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People's Communes and Rural Development in China

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People's Communes and Rural Development in China BIBLIGAPHIC INPUT HET L People's Communes and Rural Development in China 3. AUTHOR(S) Stavis, Benedict 4. DOCUMENT DATE 5. NUMBER OF PACES 6. ARC NUMBER November 1974 n P 182p.l 7. REFERENCE ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Cornell University Center for International Studies Ithaca, New York 14853 8. SU PPL. EM ENT A RY NOT ES (SponsonIng Organlzation, Publishers, A vallability) 9. ABSTRACT This paper has three major sections. The first, Chapter 1, specifies the growth in agricultural production and the changes in welfare of China's rural inhabitants. It considers non-material, psychological factors as well as changes in the material standard of living. The following four chapters constitute a section describing in some detail rural local institutions in China, with an emphasis on the 1962--72 period. Chapter 2 outlines the historical and social developments that led to the foimation of rural people's communes, relating these to the production teams and brigades which comprise the sub-units of a commune, and to the country and national governments above. Chapter 3 explains the division of responsibility, primarily with regard to economic functions, among the component parts of a commune. Chapter 4 describes the management of each level in the commune, including formal distribution or power, managerial per­ sonnel, and financial operation. Chapter 5 focuses on political leadership, which pro­ vides a dynamism and coherence for the rural local institutions. The third major section of this paper is Chapter 6, which examines how the improvements in rural welfare and productivity are related to both central and local institutions. Those readers with a special interest in the relationship between rural local institutions and rural development may wish to leap ahead to Chapter 3G, Chapter 6B, and to the conclusions in Chapter 7. 10. CONTROL NUMBER I1. PRICE OF DOCUMENT PN-AAB- AO / 12. DESCRIPTORS 13. PROJECT NUMBER Agricultural Production, Social, Standard of Living, 298-11-995-037 Local Institutions, Communes, Economic, Political 14. CONTRACT NUMBER AID/ASIA-C-1102 15. TYPE OF DOCUMENT Research Study AID 590-1 (4-74) CORNELL UNIVERSITY RURAL DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE I Special Series on Rural Local Government PEOPLE'S COMMUNES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Benedict Stavis ,LG No. 2 PEOPLE'S COMMUNES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Benedict Stavis China-Japan Program and Rural Develop:rFnt Committee Cornell University Rural Development Committee Center for International Studies Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14853 Published by the Rural Development Committee, Center for International Studies, Cornell rJniversity, Ithaca, New York 14853. November 1974. Copies may be obtained by writing to the Rural Development Committee. A charge will be made for the cost of reproduc­ tion. FOREWORD Tis monograph was written as part of a comparative study of Rural Local Government organized by the Rural Development Committee of Cornell University. The study aimed at clarifying the role of rural local institu­ tions in the rural development process, with special reference to agricul­ tural productivity, income, local participation and rural welfare. An interdisciplinary working group set up under the Rural Development Committee established a comparative framework for research and analysis of these relationships.I A series of monographs, based in most cases on original field research, has been written by members of the working group and by scholars at other institutions and has been published by the Rural Develop­ ment Committee. An analysis and summary of the study's findings has been written for the working group by Norman Uphoff and Milton Esman and has been published separately. This study of Rural Local Government is part of the overall program of teaching and research by members of the Rural Development Committee, which functions under the auspices of the Center for International Studies at Cornell and is chaired by Norman Uphoff. The main focuses of Committee concern are alternative strategies and institutions for promoting rural development, especially with respect to the situation of small farmers, rural laborers and their families. This particular study was financed in large part by a grant from the Asia Bureau of the U.S. Agency for Interna­ tional Development. The views expressed by participating scholars in this study are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of USAID or Cornell University. Special Series on Rural Local Government 1. TIlE ELUSIVENESS OF EQUITY: INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES TO RURAL DEVELOP- M.ENT IN BANGLADESH, by Harry 11.Blair, Department of Political Science, Bucknell University, and Visiting Fellow, Rural Development Committee, Cornell, 1972-73. 2. PEOPLE'S CO',IUNES AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA, by Benedict Stavis, China-Japan Program and Rural Development Committee, Cornell. 3. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND EGYPTIA-N RURAL DEVELOPMENT, by James B. Mayfield, Department of Political Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. PANCIL.YATI RA\J AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ANDIIRA PRADESH, INDIA, by G. Ram Reddy, Department of Political Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India. 5. THE DYNAMICS OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN PUNJAB, INDIA, by S.S. Johl, Department of Economics and Sociology, Punjab 1 The members of the working group were Ron Aqua, Douglas Ashford, John Blackton, Hlarry Blair, Milton Esman, Mohinder Mudahar, Norman Nicholson, David Robinson, Benedict Stavis, and Norman Uphoff. Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, and Mohinder S. Mudahar, Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell. 6. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION AND DECENR-A'\LIZED DECISION-,\KING IN R,.JASTIIAN, INDIA, by Susan G. ll'ldden, Department of Political Science, Oakland University. 7. RURAL LOCAL GO\'RNMIE\T AND AGRICULTUR\L DEVE.OPMENT IN JAVA, INDONESIA, by Gary E. Hansen, East-,'est Technology and Development Institute, University of Hawaii. 8. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND RURA-\L DEELOPMENT IN JAPIAN, by Ronald Aqua, Department of Government, Cornell. 9. L0:AL INSTITUTIONS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN MLALAYSIA, by Stephen Chee, Faculty of Economics and Administration, University of Malaya. 10. BASI' DEiOCRACIES AND RURAL DEVELOPM ENT IN PAKISTAN, by Norman K. Nicholson, D)epartment of Political Scienze, Northern Illinois Univer­ sity, and Visiting, Professor, Department of Government, Crnell, 1972-73; and Dilawar Ali Khan, Department of Cooperation and Credit, Pakistan Agricultural University, Lyallpur. 11. AGRICULTURAL GRO671i AkND LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN, by S. Javed Burki, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. 12. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOP MIThT IN THE PLILIPPINES, by Santiago S. Simpas, Ledivina'Carino, and Arturo G. Pacho, College of Public Administration, University of the Philippines. 13. LOCAL INSTITUTIONS AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH KOREA, by Ronald Aqua, Department of Government, Cornell. 14. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN SRI LANKA, by John S. Blackton, Department of Government, Cornell. 15. RURAL LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TAIWAN, by Benedict Stavis, China-Japan Program and Rural Development Com­ mittee, Cornell. 16. LOCAL GOVERNANCE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND, by Marcus Ingle, Maxwell School, Syracuse University. 17. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TURKEY, by Douglas E. Ashford, Department of Government, Cornell. 18. LOCAL GOVER.NMENT A.ND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN YUGOSLAVIA, by Zdravko Mlinar, Department of Sociology, Political Science and Journalism, University of Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. 19. LOCAL ORGANIZATION FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT: ANALYSIS OF ASIAN EXPER- IENCE, by Norman T. Uphoff and Milton J. Esman, Department of Government and Center for International Studies, Cornell. Table of Contents Page INTRODUCTION, SOURCES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1 CHAPTER 1 - PERFORMANCE OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 6 A. Growth of Grain Production 8 B. Rural Income 16 C. Standard of Living 21 1. Food Consumption 21 2. Other Consumer Goods 25 3. Security 26 4. Inequality 28 5. Dignity 29 CHAPTER 2 - BACKGROUND OF THE COMMUNE 34 A. Political and Ideological Role of the Commune 34 B. Institutional Background of the Commune 37 1. Natural Villages and Their Integration 38 2. Local Government Administration 39 3. Organs of Economic Cooperation 42 4. Merger of Economic and Political Organization: The People's Commune 44 CHAPTER 3 - THE FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF RURAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT 49 A. Principles of Commune Organization 49 B. Private Sector and the Family 53 C. Production Team 60 1. Planning Production 61 2. Managing Production 64 3. Labor Management 64 4. Making Investments 65 5. Distribution 67 6. Team Members Away from Home 72 7. Incentives and Scale of Accounting Unit 74 8. Summary about Production Teams 76 D. Brigade 77 1. Coordination of Agricultural Production 77 2. Provision and Creation of Agricultural Inputs 78 3. Investment in Agricultural Diversification 79 4. Brigade Social Services and Public Administration 79 5. Brigade Accounting Units 81 E. Commune 81 1. Leadership 2. Making Agricultural Plans 82 3. Organizing Cooperative Construction Projects 83 4. Supplying Agricultural Inputs and Services 84 5. Industrial Development 85 6. Social Services 86 (Chapter 3 E. Commune, continued) 7. Redistribution of Income within the Commune 88 8. Summary on the Commune 89 F. State Government at Local Level 90 1. Offices Concerned with State Power 90 2. Offices Concerned with Marketing and Finance 91 3. State Services 91
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