a while, or it may be violent and happen often. Bruxism most often happens in the early part of the night. You may not be aware that you have bruxism until your teeth or jaws are damaged. People who have bruxism are also more likely to snore and develop sleep apnea. Hypersomnia Hypersomnia is excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep. If you have hypersomnia, you feel very drowsy during the day and have an overwhelming urge to fall asleep, even after getting enough sleep at night. You often doze, nap, or fall asleep in situations where you need or want to be awake and alert. Other symptoms may include irritability, mild depression, trouble concentrating, and memory loss. Kleine-Levin Syndrome Kleine-Levin syndrome is a rare disorder that causes you to be extremely drowsy off and on. You may sleep up to 20 hours a day. Other symptoms include eating too much, being irritable, feeling disoriented, lacking energy, and being very sensitive to noise. The disorder usually starts in the late teens and is more common in men than in women. Symptoms may last for days to weeks, then go away, and then come back.
    [Show full text]
  • Nightmares and Bad Dreams in Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: Fantasy As a Coping Skill?
    Eur. J. Psychiat. Vol. 24, N.° 1, (28-37) 2010 Keywords: Borderline Personality Disorder; Night- mares; Affect regulation; Fantasy. Nightmares and bad dreams in patients with borderline personality disorder: Fantasy as a coping skill? Peter Simor*,** Szilvia Csóka*** Róbert Bódizs***,**** * Implicit Laboratory Association, Budapest ** Department of Cognitive Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest *** Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest **** HAS-BME Cognitive Science Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest HUNGARY ABSTRACT – Background and Objectives: Previous studies reported a high prevalence of nightmares and dream anxiety in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and the sever- ity of dream disturbances correlated with daytime symptoms of psychopathology. Howev- er, the majority of these results are based on retrospective questionnaire-based study de- signs, and hence the effect of recall biases (characteristic for BPD), could not be controlled. Therefore our aim was to replicate these findings using dream logs. Moreover, we aimed to examine the level of dream disturbances in connection with measures of emo- tional instability, and to explore the protective factors against dream disturbances. Methods: 23 subjects diagnosed with BPD, and 23 age and gender matched healthy controls were assessed using the Dream Quality Questionnaire, the Van Dream Anxiety Scale, as well as the Neuroticism, Assertiveness and Fantasy scales of the NEO-PI-R ques- tionnaire. Additionally, subjects were asked to collect 5 dreams in the three-week study period and to rate the emotional and phenomenological qualities of the reported dreams using the categories of the Dream Quality Questionnaire. Results: Dream disturbances (nightmares, bad dreams, night terror-like symptoms, and dream anxiety) were more frequent in patients with BPD than in controls.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cognitive Behavioral Exposure Treatment Package for Night Terrors: a Case Study
    Send Orders of Reprints at [email protected] 8 The Open Sleep Journal, 2013, 6, 8-11 Open Access A Cognitive Behavioral Exposure Treatment Package for Night Terrors: A Case Study Steven J. Linton* Center for Health and Medical Psychology, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Sweden Abstract: Night terror is a rare problem in adults characterized by nighttime episodes similar to panic attacks except that sufferers are not aware of the content. There is no current treatment, but exposure is a treatment of choice for panic. The purpose of this case study was therefore to develop and describe a novel treatment. The client had a 22-year history of night terror attacks with verbalization causing sleep difficulties and daytime fatigue. A cognitive-behavioral package featuring exposure (listening to audio recordings of the episodes) and re-conceptualization was provided over 13 sessions. Results indicated a large decrease in the ratings of the intensity of the night terror episodes. Moreover, sleep onset latency decreased while sleep quality and duration improved substantially. The client reported important increases in daytime activities and resumed working. Although caution is necessary because this is a case study, the results suggest that this technique warrants further study for people suffering from night terrors. Keywords: Night terrors, adults, exposure therapy, cognitive behavioral treatment. INTRODUCTION insomnia [7, 8] and panic disorders [9, 10]. Indeed, exposure is a treatment of choice for panic attacks and theoretical Night terrors are rare among adults, but when they do should be effective for night terrors as well [11, 12].
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Sleep: What Should We Know?
    Pediatric Sleep: what should we know? C. MARIA RIVA MD PEDIATRIC SLEEP PROGRAM DIRECTOR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA 2019 Objectives How sleep changes with age Sleep hygiene, sleep requirements Frequent sleep disorders: insomnia, hypersomnia conditions, sleep disordered breathing, parasomnias sleep studies in children, indications and difficulties Hypnogram Prevalence of pediatric sleep conditions In 2-18 y of age: Night terrors 40% (2-12 y of age) Nightmares 30% (<5y of age) Sleepwalking 30% (3-10 y of age) Insomnia (sleep onset and maintenance) 30% Bedtime resistance 15% (school age) Periodic limb movement disorder/RLS 5-10% Snoring 10% Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) 1-2% Narcolepsy 0.05% Sleepwalking and other parasomia in children. UpToDate Sept 2017 Pediatric Sleep Disorders. Sufen Chiu MD. Medscape 2014. Clinical cases……….. Case study……Amber Amber is a 4 y old girl is in for a well child check. She has no medical problems. Since she started preschool 3 months ago, she has difficulty falling asleep and wakes up several times during the night. One parent reads her stories at bedtime (7 pm) for at least 30 min. She will come out of her room after the parent leaves and most of the time the father ends up staying with her until she falls asleep (8:30-9 pm). She wakes up at night and goes to the parents’ room. The mother gets up and stays with Amber until she falls back to sleep. Amber wakes up at 7:30 am, and takes a 2 hr nap during the day). Amber is not tired during the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment of Nightmares with Prazosin: a Systematic Review
    REVIEW Treatment of Nightmares With Prazosin: A Systematic Review Simon Kung, MD; Zelde Espinel, MD, MPH; and Maria I. Lapid, MD Abstract Nightmares, frequently associated with posttraumatic stress disorder and clinically relevant in today’s world of vio- lence, are difficult to treat, with few pharmacologic options. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the evidence for the use of prazosin in the treatment of nightmares. A comprehensive search was performed using the databases EMBASE, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, from their inception to March 9, 2012, using keywords prazosin and nightmares/PTSD or associated terms (see text). Two authors independently reviewed titles and abstracts and selected relevant studies. Descriptive data and outcomes of interest from eligible studies were extracted by 1 author, and checked by 2 others. The risk of bias of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was assessed independently by 2 reviewers. Articles met criteria for inclusion if prazosin was used to treat nightmares, and outcome measures included nightmares or related symptoms of sleep disorders. Our search yielded 21 studies, consisting of 4 RCTs, 4 open-label studies, 4 retrospective chart reviews, and 9 single case reports. The prazosin dose ranged from 1 to 16 mg/d. Results were mixed for the 4 RCTs: 3 reported significant improvement in the number of nightmares, and 1 found no reduction in the number of nightmares. Reduced nightmare severity with use of prazosin was consistently reported in the open-label trials, retrospective chart reviews, and single case reports. © 2012 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research Ⅲ Mayo Clin Proc.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Challenge
    TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE: Clinical challenge Clinical challenge Questions for this month’s clinical challenge are based on articles in this issue. The style and scope of questions is in keeping with the MCQ of the College Fellowship exam. The quiz is endorsed by the RACGP Quality Assurance and Continuing Professional Development Program and has been allocated 2 CPD points per issue. Answers to this clinical challenge will be published next month. Dr Jenni Parsons SINGLE COMPLETION ITEMS Question 3 Questions 6-10 are based on the article ‘Insomnia – Diagnosis and management’ DIRECTIONS by Ron Grunstein Each of the questions or incomplete Ted, aged 73, usually a reserved man, has statements below is followed by five begun shouting and swearing in his sleep, Question 6 suggested answers or completions. as well as punching and kicking. When Select the most appropriate statement as your answer. this happens his wife wakes him and he Susan, aged 42, presents with long term usually remembers a dream in which he difficulties with getting to sleep, which Questions 1-5 are based on the article was fighting. Which is the most likely have worsened over the past few weeks. ‘Parasomnias - Things that go thump in the diagnosis? She lies awake worrying about work, night’ by Phillip King A. confusional arousal stresses with her teenage sons and the fact B. REM sleep behaviour disorder that she is not sleeping. She doesn’t get to Question 1 C. nightmare sleep until 3 or 4 am in the morning. She Ben, aged six, is brought to see you fol- D.
    [Show full text]
  • Sleep Terror Disorder
    169 Cartas aos Editores Sleep terror disorder: a case report Carlos Simon Guzman, Yuan Pang Wang Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Terror noturno: um relato de caso São Paulo (SP), Brazil Dear Editor, Financial support: None We report a case of sleep terror in a 4-year-old boy, patient A. Conflict of interests: None The parents observed that for the past month, after the patient going bed to sleep, A. have being wake up in the middle of the night. This behavior occurs once or twice a week. On these occasions, the child is found standing somewhere in the house, References crying and seemingly disoriented with rapid breathing and 1. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG. Night terrors, sleepwalking, profuse sweating. When the parents attempt to comfort him or and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency return him to his room, he becomes quite upset, striking out at and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. them and screaming loudly. He continues to scream and fight 1999;60(4):268-76. 2. Cartwright R. Sleepwalking violence: a sleep disorder, a legal dilemma, and for several minutes, followed by spontaneous cessation. Once a psychological challenge. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(7):1149-58. the child is calmed, the parents can put him back in his bed, 3. Bader G, Nevéus T, Kruse S, Sillén U. Sleep of primary enuretic children and he sleeps through the rest of the night without incident. In and controls. Sleep. 2002;25(5):579-83. the morning, he wakes up in usual happy mood and does not 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Basis for Sleep Regulation and Sleep Disorders
    Genetic Basis for Sleep Regulation and Sleep Disorders David M. Raizen, M.D., Ph.D.,1,2 Thornton B.A. Mason, M.D., Ph.D., M.S.C.E.,2,3 and Allan I. Pack, M.B., Ch.B., Ph.D.1,4 ABSTRACT Sleep disorders arise by an interaction between the environment and the genetic makeup of the individual but the relative contribution of nature and nurture varies with diseases. At one extreme are the disorders with simple Mendelian patterns of inheritance such as familial advanced sleep phase syndrome, and at the other extreme are diseases such as insomnia, which can be associated with a multitude of medical and psychiatric conditions. In this article, we review data on the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of various sleep disorders. The understanding of many of these disorders has been advanced by the study of sleep and circadian rhythms in model laboratory organisms. We summarize this model system research and how it relates to human sleep disorders. The current challenge in this field is the identification of susceptibility genetic loci for complex diseases such as obstructive sleep apnea. We anticipate such identification will increase our ability to assess risk for disease before symptom onset and by doing so will shift the focus from treatment to prevention of disease. KEYWORDS: Sleep, genetics, circadian, homeostatic CIRCADIAN REGULATION OF SLEEP mammals, a retinal photoreceptor molecule—mela- AND CIRCADIAN SLEEP DISORDERS nopsin, which is found in retinal ganglion cells but not rods and cones—transduces the light entrainment The Circadian Clock signal.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 52 NREM Parasomnias
    Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 99 (3rd series) Sleep Disorders, Part 2 P. Montagna and S. Chokroverty, Editors # 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 52 NREM parasomnias ANTONIO ZADRA 1,2 * AND MATHIEU PILON 2 1Department of Psychology, Universit de Montral, Montreal, Canada 2Centre d’tude du Sommeil, Hpital du Sacr-Cˇur de Montral, Montreal, Canada INTRODUCTION an episode can be comprised of two overlapping disorders, such as a sleep terror followed by Parasomnias are undesirable physical or behavioral sleepwalking. phenomena that occur during entry into sleep, within Disorders of arousal share a number of characteris- sleep, or during partial arousals from sleep (American tics. Most episodes arise from sudden but incomplete Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005). The focus of arousal from slow-wave (stages 3 and 4) sleep (Jacobson this chapter is confusional arousals, sleepwalking et al., 1965; Kavey et al., 1990; Espa et al., 2000) and (somnambulism), and sleep terrors. These sleep disor- sometimes from stage 2 sleep (Kavey et al., 1990; ders constitute the prototypic nonrapid-eye-movement Zucconi et al., 1995; Joncas et al., 2002). Consequently, (NREM) sleep parasomnias and are collectively termed these parasomnias tend to occur in the first third of “disorders of arousal” (Broughton, 1968) because of the sleep period when slow-wave sleep (SWS) is pre- the autonomic and motor arousal that propels the dominant. Episodes are generally characterized by mis- patient towards partial wakefulness. A summary and perception and relative unresponsiveness to external comparison of the main features of NREM and REM stimuli, mental confusion, automatic behaviors, and sleep parasomnias are presented in Table 52.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Difficulties in the Management of Sleep and Eating Disorders
    0021-7557/03/79-Supl.1/S43 Jornal de Pediatria - Vol.79, Supl.1 , 2003 S43 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © 2003 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria REVIEW ARTICLE Difficulties in the management of sleep and eating disorders Isabel R. Madeira,1 Leda A. Aquino2 Abstract Objective: To update the knowledge about anorexia and insomnia in childhood. Sources: Search of Medline database, including articles from1997 to 2002. The key words anorexia, feeding disorders, insomnia, sleep disorders and childhood were used. Some textbooks were also included. Summary of the findings: Definition, main types and causes, diagnosis and treatment of anorexia and insomnia are presented. Conclusions: Anorexia and insomnia are prevalent in childhood. The former is a much more frequent complaint in pediatric visits. The diagnosis is almost always based solely on a good history. Both conditions are generally behavioral and reflect the family dynamics. They are preventable and treated at the primary care level, based upon simple strategies, although sometimes not easily accepted by the patients. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2003;79 Suppl 1:S43-S54: Childhood, anorexia, feeding disorders, insomnia, sleep disorders. Introduction Eating and sleep disorders are quite common in Pediatrics Anorexia, difficulty in falling asleep, and night wakings and may be a natural part of developmental stages in are usually behavioral disorders, provoked by family children. dynamics,1,2,4,7 which are amenable to prevention and The “my-child-won’t- eat” complaint is nearly constant treatment
    [Show full text]
  • Sleep-Related Eating Disorder in a Patient with Parkinson's Disease
    Open Access Case Report DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3345 Sleep-related Eating Disorder in a Patient with Parkinson's Disease Harleen Kaur 1 , Muhammad Umair Jahngir 2 , Junaid H. Siddiqui 2 1. Neurology, Univeristy of Missouri, Columbia, USA 2. Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA Corresponding author: Harleen Kaur, [email protected] Abstract Sleep disorders constitute a major aspect of the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorders are the most frequently experienced parasomnias in patients with PD. Non-REM sleep disorders like confusional arousals, sleep terrors, sleepwalking, and sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) are also associated with PD. Parasomnias can affect the quality of life of the patients as well as the night time sleep of their bed partners. Hence, it is important for physicians to recognize the occurrence of parasomnias in PD. We report an unusual case of PD with SRED along with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and REM behavior disorder. To our knowledge, only two cases have been reported in the literature highlighting the association of SRED with PD. We also explain the different night-time eating disorders like nocturnal eating syndrome and binge eating syndrome, which can be seen in PD, and differentiate them from SRED. Categories: Neurology Keywords: parkinson\'s disease, parasomnias, sleep related eating disorder, sred, parkinson's disease Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a spectrum of motor and non-motor symptoms. The non-motor symptoms of PD manifest as dysautonomia, cognitive changes, mood disorders, and sleep-related disorder. Parasomnias are frequently experienced in patients with PD as non-motor symptoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Nightmares and Night Terrors What Is a Nightmare? End of Primary School Age
    Nightmares and night terrors What is a nightmare? end of primary school age. Like nightmares, there are usually no long-term psychological effects. Nightmares happen when your child wakes while having a bad dream. Your child might remember the “scary What to do? dream” and be afraid to go back to sleep. A reassuring Nightmares hug will often help them settle back to sleep. Children With nightmares, it is usually enough to reassure your can have nightmares at any age, and are most likely to child and stay with them until they are back to sleep happen during the later part of the sleep, or in the early again. Talk about the dream the next day, and ask about morning hours when in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) or any worries or fears that they may have. Dream Sleep. Nightmares can be from worries that your child has. It is good to talk to your child about their A good regular sleep routine and quiet media-free worries. Children can usually remember these relaxing times before bedtime will help. nightmares the next day. Night terrors What is the difference between nightmares With night terrors, your child will appear to be confused and night terrors? and not fully awake so your main focus should be to keep them safe. Make sure the home environment is safe as Night terrors happen when children are only partly your child may run around (see Home Safety Checklist aroused or woken from deep (Stage N3) sleep. So they fact sheet). When the children do mobilise during a night are not quite awake, but they are not completely asleep terror, this is sometimes termed “confusional arousal”.
    [Show full text]