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Is the Clouded Leopard Neofelis Nebulosa Extinct in Taiwan, and Could It Be Reintroduced? an Assessment of Prey and Habitat

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Is the Clouded Leopard Neofelis Nebulosa Extinct in Taiwan, and Could It Be Reintroduced? an Assessment of Prey and Habitat Is the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa extinct in Taiwan, and could it be reintroduced? An assessment of prey and habitat P O -JEN C HIANG,KURTIS J AI-CHYI P EI,MICHAEL R. VAUGHAN C HING-FENG L I ,MEI-TING C HEN,JIAN-NAN L IU,CHUNG-YI L IN L IANG-KONG L IN and Y U -CHING L AI Abstract During – we conducted a nationwide become over-abundant. Thus, it is important to address camera-trapping survey and assessed the availability of the cascading effect of the disappearance of top-down pred- prey and habitat for the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa ator control. Our assessment indicated that, with proper in Taiwan. We surveyed , camera-trap sites over regulation of hunting, habitat restoration and corridor im- , camera-trap days, from the seashore to an altitude provement, it may be possible to reintroduce the clouded of , m and covering various types of vegetation. No leopard. clouded leopards were photographed during , cam- Keywords Camera-trapping, extinct, habitat assessment, era-trap days, including at sites in other studies, con- Neofelis nebulosa, prey distribution, reintroduction, Taiwan firming the presumed extinction of clouded leopards in Taiwan. Assessment of the prey base revealed altitudinal distribution patterns of prey species and prey biomass. Areas at lower altitudes and with less human encroachment and hunting supported a higher prey biomass and more of Introduction the typical prey species of clouded leopards. Habitat analysis he clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa is categorized as revealed , km of suitable habitat but this was reduced to Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and is listed on T , km when adjacent areas of human encroachment Appendix I of CITES (). It is the largest felid in were subtracted. In the absence of hunting and large mam- Taiwan and has been categorized as Endangered under malian carnivores the major prey of clouded leopards in the Wildlife Conservation Act since . Lee & Lin () Taiwan, such as Formosan macaques Macaca cyclopis, suggested that clouded leopards were nearly or already ex- ’ Reeves s muntjacs Muntiacus reevesi, Formosan serow tinct in Taiwan; no direct records of occurrence (e.g. sight- Capricornis swinhoei and sambar Rusa unicolor, could ings, photographs, carcasses) had been reported since and pre- records were based on interviews. However, for a species to be categorized as Extinct, IUCN stipulates PO-JEN CHIANG* (Corresponding author) and KURTIS JAI-CHYI PEI Institute of that exhaustive surveys must be conducted in its range Wildlife Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and ’ Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan. E-mail [email protected] over a time frame appropriate to the taxon s life cycle MICHAEL R. VAUGHAN Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, Virginia (IUCN, ). No field surveys of clouded leopards have Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA been conducted in Taiwan and information from local peo- CHING-FENG LI Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, ple is anecdotal and unsubstantiated (Rabinowitz, ). Czech Republic The population status of the species cannot be ascertained MEI-TING CHEN Institute of Biological Resources, National Pingtung University without field surveys but if any clouded leopards remain of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan they can only be in very small numbers and in remote areas. JIAN-NAN LIU Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, Taiwan The clouded leopard’s prey species have experienced CHUNG-YI LIN Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan pressure from habitat loss as a result of human encroach- University, Taipei, Taiwan ment and from hunting, although commercial hunting LIANG-KONG LIN Department of Life Sciences, Tunghai University, Taichung, was banned in (Lee & Lin, ). However, populations Taiwan of some prey species, including Formosan macaques YU-CHING LAI Department of Environmental and Hazards-Resistant Design, Huafan University, New Taipei, Taiwan Macaca cyclopis and some mammalian herbivores, have reportedly increased, causing conflict on farmlands and in *Also at: Formosan Wild Sound Conservation Science Centre, 2F, No. 335, Yongmei Road, Yangmei City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan forests. Although these increases could be a result of Received November . Revision requested January . the hunting ban, reduced predation pressure from the disap- Accepted April . First published online November . pearance of clouded leopards cannot be ruled out (Crooks & Oryx, 2015, 49(2), 261–269 © 2014 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S003060531300063X Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Lincoln University Library, on 20 Mar 2018 at 04:58:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531300063X 262 P. Chiang et al. Soule, ; Chiang et al., ). Disappearance of large apex (Kansas, USA) in some of the surveys, and by film predators can impose trophic cascades on an ecosystem, camera-traps had been replaced completely by digital. The with effects on biodiversity (Terborgh et al., ; Estes digital camera-traps were set at c. m height for horizontal et al., ). Thus, it is important to assess the population detection, to accommodate their sensor design. Such horizon- status of the clouded leopard and locate any surviving indi- tal detection may result in higher variations in the detection viduals. Reintroduction of clouded leopards to Taiwan range, given the variable terrain. With film camera-traps tilted could be considered if extirpation is confirmed. downwards, the detection area was more consistent for prey The success of any conservation action and/or reintro- comparison across sites. Thus, only film camera-traps were duction of clouded leopards would depend on the avail- used to assess the prey base, to reduce bias from the variable ability of suitable prey and habitat. The discovery of detection areas at sites with digital cameras. clouded leopards would necessitate conservation actions A more extensive camera-trap survey was conducted in such as habitat improvement and/or restocking the popu- the Tawu Mountain area during – to study prey lation to increase genetic diversity (Roelke et al., ). If populations under the most natural conditions, without it were confirmed that no clouded leopards remain, suitable human disturbance and hunting, using stratified sampling reintroduction sites should be identified and habitat quality according to altitude (Chiang et al., ). Several camera- and connectivity improved. Our objectives were () to inves- trap sites were baited with live chickens and other olfactory, tigate whether there are any remaining clouded leopards in visual or auditory lures to increase the chances of photo- Taiwan, () to document the altitudinal distribution pat- graphing clouded leopards. terns of major potential prey species, () to assess the abun- dance of prey species, () to test whether prey populations are being reduced by anthropogenic hunting, and ( )to Prey assessment identify suitable habitat for restoration and for the reintro- duction of clouded leopards. We used the number of photographic events per camera- trap day (O’Brien et al., ) as an index of relative abun- dance of prey because of its correlation with population Study area densities of mammalian herbivores (O’Brien et al., ; Rowcliffe et al., ; Rovero & Marshall, ). Taiwan is an orogenic island of c. , km , with a large Consecutive photographs of the same species within altitudinal range and a maximum altitude of c. , m. The hour were counted as one event and multiple consecutive vegetation gradient changes from coastal plains and lowland pictures of groups of animals (e.g. Formosan macaques) tropical and subtropical rainforest to temperate coniferous were also counted as single events. The relative abundance forest and alpine grassland at the highest altitudes. The index of each prey species was multiplied by the edible per- Tawu Mountain area in southern Taiwan (Fig. ) encom- centage of mean adult body weight (g) and summed across passes two protected areas: Tawu Nature Reserve and all prey species, for use as a prey biomass index. Edible per- Twin Ghost Lake Important Wildlife Area. It contains the centage was determined as % for prey . kg, % for largest remaining lowland primary forest and is the location prey . kg and % for prey , kg (Emmons, ; in which, if clouded leopards still occur on the island, they Pedersen et al., ; Mills et al., ). However, we esti- are most likely to be found (Rabinowitz, ). There is mated that the maximum amount of meat a clouded leopard minimal human disturbance in the area and it is primarily could obtain from large prey (assuming multiple feeding covered by pristine Ficus–Machilus, Machilus–Castanopsis events) was kg, based on the daily meat consumption and Quercus forests and Tsuga rainforests along the altitudi- and kill rates of other wild felids. nal gradient –, mover km . To investigate altitudinal patterns of prey distribution and abundance under natural conditions, without hunting, Methods we compared relative abundance indices for each prey and carnivore species and prey biomass indices between four – Camera-trap surveys altitudinal zones in the Tawu Mountain area ( , , ,–,, ,–, and ,–, m). These four We conducted camera-trap surveys in national parks, pro- zones reflect the four major vegetation types in the area. tected areas and fragmented lowlands throughout Taiwan We used Kruskal–Wallis
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