Politický Aktivismus Celebrit V Irsku

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Politický Aktivismus Celebrit V Irsku FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Politický aktivismus celebrit v Irsku Bakalářská práce DENISA HLUŠIČKOVÁ Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Miloš Gregor, PhD. Katedra politologie Politologie Brno 2019 1 POLITICKÝ AKTIVISMUS CELEBRIT V IRSKU Bibliografický záznam Autor: Denisa Hlušičková Fakulta sociálních studií, Masarykova univerzita Katedra politologie Název práce: Politický aktivismus celebrit v Irsku Studijní program: Politologie Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Miloš Gregor, PhD. Akademický rok: 2019 Počet stran: 67 Klíčová slova: politický aktivismus celebrit, politický aktivis- mus, celebrita, celebritizace, politika, Irsko, prezi- dentské volby, parlamentní volby 3 POLITICKÝ AKTIVISMUS CELEBRIT V IRSKU Bibliografic record Author: Denisa Hlušičková Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University Department of Political Science Title of Thesis: Political Activism of Celebrities in Ireland Degree Programme: Political science Supervisor: Mgr. Miloš Gregor, PhD. Academic Year: 2019 Number of Pages: 67 Keywords: political activism of celebrities, political activism, celebrity, celebritization, policy, Ireland, presi- dential election, general election 4 POLITICKÝ AKTIVISMUS CELEBRIT V IRSKU Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá politickým aktivismem celebrit v Irsku. Práce je koncipována jako vstup do problematiky politického aktivismu irských celebrit. Autorka zkoumá zapojení irských celebrit do parlament- ních a prezidentských voleb a prostřednictvím obsahové analýzy novi- nových článků zjišťuje, jakým tématům se celebrity v rámci voleb věnují. Následně identifikuje obecné trendy. 1 POLITICKÝ AKTIVISMUS CELEBRIT V IRSKU Abstract This bachelor thesis focuses on political activism in Ireland. The work is conceived as an entry into the issue of political activism of Irish celebri- ties. The author examines the involvement of Irish celebrities in the par- liamentary and presidential elections and, through the analysis of the contents of newspaper articles, identifies, topics which celebrities focus on in elections. It then identifies general trends. 2 POLITICKÝ AKTIVISMUS CELEBRIT V IRSKU Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci na téma Politický aktivismus ce- lebrit v Irsku zpracovala sama. Veškeré prameny a zdroje informací, které jsem použila k sepsání této práce, byly citovány v poznámkách pod čarou a jsou uvedeny v seznamu použitých pramenů a literatury. V Brně 4. prosince 2019 ....................................... Denisa Hlušičková 1 POLITICKÝ AKTIVISMUS CELEBRIT V IRSKU Poděkování Chtěla bych poděkovat svému vedoucímu práce, Mgr. Miloši Gregorovi, Ph.D., který mi pomohl s koncepcí práce a dával mi cenné rady, díky kte- rým jsem svoji práci mohla dokončit. Největší dík však patří mé rodině, která mě podporovala nejen během psaní závěrečné práce, ale přede- vším během celého studia. Díky, já vám ty tituly dovezu! Šablona DP 3.0 (prosinec 2018) © 2014, 2016, 2018 Právnická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity OBSAH 5 Obsah Seznam tabulek 7 1 Úvod 9 Teoretická část 11 2 Kdo je celebrita? 12 2.1 Celebritizace politiky ............................................................................... 13 2.2 Typologie celebritizace politiky ........................................................... 15 3 Celebrity v politice 20 3.1 Zapojení celebrit do politiky ................................................................. 20 3.2 Co přináší zapojení celebrit do politiky? .......................................... 21 4 Irská politika 24 4.1 Uachtarán na hÉireann ............................................................................ 24 4.2 Dáil Éireann ................................................................................................. 26 Metodologická část 28 4.3 Výzkumná otázka....................................................................................... 29 4.4 Metodologie práce ..................................................................................... 29 5 Prezidentské volby 32 5.1 Prezidentské volby 2004 ........................................................................ 32 5.2 Prezidentské volby 2011 ........................................................................ 34 5.3 Prezidentské volby v roce 2018 ........................................................... 36 5.4 Shrnutí prezidentských voleb ............................................................... 38 6 Volby do dolní komory Parlamentu – Dáilu 40 6.1 Volby do Dáilu v roce 2002 .................................................................... 40 6.2 Volby do Dáilu v roce 2007 .................................................................... 42 6.3 Volby do Dáilu v roce 2011 .................................................................... 45 6.4 Volby do Dáil v roce 2016 ...................................................................... 47 5 6 OBSAH 6.5 Shrnutí parlamentních voleb ................................................................ 47 Závěr 50 7 Použité zdroje 51 7.1 On-line články ............................................................................................. 51 7.2 Odborná literatura .................................................................................... 56 6 SEZNAM TABULEK 7 Seznam tabulek TABULKA 1 - Zobrazení počtu kandidujících celebrit…………………………………………49 7 ÚVOD 1 Úvod „V Irsku člověk nikdy neví, co ho čeká – kopne do kamene a neví, jestli se za ním neskrývá kus historie, kouzelná víla v blankytné říze nebo ně- jaký taškář leprikón s housličkami a rudým plnovousem.“ - Liba Švrčinová-Cunnings (Dudáci, draci a kouzelné víly) Politická scéna je ovlivňována nespočtem proměnných a s příchodem a rozvojem techniky můžeme mezi takové proměnné počítat i zábavní průmysl. Základem zábavního průmyslu jsou bezpochyby celebrity, o kterých především pojednává tato práce. Dva zdánlivě nesouvisející světy začaly splývat v jeden, šoubyznys se setkal s politikou, což podní- tilo k vědeckému bádání řadu odborníků politických věd. Přineslo to řadu nevyřešených otázek. Dokáží celebrity ovlivňovat politické dění? Jak celebrity dokáží ovlivnit politiku? Jsou celebrity účinné zbraně poli- tického marketingu? Jako téma své bakalářské práce jsem si zvolila fenomén politického aktivismu celebrit. Jedná se o ne zcela nový trend, ač bychom z malého počtu vědeckých publikací mohli soudit o opaku. Pomerně rozsáhlé téma budu zkoumat především na základě volebních výsledků v prezident- ských a parlamentních volbách, které jsem si pro výzkum zvolila. Akti- vismus celebrit budu posuzovat podle aktivního zapojení celebrit do po- litiky a podle snahy celebrit získat některý ze zkoumaných volených úřadů. Doposud byl fenomém celebritizace zkoumán z různých úhlů po- hledů například v českém, britském nebo americkém prostředí. Z toho důvodu jsem se rozhodla celebritizaci zkoumat v zemi, ve které nebyl tento fenomén doposud zkoumán či byl zkoumán pouze okrajově. 9 ÚVOD V irském prostředí nebyla celebritám v politice věnována valná pozor- nost. Obecně není výzkum politické komunikace v Irsku příliš rozšířen (Brandenburg 2005, 298). Bakalářská práce tak svým obsahem přinese čtenáři nový pohled na celebritizaci v rámci zcela nového a neprozkou- maného prostředí. Svoji bakalářskou práci budu strukturovat do tří základních částí: te- oretické, metodologické a analytické části. Je důležité věnovat se teore- tickému základu a vymezit si podstatu zkoumání. V teoretické části proto představím pojem celebrita a fenomém celebritizace. Vyložím typologii celebritizace, podle které budu následně provádět svůj výzkum v analy- tické části, a která mi bude sloužit jako odrazový můstek pro celou moji práci. Kromě toho se budu věnovat i irské politice, kterou stručně před- stavím a popíši blíže způsob volby a roli a význam ve společnosti prezi- dentského úřadu a dolní komory parlamentu. Metodologickou část budu věnovat způsobu, jakým chci celou proble- matiku zkoumat a jakou metodologii budu aplikovat. Na to naváže po- slední, analytická část, ve které se budu věnovat prezidentským a parla- mentním volbám a jakou roli irské celebrity v těchto událostech hrály. 10 TEORETICKÁ ČÁST Teoretická část Teoretická část bakalářské práce se bude zabývat druhy a možnostmi zapojení celebrit do politického dění. Známé a vlivné osobnosti zábav- ního průmyslu se podílejí nebo ovlivňují běh událostí kolem sebe již od dob starověkého Řecka. Již Platón varoval před nebezpečím ztráty racio- nálního úsudku vinou hudby a poezie. Podobná témata můžeme nalézt i v pozdějších filosofických dílech například u Rousseau nebo Nietzscheho (Street, 2013: 9). Je však pravdepodobné, že vliv celebrit sahá ještě dále do historie. Svojí známostí měly celebrity příležitost ovlivnit úsedek mnohých lidí. Jakou měrou a formou toho celebrtity mohou dosáhnout budu představovat v teoretické části. Představím definici pojmu „ce- lebrita“, neboť se jedná o výchozí definici pro celou práci a v odborné li- teratuře nenajdeme pro tento pojem jednotnou definici. Dále v teore- tické části představím typologii dělení celebrit, které svým způsobem vy- tvářejí obsah politik a způsob zapojení celebrit do politického dění. 11 KDO JE CELEBRITA? 2 Kdo je celebrita? Nejdříve je potřeba definovat si subjekt našeho zkoumání, tedy po- jem „celebrita“. Neexistuje shoda na definici pojmu celebrita. Každý au- tor přichází do jisté míry se svojí vlastní definicí, ale u většiny autorů mů- žeme nalézt shodu alespoň v základních znacích. Slovo celebrita se často skloňuje a pojí s přídavnými jmény jako slavný, známý nebo úspěšný. Pokud bychom měli zmínit konkrétní definice, tak nesmíme opomi- nout
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