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Towardsthe Completion of Europe

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This volume aims to contribute to the analysis of the EU in general the Completion of Europe Towards and the background and consequences of its 2004 enlargement in particular. This enlargement is by far one of the greatest tests Towards the Completion for the European Union and its institutions because the process of Europeanization is taking place in a variety of countries with diverse political cultures and dissimilar perceptions about the of Europe meaning and commitment to European integration. Given their differences in political and economic power, incumbent and new members are inevitably altering the functioning and character of the EU, a unique polity in the international system. Derived from this theoretical challenge, the chapters of this book suggest some explanations on six areas related to the 2004 enlargement: analyti- cal approaches, citizens and identities, debates and regional trans- formations, external impacts, and the potential Turkey’s member- ship. The articles included in this publication are the result of the academic initiative of the Miami European Union Center, partner- ship formed by the University of Miami and Florida International University since 2000, which was also selected by the European Commission as one of the ten European Union Centers of Excel- lence in the United States for the period 2005|2008. Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (Editors) David Abraham | Yusaf H. Akbar | Monika Böhm | Beverly Crawford | Roberto Domínguez | Atila Eralp | Francesc Granell | Gaye Gungor | Nuray Ibryamova | Maria Ilcheva | Ania Krok-Paszkowska |Finn Laursen | Christiane Lemke | Willem Maas | Neill Nugent | Joaquín Roy | Sebastián Royo | Frank Schimmelfennig | Markus Thiel | Ramunas Vilpisauskas Analysis and Perspectives of the New European Union Enlargement Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (Editors) Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (Editors) Towards the Completion of Europe Analysis and Perspectives of the New European Union Enlargement Towards the Completion of Europe Analysis and Perspectives of the New European Union Enlargement Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez (editors) Jean Monnet Chair University of Miami Miami-Florida European Union Center of Excellence Miami-Florida European Union Center The Miami-Florida European Union Center is one of the 10 Centers of Excellence sup- ported by the European Commission at universities throughout the United States, as part of a broader effort to promote people-to-people contacts across the Atlantic. Thus, these EU Centers promote the study of the EU, its institutions and policies and EU/US rela- tions through teaching programs, scholarly research and outreach activities in their local and regional communities. Miami-Florida European Union Center University of Miami 1000 Memorial Drive 101 Ferré Building Coral Gables, FL 33124-2231 Phone: 305-284-3266 Fax: 305-284-4406 Email: [email protected] Web: www.miami.edu/eucenter ISBN 0-9638678-7-3 Ediciones Imprimatur Production Manager: Soren Triff Printed in the United States by Thomson-Shore, Inc. Copyright 2006. Jean Monnet Chair/University of Miami. All rights reserved. No por- tion of the contents may be reproduced in any form without written consent of the publisher. Contents Introduction Bridges to the East: A Collective Effort for the Enlargement . 7 Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez Analytical Approaches The Challenge of EU Enlargement . 13 Joaquín Roy Enlargement and the Promotion of Liberal Norms in Eastern Europe . 29 Frank Schimmelfennig EU Enlargement in Theoretical Perspective: Puzzles and explanations . 39 Nuray Ibryamova and Roberto Rodríguez Citizens and Identities Free Movement and EU Enlargement . 55 Willem Maas European Identity and the Challenge of Enlargement . 67 Markus Thiel Preparing for New Minorities: EU Influence on National Minority Protection in Romania and Slovakia . 77 Maria Ilcheva After Ethnicity and “Constitutional Patriotism:” Searching for Capacious German Membership in a Period of Neo-Liberalism and Europeanization . 89 David Abraham Current Debates and Regional Transformations The Challenges of EU Integration: Iberian Lessons for Eastern Europe . 103 Sebastián Royo How Much Diversity Can the European Union Withstand? . 115 Ania Krok-Paszkowska The EU Enlargement Policy:Can Widening and Deepening Be Combined? . 125 Finn Laursen 6 Impacts on External Policies and Institutions Can the Fifth Enlargement Weaken the EU Development Cooperation? . 139 Francesc Granell The Impact of Enlargement on the Euro-Med Partnership . 151 Beverly Crawford The Impact of Enlargement on the External Relations of the EU . 171 Roberto Domínguez The European Parliament: An Analysis Following the May 2004 Enlargement . 183 Gaye Gungor Economic and Social Transformations In Search of the Social Europe: The Eastern Enlargement in Political Perspective . 197 Christiane Lemke The Political Economy of Baltic States’ Accession into the EU: The Impact on the Role of State . 209 Ramūnas Vilpišauskas Shifting Competitiveness, Evolving Multinational Enterprise Strategies and EU Enlargement: The Case of Hungary . 221 Yusaf H. Akbar Environmental Consequences of Enlargement . 237 Monika Böhm The Road Ahead: Turkey Turkey's Membership Application: Implications for the EU . 245 Neill Nugent The Process of Europeanization in Turkey . 267 Atila Eralp For Europe’s Sake: Securitizing Turkey’s EU Membership . 277 Nuray Ibryamova About the Authors . 289 Introduction Bridges to the East: A Collective Effort for the Enlargement Joaquín Roy and Roberto Domínguez This volume intends to contribute to the analysis of the EU in general and the recent enlargement in particular, its background and consequences. From a vari- ety of angles, theoretical approaches, and a balanced national and regional per- spective, the chapters included are an updated result of papers presented at a con- ference held at the University of Miami on April 8, 2005, under the sponsorship of the Miami European Union Center, the partnership formed by the University of Miami and Florida International University in 2000. This cooperative adven- ture has now received the high honor of being selected as one of the ten Euro- pean Union Centers of Excellence for the three-year cycle of 2005-2008. The first section of the book reviews analytical frameworks to study the enlargement process. Joaquín Roy evaluates the challenges and obstacles that the EU has overcome to make possible the enlargement to 10 new members. In his view, the difficulties encountered by the EU are not new and the balance as a whole shows positive accomplishments and benefits. The second and third arti- cles of this section present an overview of theoretical approaches to examine the EU enlargement. In “Enlargement and the Promotion of Liberal Norms in East- ern Europe,” Frank Schimmelfennig, professor at the University of Mannheim, Germany, elaborates his analysis based on two prominent models in the literature on international norm promotion (social learning and external incentives models) and uses the Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) to explain the conditions under which the candidates in Eastern Europe have complied with the political demands of the EU and other European regional organizations. In the chapter co- authored by Nuray Ibryamova and Roberto Domínguez, former researchers at the Miami European Union Center and graduates of the Ph. D. program at University of Miami, the existing theoretical debates dealing with the 2004 enlargement are reviewed. Based upon the contributions of both International Relations and Re- gional Integration theories, the authors identify how competing theories attempt to explain the motivations and consequences of the Enlargement for incumbent and new members. Taking into account that ultimately the success or the failure of the enlarge- 8 Roy and Domínguez ment process (and the EU itself) will be decided by the benefits given or per- ceived by the citizens, the second section is dedicated to the impact of enlarge- ment on Citizens and Identities. The article by Willem Maas, professor at New York University, deals with one of most sensitive issues of the EU process, es- sential for its nature, but feared in some quarters as a source of competition: free movement of people. In this sense, observers should take into account that the full implementation of the complete mobility of labor from the new members will be a slow process, well in contrast with the almost automatic accessibility to mi- gration and residence for citizens of countries in other previous enlargement processes. Markus Thiel, a recent Ph.D. graduate from University of Miami, ex- amines in “European Identity and the Challenge of Enlargement” to what extent an assumed common cultural European identity can be drawn upon as a con- necting link between old and new member states and explore the chances of functional integration as a opportunity to build a common civic identity. On the other hand, Maria Ilcheva, a Ph.D. candidate at Florida International University, presents her views on the situation of Hungarian minorities in Romania and Slo- vakia, and the dynamics of their relations with the respective majority in the dec- ade after the fall of communism. The last article of the section is written by David Abraham, professor at the School of Law at University of Miami, who offers his analysis of the transformations of the legal concepts of nationality and citizenship in Germany; his argument is that with the new laws in Germany has come the abandonment of the previous Aliens Law and perhaps
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