ZOOTAXA 1101 Catalogue of Recent and fossil taxa of the family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) RÜDIGER BIELER & RICHARD E. PETIT Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand RÜDIGER BIELER & RICHARD E. PETIT Catalogue of Recent and fossil taxa of the family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850 (Mollusca: Gastro- poda) (Zootaxa 1101) 119 pp.; 30 cm. 19 Dec. 2005 ISBN 1-877407-30-5 (paperback) ISBN 1-877407-31-3 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2005 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41383 Auckland 1030 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ © 2005 Magnolia Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the publisher, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed in writing. This authorization does not extend to any other kind of copying, by any means, in any form, and for any purpose other than private research use. ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) Zootaxa 1101: 1–119 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 1101 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Catalogue of Recent and fossil taxa of the family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) RÜDIGER BIELER1 & RICHARD E. PETIT2 1 Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A.; email: [email protected] 2 806 St. Charles Road, North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina 29582, U.S.A.; email: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract. 3 Introduction. 4 Scope . 5 Authors’ names, authorship and synonymies/chresonymies . 6 Dating . 7 Conventions employed in the genus group list . 7 Conventions employed in the species group list. 7 Acknowledgements . 8 FAMILY group names . 9 GENUS group names . 9 SPECIES group names . 18 Appendix . 75 References. 80 Abstract The marine gastropod family Architectonicidae (= Solariidae), commonly known as sundials, comprises about 140 worldwide extant species classified in 11 genera. More than ten times as many names are used in the literature for both Recent and fossil taxa, the latter dating from the Mesozoic (Paleozoic taxa were misinterpreted). Herein we catalog more than 1550 names that have appeared in print at the family-group (10), genus-group (137), and species-group levels (1408). Of the last, nearly 1100 are found to be nomenclatorially available or potentially available. An Appendix is included in which nomenclatural changes are made and/or commented upon. It is demonstrated that Solarium maculatum Link, 1807 was validly introduced and, as Architectonica maculata (Link, 1807), becomes the valid name for the species usually cited as A. picta (Philippi, 1849). The invalid introduction of Heliacus messanensis Bertolaso & Palazzi, 2000 is discussed. The emended spelling of the specific name in the binomen Solatisonax alleryi (G. Seguenza, 1876) is shown to be correctly accepted. Philippia lepida Bayer, 1942, Torinia gyrus depressiuscula Accepted by D. Geiger: 15 Sept. 2005; published: 19 Dec. 2005 3 ZOOTAXA Bayer, 1848, Solarium subconcolor von Martens, 1880, Solarium conulus Weinkauff, 1868 and 1101 Solarium submoniliferum d’Orbigny, 1852 were proposed as replacement names for multiple preoccupied names and/or misidentifications. These are here restricted to avoid possible confusion. The history and current status of the similarly spelled and inconsistently used nomina Fluxiella and Fluxinella (as placed in Architectonicidae and/or Seguenziidae) are discussed. Key words: Nomenclature, taxonomy, biodiversity, lower Heterogastropoda, Solariidae, marine Introduction The marine gastropod family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850 (of which Solariidae Carpenter, 1857 is a synonym) belongs to the “lower heterobranchs,” a still poorly resolved clade or grade that together with the Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata form the Heterobranchia within the Gastropoda. The systematic position, known anatomical characters, and complicated taxonomic history of Architectonicidae have been discussed by Haszprunar (1985, 1988) and Bieler (1988, 1992). Commonly known as "sundials," members of this group possess discoidal to broadly conical shells. Among the features of their dextrally coiling shells is a strongly pronounced heterostrophy, an abrupt difference in shell growth translation between the larval protoconch and the postlarval teleoconch. In architectonicids this leads to an extreme case of hyperstrophy (termed “anastrophy”) in which the larval shell umbilicus (not its apex) is visible on the apex of the shell, while the actual protoconch apex is pointing toward the umbilicus of the adult shell. Architectonicid opercula share a construction of spirally arranged horny lamellae, with a peg-like process on the body side by which it is anchored to the foot muscle. The group shows various buccal and radular specializations for feeding on hexacorallian coelenterates such as stony corals, sea anemones, and zoanthids. In the Recent fauna architectonicids have worldwide distribution, mainly in subtropical and tropical waters. Architectonicids occur at all depths, from the intertidal (e.g., species of Heliacus) to abyssal depths (e.g., Solatisonax). Today’s distributional limits are approximately 40° N and S for most taxa and seem to be defined by the range of suitable coelenterate prey species. Only a few species, especially of Basisulcata and Philippia, occur also outside this area, for instance southwest of Ireland (warmed by the Gulf Stream, at 50° and 51° N) and off Tasmania (Bieler 1993). Recent monographic treatments of the extant fauna (e.g., Bieler 1993) recognize about 140 worldwide species in 11 genera. As will be noted from the following lists, this is a small fraction of the available species-group and genus-group names that have been introduced in this family. Architectonicids have long-lived free-swimming larval stages, and many nominal species that were introduced as “local endemics” were subsequently shown to be members of a widely distributed species (an example is the type species of Architectonica itself, which has at least 12 junior synonyms). In addition, many names were introduced for fossil species. Of these, most of the Neogene taxa placed in the 4 © 2005 Magnolia Press BIELER & PETIT Architectonicidae are indubitably closely related to extant forms of this family. A large ZOOTAXA number of Mesozoic species and genera were introduced as architectonicids (particularly 1101 in the genus Solarium, a junior synonym of Architectonica), but were subsequently recognized to belong elsewhere. It is practically impossible to determine whether or not a trochoid-shaped internal mold is of an architectonicid. A few genera based on Paleozoic species were introduced in Architectonicidae, all of which have been moved to other families. Scope Genus group taxa. Three categories of generic names are listed herein: (1) genus group taxa (regardless of original placement) that are now placed in the Architectonicidae, (2) genus group taxa originally proposed in the family (regardless of current placement), and (3) genus group taxa having a type species that was originally described in an architectonicid genus (regardless of original or current placement of that type speies). Genera that were not originally in the Architectonicidae but placed therein at one time and later removed are not listed. Species group taxa. Listed herein are all species group taxa now considered to belong in the family Architectonicidae. Also listed are taxa originally described in a genus now placed in Architectonicidae but later placed elsewhere. Taxa that were originally described in a non-architectonicid genus and later incorrectly transferred to the Architectonicidae but not now considered to belong in the family are not listed. A few exceptions have been made for cases that may cause confusion. A main purpose of this catalogue is to provide access to the widely scattered literature in which available architectonicid names have been introduced. Although we have attempted to list misspellings in use, some compilations with no scientific value have been intentionally omitted as containing a large number of misspellings, misattributed names, and nude names (e.g., Santos Galindo 1977). On the other hand, such listings of Paetel (1869, 1887–88) are included as errors in his works were perpetuated for many years. Incorrect subsequent spellings that merely involve a missing, or erroneously doubled, genitive “i” are not listed except when there is the possibility that the change was an intentional emendation although such change is no longer permitted under Article 33.4 (I.C.Z.N. 1999). Species are listed under the genus in which they were originally described. As the list is non-critical, there are few subjective changes beyond the cited literature, and those are made only in cases of universal acceptance or when it is obvious that the original placement was wrong (e.g., some Mesozoic Vetigastropoda originally described as Solarium). Nomina herein are entirely from printed works. A surprising amount of architectonicid-related taxonomic misinformation (misspellings, nude names and incorrect citations) is to be found on the World Wide Web, even on supposedly authoritative sites. ARCHITECTONICIDAE © 2005 Magnolia Press 5 ZOOTAXA Considerable time and effort has been expended in an attempt to make this list, which 1101 now covers more than 1,550 nomina (both