Nuclear Developments

15 NEWLY-INDEPENDENT STATES

ARMENIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY State Oil Company, but lacked proper im- GROUP port documentation. The nuclear material ARMENIA had arrived on board a plane at Baku’s Bina 4/21/95 Airport without the knowledge of Nuclear scientists and experts from the E.U. Azerbaijani customs agents and without a and the former Soviet Union recently held permit for the shipment of the material. A a conference in St. Petersburg to discuss short time later a second container that INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS accountability and monitoring of nuclear weighed 196 kg and was labelled as radio- materials in storage and during transport. active material, arrived in Azerbaijan from 3/23/95 Officials from Armenia, Belarus, and Rus- the U.S. firm Ponder International Service. According to Oleg Saraev, Chairman of the sia attended the event, which was sponsored Since the incident Azerbaijani government World Association of Nuclear Operators’ by the European Energy Foundation. officials have taken measures to tighten ex- Center (WANO-MC), and Anatoly Nataliya Korkonosenko, Rabochaya Tribuna (Mos- port and import controls. Konstevoy, the Center’s director, Armenia’s cow), 4/21/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-078, 4/21/95 Arif Useynov, Segodnya (Moscow), 5/5/95, p. 7 (12929). (13032). N. Medzhidova, Zerkalo (Baku), 4/1/95, facility at Metsamor will be pp. 1, 8; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 4/1/95 (13077). formally admitted to WANO before the organization’s biennial meeting on 4/24/95- 4/25/95. AZERBAIJAN WITH , TURKEY, Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 3/23/95, pp. AZERBAIJAN 14-15 (12613). AND 4/1/95 ARMENIA WITH IRAN AND RUSSIA It is reported that Ukraine and Azerbaijan are the primary transshipment points for AZERBAIJAN WITH FRANCE, NETHER- 5/95 smuggling nuclear materials out of Russia. LANDS, AND UNITED STATES According to Turan, an Armenian publica- Der Spiegel reported that former Russian tion, “credible sources” say that Russia is military officers, KGB agents, and officers planning to secretly transport materials via 4/1/95 of Russia’s Northern Fleet are involved in Armenia for the reactors it plans to build in According to Fikret Aslanov, chief of the the illicit transfer of nuclear materials and Iran, using deliveries of materials to Radiation Medicine Department in the have created the transshipment routes Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear power station Azerbaijani Republic Center for Hygiene through Ukraine and Azerbaijan. Accord- as a cover. and Epidemiology, “unless steps are taken ing to a German Security Com- Turan (Baku), 5/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-097, 5/ to tighten control over radioactive materi- mission report on the disappearance of 18/95 (12902). als, our republic could well be accused of nuclear materials and the nuclear black facilitating international terrorism and deal- market, a nuclear mafia is beginning to take The numbers listed in parentheses following the ing in [nuclear] smuggling.” Aslanov cites shape, with Russian dealers selling to Third bibliographic references refer to the identification as an example a 12/93 incident in which the World buyers. number of the document in the Emerging Nuclear French firm Shlumberge illegally shipped a N. Medzhidova, Zerkalo (Baku), 4/1/95, pp. 1, 8; Suppliers Project Database, from which the news container of to Azerbaijan in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 4/1/95 (13077). summaries are abstracted. Because of the rapidly via the Netherlands on U.S.-owned Buffalo changing nature of the subject matter, The Airways. The Shlumberge container report- Nonproliferation Review is unable to guarantee edly held 736 kg of radioactive waste, in- that the information reported herein is complete or accurate, and disclaims liability to any party cluding cesium-137, americium-241, and for any loss or damage caused by errors or beryllium. The containers were marked as omissions. chemical waste and were destined for the

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 127 Nuclear Developments

BELARUS WITH IAEA Brest in 1/95 for attempting to smuggle ra- dioactive uranium through Belarusian cus- BELARUS 4/14/95 toms. Ivan Kenika, Minister of Emergency Situa- Belapan (Minsk), 4/11/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-070, 4/11/95 (12861). tions and Protection of the People from the Consequences of the Chernobyl Disaster, and IAEA Director General Hans Blix sign BELARUS WITH RUSSIA INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS a full-scope nuclear safeguards agreement in accordance with Article III of the NPT. 3/95 3/28/95 By 8/2/95, the Belarusian Minister of For- The U.S. Department of Defense issues a Alexander Mikhailevich, chairman of the eign Affairs is to take all measures neces- report confirming that Belarus, Kazakhstan, Belarus Atomic Energy Commission, says sary to ensure the agreement’s entry into and Ukraine are destroying their respective that Belarus will probably decide in 1996 force. whether to go ahead with construction of a Belapan (Minsk), 4/17/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-074, nuclear stockpiles at a faster rate than man- nuclear power plant. In 1992, plans were 4/17/95 (12710). Yaderniy Kontrol, 6/95, p. 13 dated under START I. By mid-3/95, the made to build one or two 1,000 MW nuclear (12926). three countries had removed 1,555 warheads reactors. Mikhailevich said that possible from missiles and transferred 1,097 war- sites for the plant, which could go on line heads to Russia. Belarus has eliminated 45 sometime between 2005 and 2010, are be- BELARUS WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP SS-25 warheads. A Belarusian military ing considered, and that a nuclear waste spokesman says that Belarus will transfer management strategy is also being drawn 3/30/95-3/31/95 all its remaining strategic nuclear weapons up. The International Science and Technology to Russia by 7/25/95. The spokesman said Ann MacLachlan, Nucleonics Week, 4/6/95, p. 13 Center (ISTC) governing board approves 38 that Belarus still has 36 SS-25 (Topol) mis- (12630). peace-related projects that will be supported siles located at two sites. by $13.6 million in approved funding. Agence France-Presse International News, 3/15/95; 4/21/95 Belarusian and Kazakhstani observers attend in Executive News Service, 3/15/95 (12612). Arms It is reported that Belarusian President Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12652). Radiostantsiya the board meeting, and both countries are Belarus (Minsk), 3/16/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, Aleksandr Lukashenka said that further dis- expected to have functioning branch offices 3/16/95 (12709). armament in Belarus is contingent on the in their capitals by fall 1995. In 5/95, it West fulfilling its commitment to finance was reported that, with these newly-ap- 5/26/95 the disarmament process. Lukashenko says proved projects, the ISTC now supports 130 Colonel-General Viktor Yesin, head of he refuses to cover the costs of retiring mili- projects from a funding base of about $60 Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops, says that tary technology with funds from the “state million, and provides employment to more all 18 nuclear missiles remaining in Belarus budget.” The disarmament process was than 8,200 Belarusian, Georgian, and Rus- will be transported to Russia by the end of halted two months ago. sian engineers and scientists, the majority 1995. Interfax (Moscow), 4/21/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, of whom have backgrounds in missile tech- Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 4/21/95 (12873). nology and weapons of mass destruction 5/26/95 (12702). research. Arms Control Today, 5/95, p. 31 (13177). BELARUS WITH BELARUS WITH SWEDEN 4/11/95 4/4/95 It is reported that Colonel-General 3/16/95-3/17/95 German Interior Minister Manfred Kanther Uladzimir Yahoraw, chairman of the Representatives from Belarus and Sweden and Belarusian Interior Minister Yuri Belarusian KGB, said that Belarus maintains meet in Stockholm to discuss third-party Zakharenka sign an agreement to cooperate approximately 440 kg of nuclear material nuclear liability and related issues. During in combatting organized criminal activities, for scientific purposes at the Academic Sci- the talks, Belarus agrees to sign the Vienna including nuclear smuggling. Under the entific-Technological Complex [Sosny], lo- Convention, which it had been reluctant to terms of the agreement, Belarus and Ger- cated 20 km from Minsk. According to do for fear of being held financially respon- many will “exchange information [and] re- Yahoraw, nuclear material may have been sible for the aftereffects of the Chernobyl sults of applied research.” smuggled across Belarusian territory in the accident. The Stockholm agreement in- Gennadiy Temnenkov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/4/95; past, given the fact that Belarus lacks ad- cludes proposals to improve Belarusian in FBIS-SOV-95-065, 4/4/95 (12645). equate border controls with Russia, Ukraine, nuclear material accounting and control and and the Baltics. Yahoraw cited as an ex- to assist in selecting radwaste storage sites ample the case of a CIS citizen arrested at in Belarus. It also provides for bilateral cooperation between Belarus and Lithuania

128 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments on nuclear material issues. Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 5/16/95, fully dismantled, and the other is 80 per- Ariane Sains, Nucleonics Week, 3/23/95, p. 12 p. 14 (12942). cent through the dismantlement process. (12626). BNS (Tallinn), 5/10/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-092, 5/ 6/23/95 10/95 (12872). The U.S. and Belarus sign two agreements BELARUS WITH UNITED STATES by which Belarus will receive $19 million in disarmament aid. The assistance is ear- 2/95 marked for the monitoring of nuclear mate- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s rial at the Sosny facility, the elimination of GEORGIA (LLNL) Laboratory-to-Institute Program missile fuel and launch sites, and the de- has grown considerably during 1994 and struction of “nuclear infrastructure.” currently involves collaboration with scien- Valentin Menshikov, Itar-Tass World Service (Mos- tists at 42 institutes in the former Soviet cow), 6/23/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/23/95 (13228). Union, primarily in Russia and Ukraine. GEORGIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY LLNL is also establishing contact with in- GROUP stitutes in Kazakhstan and Belarus, and is assisting the U.S. in implementing on-site 3/30/95-3/31/95 inspections of fissile material storage facili- ESTONIA The International Science and Technology ties. Center (ISTC) governing board approves Robert T. Andrews and George G. Staele, Energy 38 peace-related projects that will be sup- & Technology Review, 1/95-2/95, pp. 4-14 (13022). ported by $13.6 million in approved fund- ing. Belarusian and Kazakhstani observers 3/1/95 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS attend the board meeting, and both coun- In accordance with START I provisions, tries are expected to have functioning branch three U.S. On-Site Inspection Agency teams offices in their capitals by fall 1995. In 5/ arrive in Russia to begin a series of 71 in- 5/11/95 Estonian police in Tallinn arrest two men 95, it was reported that, with these newly spections at nuclear sites in Russia, Belarus, from the town of Haapsalu (in western Es- approved projects, the ISTC now supports Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. A team of Rus- tonia) trying to sell 5 kg of U-238 to under- 130 projects from a funding base of about sian, Belarusian, Kazakhstani, and Ukrai- cover police officers for $45,500. Estonian $60 million, and provides employment to nian inspectors also begins its inspection of agencies are attempting to determine the more than 8,200 Belarusian, Georgian, and 36 sites in the U.S. source of the radioactive material. Russian engineers and scientists, the ma- Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12746). Wash- jority of whom have backgrounds in mis- ington Times, 3/4/95, p. A9 (12746). Segodnya, 5/11/95 (12923). Guardian, 5/11/95 (12875). sile technology and weapons of mass de- 3/17/95 struction research. Arms Control Today, 5/95, p. 31 (13177). First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs ESTONIA WITH IAEA, RUSSIA, AND Valeriy Tsepkala says that he fears the U.S. may significantly reduce aid to Belarus since SWEDEN Congress is now dominated by Republicans. In early 3/95, the U.S. and Belarus decided 3/14/95 KAZAKHSTAN that $25 million in Nunn-Lugar funding In an international meeting in Stockholm, would be used to implement defense con- specialists from Estonia, Russia, and Swe- version and other disarmament-related pro- den produce a plan for dismantling the grams. nuclear reactors at the Paldiski submarine training station. An IAEA final assessment Belapan (Minsk), 3/20/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-054, INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 3/20/95 (12715). of the plan is due in early 5/95. Russia is to transfer control of the facility to Estonia 6/7/95 5/16/95 by 9/30/95. It is reported that Kazakhstani President The U.S. recently committed an additional Evaleht (Tallinn), 3/16/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- $26 million in Nunn-Lugar funding to the 102-S, 3/16/95 (12714). Nursultan Nazarbayev said that during 45 International Science and Technology Cen- years of nuclear testing, 459 nuclear explo- ter (ISTC) in Russia (including the ISTC 5/10/95 sions were carried out in the Semipalatinsk branch offices in Minsk, Belarus and A Russian delegate to the IAEA Paldiski region, including 113 above-ground tests. International Expert Group announces that A. Nugmanova, Russian Public Television (Mos- Almaty, Kazakhstan) and the Science and cow), 5/29/95; in JPRS-TEN-95-009, 5/29/95 Technology Center in Ukraine. one of the two reactors at Paldiski has been (13029).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 129 Nuclear Developments

KAZAKHSTAN WITH MULTI-COUNTRY 5/31/95 the uranium suspension agreement, GROUP Russian specialists destroy a nuclear device, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan must report the which had been located underground since countries to which they have exported ura- 3/30/95-3/31/95 1991 at Kurchatov, near Semipalatinsk. The nium. DOC has stated that it wants infor- The International Science and Technology device had a yield of 0.3 Kt. The explo- mation on the consumers of the uranium, Center (ISTC) governing board approves 38 sion used to destroy the device was not an rather than on “intermediate processing.” peace-related projects that will be supported atomic blast, and no chain reaction occurred. Kazakhstan’s legal representative, the firm by $13.6 million in approved funding. In 2/95, it was reported that three more Shearman & Sterling, stated in a letter to Belarusian and Kazakhstani observers attend unexploded nuclear devices remain at the DOC that, under the terms of the suspen- the board meeting, and both countries are Semipalatinsk test site: a 150 Kt device, sion agreement, Kazakhstan is not obligated expected to have functioning branch offices which is apparently lodged in a tunnel, and to identify those who purchase uranium af- in their capitals by fall 1995. In 5/95, it two devices of unidentified yield, both lo- ter it has been enriched. The letter explains was reported that, with these newly approved cated 500 meters underground. that it is unreasonable for DOC to expect projects, the ISTC now supports 130 projects Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-105, Kazakhstan to report the consumers of its 5/31/95 (12747). Vladimir Yelufimov, Selskaya from a funding base of about $60 million, uranium two years after the agreement was Zhizn (Moscow), 3/10/95, p. 2; in JPRS-TAC-95- implemented, especially since previous re- and provides employment to more than 012-L, 3/10/95 (12747). Le Monde, 2/23/95; in 8,200 Belarusian, Georgian, and Russian PPNN Newsbrief, First Quarter 1995, p. 3 (12747). ports that omitted final users elicited no such engineers and scientists, the majority of Anatoliy Ladin, Krasnaya Zvezda, 6/2/95, p. 3 criticism from DOC. (13038). Tleuzhan Yesilbayev, Pravda, 6/7/95, p. whom have backgrounds in missile technol- Michael Knapik, NuclearFuel, 3/13/95, pp. 1-2, 18 2 (13029). (12651). ogy and weapons of mass destruction re- search. 3/27/95 Arms Control Today, 5/95, p. 31 (13177). KAZAKHSTAN WITH UNITED STATES The U.S. DOC and Kazakhstan sign an amendment to the Kazakhstan suspension 2/95 agreement. The amendment allows one KAZAKHSTAN WITH RUSSIA Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s million pounds of Kazakhstani uranium to (LLNL) Laboratory-to-Institute Program be imported into the U.S. once the “DOC- 3/95 has grown considerably during 1994 and determined price” reaches $12 per pound. The U.S. Department of Defense issues a currently involves collaboration with scien- In exchange, Kazakhstan agrees to forego report confirming that Belarus, Kazakhstan, tists at 42 institutes in the former Soviet bypass enrichment deals. According to and Ukraine are destroying their respective Union, primarily in Russia and Ukraine. Roland MacDonald, Director of the DOC nuclear stockpiles at a faster rate than man- LLNL is also establishing contact with in- Office of Agreements Compliance, U.S. dated by START I. By mid-3/95, the three stitutes in Kazakhstan and Belarus, and is importers of Kazakhstani uranium are now countries had removed 1,555 warheads from assisting the U.S. in implementing on-site required to have an export certificate signed missiles and transferred 1,097 warheads to inspections of fissile material storage facili- in Kazakhstan. In addition, U.S. importers Russia. Kazakhstan has eliminated 440 SS- ties. must identify where the uranium was mined, 18 and 370 air-launched cruise missile war- Robert T. Andrews and George G. Staele, Energy converted, enriched, and fabricated. The heads. Kazakhstan will complete the trans- & Technology Review, 1/95-2/95, pp. 4-14 (13022). amendment will reportedly allow fer of its SS-18 warheads by the end of 1995. Kazakhstan to receive higher profits from Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12652). 3/1/95 its uranium sales to the U.S., since all ura- In accordance with START I provisions, 4/24/95 nium mined in Kazakhstan will be consid- three U.S. On-Site Inspection Agency teams ered of Kazakhstani origin, even if the ura- The last of 104 SS-18 missile warheads is arrive in Russia to begin a series of 71 in- nium was enriched in a third-party country. transferred from Kazakhstan to Russia in spections at nuclear sites in Russia, Belarus, Michael Knapik, NuclearFuel, 4/10/95, pp. 1, 15- accordance with the 5/23/92 START I Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. A team of Rus- 18 (12748). Nuclear News, 5/95, p. 17 (12864). Lisbon Protocol. Each of the missiles was sian, Belarusian, Kazakhstani, and Ukrai- equipped with 10 “multiple reentry vehicles.” nian inspectors also begins its inspection of 4/5/95 The missiles will be destroyed by the end of 36 sites in the U.S. During a visit with Kazakhstani Defense 1996. Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12746). Wash- Minister Saghadat Nurmaghambetov, U.S. Vladimir Krivomazov, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), ington Times, 3/4/95, p. A9 (12746). Secretary of Defense William Perry pledges 4/28/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-083, 4/28/95 (12614). Kazakh Radio First Program (Almaty), to provide Kazakhstan with $14.7 million 5/24/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-101, 5/24/95 (12659). 3/13/95 in nuclear disarmament assistance. The cre- Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, It is reported that Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan ation of four conversion-related U.S.- 4/25/95 (13026). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in have protested the U.S. Department of Com- Kazakhstani joint ventures will raise total FBIS-SOV-95-103, 5/26/95 (12702). merce (DOC) requirement that, as part of U.S. assistance to $36.9 million.

130 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments

Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-066, the delay is limited storage space and the 4/5/95 (12616). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/15/95, limited availability of service ships. Spent p. 8 (13013). LITHUANIA fuel shipments to Chelyabinsk have been 4/7/95 virtually halted due to lack of money to pay the Mayak plant for reprocessing. The Rus- The U.S. will grant Kazakhstan $70 mil- sian Navy is preparing to accelerate the fuel lion in conversion and disarmament assis- removal process in 1996. tance, $15 million of which will be pro- INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS Joshua Handler, Jane’s Intelligence Review, 3/95, vided under the Nunn-Lugar program for pp. 136-140 (12980). the establishment of four U.S.-Kazakhstani 4/19/95 joint ventures. The Almaty branch office It is reported that a lead tube containing 357 3/6/95 of the International Science and Technol- g of uranium was discovered near a residen- It is reported that Valeriy Menshikov, an ogy Center will receive $6 million, and tial area in Vilnius. According to Lithuanian expert from a joint committee for environ- Kazakhstan’s National Nuclear Center will media reports, police “do not rule out the mental safety, said that 121 Russian nuclear receive $4 million to convert the possibility” that this incident is linked to submarines have been decommissioned in Semipalatinsk nuclear test site into a joint the 1993 disappearance of a the North and Pacific Fleets. However, only venture producing printed circuit boards. “cassette” from the Ignalina nuclear power 42 of these vessels—18 in the North Fleet, Raisa Dobraya, Kazakhstanskaya Pravda (Almaty), and 24 in the Pacific Fleet—have been dis- 4/7/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-070, 4/7/95 (13093). plant. Radio Vilnius (Vilnius), 4/19/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- mantled. The remaining 79 are still afloat 5/16/95 076, 4/19/95 (12621). and loaded with nuclear fuel. Menshikov indicated that emergency measures should The U.S. recently committed an additional be taken to deal with submarine disman- $26 million in Nunn-Lugar funding to the tling and the handling of nuclear waste. International Science and Technology Cen- Interfax (Moscow), 3/6/95; in JPRS-TEN-95-055, ter (ISTC) in Russia (including the branch RUSSIA 3/6/95 (12756). offices in Minsk, Belarus and Almaty, Kazakhstan) and the Science and Technol- 3/7/95 ogy Center in Ukraine. Dmitri Tolmatsky, a representative of Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 5/16/95, Greenpeace in Moscow, says that Russian p. 14 (12942). INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS President ’s 1/25/95 decree to complete the RT-2 VVER-1000 reprocess- 2/95 ing facility in the formerly secret city of In the Russian journal Noviy Mir, Aleksei Krasnoyarsk-26, now called Zheleznogorsk, LATVIA Yablokov, former advisor to Russian Presi- may help “some countries produce nuclear dent Boris Yeltsin on economic policy and weapons.” Due to financial constraints, the public health, describes the Russian Min- RT-2 project was abandoned in 1989. Cur- istry of Atomic Energy as “a state within a rent plans call for the project’s completion state,” and “a closed system capable of sur- by 2004. According to Greenpeace, RT-2 INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS viving independently in different condi- will cost $500 million to complete. Georgi tions.” According to Yablokov, the Minis- Kaurov, spokesman for the Russian Minis- 4/24/95 try has accumulated a large quantity of hu- try of Atomic Energy, says that profits real- Latvian Foreign Minister Valdis Birkavs man and natural resources in the process of ized from reprocessing foreign spent fuel at affirms Latvia’s support for an indefinite developing nuclear weapons technology. Russia’s other facilities would be used to extension of the NPT. Yablokov states that the Ministry should be pay for RT-2’s construction. The RT-1 fa- Radio Riga Network (Riga), 5/1/95; in FBIS-SOV- divided into several “autonomous depart- cility, located near the city of Chelyabinsk- 95-084, 5/1/95 (12589). ments under greater state control.” 65, is Russia’s only operational plant for Yuri Ivanenko, Sovetskaya Rossiya, 4/1/95, p. 3; in storing and reprocessing foreign spent fuel. 6/7/95 FBIS-SOV-95-064, 4/1/95 (12755). Kaurov says that a portion of the reprocessed Latvian authorities are considering disman- fuel would be returned to the country of tling the country’s only nuclear research re- 3/95 origin, but it was not clear whether this actor, which it inherited from the former According to the Russian State Duma, would include fissile material obtained from Soviet Union. nuclear fuel has been removed from only reprocessing spent fuel. According to Vasiliy Starov, Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 6/7/95, p. 6 one-third of the 53 nuclear-powered sub- Tolmatsky, the RT-2 plant will be one of (13030). marines that have been decommissioned and the world’s largest reprocessing plants and are awaiting dismantlement. The cause for will be capable of extracting enough fissile

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 131 Nuclear Developments material to produce 428 nuclear bombs an- 3/25/95 3/31/95 nually. It is reported that Russian Minister of Ecol- A spokesman for the Public Relations Cen- Jean-Christophe Peuch, Reuter (Moscow), 3/7/95; ogy Viktor Danilov-Danilyan criticized ter of Russia’s Counterintelligence Service in Executive News Service, 3/7/95 (12933). President Boris Yeltsin’s 1/25/95 edict “On (FSK) says that foreign intelligence organi- State Support for the Restructuring and zations have shown a “continuing interest” 3/11/95 Conversion of the Atomic Industry in the in Russia’s nuclear and other weapons-re- It is reported that Russian Chief of General City of Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Kray” lated technology. By its own account, the Staff of the Navy Admiral V. Selivanov said because it authorized the import of spent FSK has successfully prevented approxi- that the Pacific Fleet lacks the financial re- nuclear fuel from foreign countries for stor- mately 60 attempts by to provide sources to remove its decommissioned age and reprocessing. Aleksei Yablokov, secret materials to parties representing for- nuclear submarines from Postovaya Bay in chairman of the Russian Security Council’s eign states or foreign intelligence agencies. Sovetskaya Gavan. Interdepartmental Commission for Environ- Interfax (Moscow), 3/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-069, Igor Krasikov, Trud (Moscow), 3/11/95, p. 1; in 3/31/95 (12632). JPRS-TEN-95-005, 3/11/95 (12758). mental Safety, said the edict was illegal be- cause only the Russian Federal Assembly could authorize the acceptance of nuclear 4/95 3/16/95 A Russian government decree makes offi- Aleksei Yablokov, chairman of the Russian waste from countries that have no existing agreement with Russia. Yablokov said that cial a series of amendments and additions Security Council’s Interdepartmental Com- to the “Statute on the Procedure for the Ex- mission for Environmental Safety, says that Yeltsin’s edict would not be binding unless the Assembly altered the Environmental port and Import of Nuclear Materials, Tech- of the approximately 100 Russian nuclear nology, Installations, and Equipment, Spe- submarines that have already been decom- Protection Law, which prohibits the import of radioactive waste. cial Nonnuclear Materials, and Radioactive missioned, 30 remain loaded with nuclear Sources of Ionizing Radiation and Isotopes.” fuel. According to Yablokov, 17 nuclear Yelena Subbotina, Moskovskaya Pravda (Moscow), 3/29/95, p. 2; in JPRS-TEN-95-006, 3/29/95 The amendments and additions stipulate that submarine reactors, some of which con- (13188). import/export licenses may be granted to tained nuclear fuel, have been dumped in individuals if they have received authoriza- the Kara Sea. Yablokov refers to the de- 3/28/95 tion from the Federal Inspectorate for commissioned nuclear submarines as “float- Russia dismantled only four nuclear sub- Nuclear and Radiation Safety. A final deci- ing atomic bombs.” The Russian Northern marines in 1992, three in 1993, and two in sion on granting a license will only be made Naval Fleet must “salvage” over 100 nuclear- 1994 due to insufficient funds and a lack of once the licensing agency is satisfied that powered submarines, some of which carry spent fuel storage space. It is uncertain the export will not be used to promote more than one reactor. A train specially whether any will be dismantled in 1995. nuclear weapons proliferation. designed for the transport of spent nuclear Under START I, Russia is required to dis- Rossiiskiye Vesti (Moscow), 4/1/95, p. 3; in JPRS- fuel recently stopped at the Murmansk mantle 61 nuclear submarines by the year TAC-95-012-L, 4/1/95 (12963). Maritime Shipping Line port for the first 2000; it has so far dismantled only 21. time in four years, and may make over six Moscow attributes the slow pace of nuclear 4/5/95 trips annually to the region. Spent fuel from disarmament to spent fuel disposal prob- The Russian Foreign Ministry issues a state- the Northern Naval Fleet has filled all avail- lems and lack of storage space. ment declaring its intention not to use able storage space; all land-based and float- Washington Times, 3/28/95, p. A14 (12602). nuclear weapons against non-nuclear ing storage facilities were filled in early weapon states (NNWS) party to the NPT. 1995. 3/28/95 However, Russia declares its right to use Izvestiya (Moscow), 3/17/95, p. 1 (12827). Arkadiy Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor nuclear weapons in the event that Russian Zheludkov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 3/14/95, p. 5 Mikhailov says that the establishment of troops, territory, or allies come under at- (13089). joint ventures with foreign companies would tack. An “appropriate draft” of the declara- 3/23/95 help prevent unemployment in 10 formerly tion will be submitted to the U.N. Security A report by Evgeniy Primakov of Russia’s closed cities which house nuclear com- Council, which is currently debating secu- Ministry of Foreign Affairs advocates the plexes. In 1994, Ministry of Atomic En- rity guarantees for NNWS. ergy exports increased by 20 percent to more Interfax (Moscow), 4/6/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-066, establishment of a “center for control of pro- 4/6/95 (12831). liferation of weapons of mass destruction” than $1 billion, due in part to foreign in- that would collect nuclear-related intelli- vestments. Mikhailov says 20 military-to- civilian conversion schemes have already 4/6/95 gence from the world’s national intelligence It is reported that Duma Chairman Ivan services and report to the United Nations. been completed. Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/28/ Rybkin said that Russia had “closed the gaps” Peter Coryn, Nucleonics Week, 4/16/95, pp. 14-15 95; in FBIS-SOV-95-060, 3/28/95 (12979). in its system of nuclear facility security and (12694). control, but admitted that “a few problems” remain related to the technological safety

132 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments within nuclear research centers, particularly 7/20/95 to receive foreign spent fuel for 4/25/95 in the area of nuclear waste disposal. reprocessing at Russian facilities, and to During the NPT Review and Extension W. Briem, News (Vienna), 4/6/95, p. 70; in FBIS- return waste and “materials formed” during Conference, Russian Foreign Minister SOV-95-069, 4/6/95 (12739). reprocessing to the country of origin. Andrei Kozyrev reaffirms Russia’s commit- Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 4/27/95, p. 3; in ment to comprehensive nuclear disarmament 4/9/95 FBIS-SOV-95-081, 4/27/95 (12835). Interfax (Mos- and says that this goal could be achieved It is reported that FSK agents prevented four cow), 4/20/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-077, 4/20/95 (12973). within the context of President Boris young men from smuggling two containers Yeltsin’s 9/94 proposal to the U.N. for a of cesium-137 from Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El 4/21/95 multilateral disarmament treaty. [Mariiskaya] Republic. The men had been Ten cylindrical capsules of radioactive ma- Boris Sitnikov and Viktor Khrekov, Itar-Tass (Mos- attempting to smuggle the material to the cow), 4/24/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/24/95 terial are discovered in a residential area in Baltics. (12871). Russian Television Network (Moscow), 4/9/95; in Moscow. The capsules are enclosed in a FBIS-SOV-95-072, 4/14/95 (12646). polyethylene package and labeled “Radio- 4/25/95 active Danger.” FSK Chief Sergei Stepashin says in a meet- 4/14/95 Segodnya (Moscow), 4/25/95, p. 7 (12741). ing with senior FSK officials that foreign New types of Russian nuclear weapons are intelligence continues to target Russia’s being developed at the Arzamas-16 Federal 4/22/95 weapons of mass destruction. FSK officials Nuclear Center despite the fact that no “full- A subunit of the Russian Spetsnaz is being approve measures related to the improve- scale nuclear tests” are being carried out. created to guard the Mayak Chemical Com- ment of security at Russian nuclear com- According to Stanislav Novikov, head of the bine in Ozersk (formerly known as plexes and military facilities, combatting Department of Explosion Studies, nuclear Chelyabinsk-65). nuclear terrorism and sabotage, and avert- weapons designs are tested on special ranges Andrei Lvov, Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 4/22/ 95, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/22/95 (12932). ing a leakage of state secrets. at Arzamas-16 by using conventional explo- Interfax (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-082, 4/25/95 (12836). sions, with other materials substituted for 4/22/95 uranium and plutonium. The majority of Reports from Arzamas-16 indicate that in tests at Arzamas-16 are designed for peace- 4/27/95 the past year twice as many individuals as ful applications. However, Yuri Zavalishin, Head of Interpol’s Moscow bureau Yuri the year before have attempted to illegally director of the Arzamas-16 “Avant-garde” Melnikov says that only half of the 70 enter the “Federal Nuclear Center’s (FNC) Electrochemical Plant, says that virtually “crimes” involving radioactive materials closed zone.” The FNC maintains a three- no new nuclear weapons are being manu- committed in Russia during the past 18 tiered security system which satisfies IAEA factured at Arzamas-16. The nuclear weap- months were actually “thefts.” These thefts requirements and, among other things, pro- ons development process at Arzamas-16 is involved “sources of ion radiation and hibits foreigners from entering Arzamas-16 hindered by poor pay for nuclear scientists, mildly-enriched derivatives of uranium- and many surrounding areas. Twenty-five which averages around 300,000 rubles per 238.” percent of foreign visitors to the Nizhniy month. Artem Vetrov, Segodnya (Moscow), 4/28/95, p. 7; Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/14/ Novgorod oblast are reportedly “involved in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 4/28/95 (12692). 95; in FBIS-SOV-95-072, 4/14/95 (12752). Andrei with the special services” and attempt to Lvov, Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 4/22/95, p. bribe FNC personnel for information. 5/10/95 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/22/95 (12932). Veronika Andrei Lvov, Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 4/22/ It is reported that, according to Tatyana Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/15/95; in 95, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-079, 4/22/95 (12932). FBIS-SOV-95-074, 4/15/95 (12759). Saolis, press secretary for the director of the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service 4/24/95 (FIS), the FIS “is not aware of a single case 4/20/95 Over 100 decommissioned Russian nuclear of weapons-grade nuclear material being President Boris Yeltsin signs Presidential submarines, which have not been dismantled smuggled out of Russia.” Samolis said that Decree No. 389 “On Additional Measures due to lack of funds, may be modified and although “some minor theft” from civilian to Step Up Monitoring of Environmental used to transport supplies to Arctic regions. nuclear facilities may have occurred, the se- Safety Requirements During the Reprocess- Most of the submarines’ nuclear power fa- curity of the military nuclear complex has ing of Spent Nuclear Fuel.” The decree cilities can be maintained for another 10 to not been compromised. grants federal organs the authority to over- 15 years, and several of the submarines con- see “economic activity related to the man- Informatsionnoye Agenstvo Ekho Moskvy (Mos- tain “unspent fuel.” This type of nuclear cow), 5/10/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 5/10/95 agement of foreign and domestic spent submarine conversion has never before been (12617). nuclear fuel that is to be reprocessed in undertaken. Russia.” The decree charges the State Duma Valeriy Anuchin, Russian Public Television First 5/15/95 with formulating and approving a plan by Channel (Moscow), 4/24/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-083, It is reported that Viktor Danilov-Danilyan, 4/24/95 (12600). Russia’s Minister of Environment and Natu-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 133 Nuclear Developments ral Resources, said that the All-Russia Na- of the Department for Protection of Strate- commander, the “technical condition” of ture Conservation Congress, which meets gic Objects, says that since mid-1991, 24 Russia’s nuclear weapons remains secure. in Moscow on 6/3/95-6/5/95, will address cases of theft or illicit transaction of nuclear Russian Public Television First Channel Network the difficulties Russia faces in processing, materials were reported. To date, 19 Rus- (Moscow), 6/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-108, 6/5/95 (13016). using, and burying radioactive waste. sian citizens have been convicted of nuclear Interfax (Moscow), 5/15/95; in JPRS-TEN-95-008, smuggling, and 16 smuggling cases are un- 6/10/95 5/15/95 (12948). der investigation. Aleksander Kudakaev, Segodnya (Moscow), 5/25/ 5/17/95 95, p. 6 (13033). Olga Semenova, Itar-Tass (Mos- Officers from Russia’s Arctic Sea Fleet have It is reported that the Russian Foreign Min- cow), 5/24/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-100, 5/24/95 made several attempts to steal nuclear ma- istry issued a statement in which it welcomed (13074). terial, and nuclear submarine fuel stolen the decision of the 1995 NPT Review and from the Arctic Fleet had been confiscated— 5/30/95 Extension Conference to extend the NPT 3 kg of highly-enriched uranium (HEU) and It is reported that officers from the FSK and indefinitely. 2 kg of weapons-grade uranium in St. Pe- Rossiiskiye Vesti (Moscow), 5/17/95, p. 3; in FBIS- the Main Administration of the Russian In- tersburg, and 4 kg of HEU in Murmansk. SOV-95-095 (12865). ternal Affairs Ministry arrested the chief en- Karl-Ludwig Guensche, Die Welt (Berlin), 6/10/95, gineer of the Mobrez company and an op- p. 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/10/95 (13198). 5/19/95 erator at the Elektrostal Engineering Plant According to Russian Minister of Atomic joint-stock company for stealing 11 kg of 6/15/95 Energy Viktor Mikhailov, Russia hopes to nuclear fuel element components. Another An interagency commission designed to pro- annually export $2 billion in nuclear tech- source quotes Aleksei Pushkarenko as say- mote cooperation in the “Barents-European nology and materials in an effort to bolster ing that 10 kg were stolen. The “tablets” Arctic region” has tasked several Russian the aging nuclear power industry in Russia. contained only a small amount of U-235 ministries as well as a number of governing Toshihiko Kaya, Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/ and their value was less than $200, not the bodies in the Arkangelsk and Murmansk 19/95, p. 9; in FBIS-EAS-95-098, 5/19/95 (12953). hundreds of thousands of dollars the sus- oblasts to jointly develop a plan to construct pects expected to obtain by selling them. solid radioactive waste storage facilities in 5/24/95 Stepan Buylo, Segodnya (Moscow), 5/30/95, p. 6, Novaya Zemlya. The governments of St. Petersburg and in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 5/30/95 (12943). Boris Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/15/95, p. 1; in FBIS-TEN- Leningrad oblast have tightened security Yamshanov, Rossiiskaya Gazeta (Moscow), 5/31/ 95-010, 6/15/95 (13179). 95, p. 3 (13031). surrounding the Leningrad nuclear power station due to terrorist concerns. Additional 6/21/95 6/95 security personnel have been stationed on President Boris Yeltsin submits the START By early 1995, Russia had deactivated 127 the nuclear plant’s grounds, and a coast II treaty to the Russian State Duma for rati- nuclear-powered submarines, but removed guard is being formed for the southern coast fication. radioactive fuel from only one-third of them. of the Gulf of Finland, where a “border zone” Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/21/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-014- Russia plans to “vacate” only three more re- L, 6/21/95 (13180). Scott Parrish, OMRI Daily has been established. actors in 1995. An additional 154 nuclear Digest, 6/22/95 (12940). Segodnya (Moscow), 6/ Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 5/24/95, p. 1; in FBIS- 22/95, p. 1 (13028). SOV-95-100, 5/24/95 (12938). submarines have no place to unload their reactor fuel. The waters near Severodvinsk 6/23/95 5/24/95 are home to ten submarines that are await- It is reported that the Moscow Environmen- The FSK announces that only 10 percent of ing service. tal Committee (Moscompriroda) discovered Russian press reports on illicit nuclear trade Valentin Shishlevskiy, Asian Defence Journal, 6/ 95, p. 83 (12946). a cache of plutonium in a laboratory at the are based on fact. As an example, the FSK National Institute of Aircraft Materials. The cites a Komsomolskaya Pravda article that 6/5/95 Russian State Committee for Nuclear Ma- mistakenly reported the theft of 70 kg of According to some Russian experts, by terials Oversight and Moscompriroda enriched uranium in Kaliningrad. A subse- 2003, Russian nuclear missile storage fa- banned the work of the laboratory in 1994 quent investigation revealed that what had cilities will have reached the end of their after it was found to be working illegally on actually been stolen was a geological instru- life spans. Unless funds are forthcoming to the development of nuclear fuel elements, ment. maintain the viability of Russia’s “SS-33” [as but it did not shut down the institute. Russian Television Network (Moscow), 5/24/95; in Tatyana Zhelevskaya, Pravda (Moscow), 6/23/95, FBIS-SOV-95-101, 5/24/95 (12837). heard] missile stock, they, too, will reach the end of their life spans by 2005, which p. 2 (13027). 5/24/95 could mean the “complete nuclear disarma- Aleksei Pushkarenko, Russia’s Deputy Head ment of Russia.” However, according to Yuriy Konov, a Russian missile division

134 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH ARMENIA AND IRAN Agence France-Presse International News, 3/15/95; and to accept mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel from in Executive News Service, 3/15/95 (12612). Arms the reprocessing plants. Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12652). Radiostantsiya Nuclear News, 5/95, p. 41 (13044). 5/95 Belarus (Minsk), 3/16/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, According to Turan, an Armenian publica- 3/16/95 (12709). tion, “credible sources” say that Russia is 5/19/95 planning to secretly transport materials via 5/26/95 It is reported that Russian Minister of Armenia for the reactors it plans to build in Colonel-General Viktor Yesin, head of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov signed a Iran, using deliveries of materials to Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops, says that cooperation agreement with Bulgaria that Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear power station all 18 nuclear missiles remaining in Belarus calls for Russia to assist Bulgaria in con- as a cover. will be transported to Russia by the end of structing a new nuclear power plant at Belene Turan (Baku), 5/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-097, 5/ 1995. if Bulgaria decides to begin construction. 18/95 (12902). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, The Belene project has been “frozen” since 5/26/95 (12702). 1990. The agreement will remain in force as long as the six Kozloduy reactors remain RUSSIA WITH AZERBAIJAN, TURKEY, operational. AND UKRAINE RUSSIA WITH BRAZIL Khorizont Radio Network (Sofia), 5/19/95; in FBIS- EEU-95-098, 5/19/95 (12962). Interfax (Moscow), 5/19/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-098, 5/19/95 (12962). 4/1/95 4/95 It is reported that Ukraine and Azerbaijan Representatives from Russia’s Ministry of Atomic Energy and Brazil’s National Com- are the primary transshipment points for RUSSIA WITH smuggling nuclear materials out of Russia. mission for Atomic Power discuss plans for Russia to construct low capacity nuclear Der Spiegel reported that former Russian 5/95 reactors in remote areas of Brazil. The co- military officers, KGB agents, and officers It is announced that Russia will help finance, operation plan, created under the auspices of Russia’s Northern Fleet are involved in build, and operate a new nuclear power plant of a bilateral agreement signed in the fall of the illicit transfer of nuclear materials and in China. Russia, the China Nuclear In- 1994, also calls for exchanges in nuclear have created the transshipment routes vestment Company, the Liaoning provincial power engineering. Furthermore, Russia through Ukraine and Azerbaijan. Accord- government, and the Northeast China Power recommends that Brazil cooperate in ore ing to a German Bundestag Security Com- Group will invest a total of 27 billion yuan processing and uranium exports, as well as mission report on the disappearance of in the project. Russia will assemble techni- in producing fuel for Brazilian nuclear power nuclear materials and the nuclear black cal equipment, and China’s Second Nuclear stations. market, a nuclear mafia is beginning to take Power Research Institute and the Northeast shape, with Russian dealers selling to Third Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/7/ 95; in JPRS-TAC-95-002, 4/7/95 (12999). Post- China Electricity Institute will construct the World buyers. Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 4/25/95, p. 13 plant. When completed, the power plant N. Medzhidova, Zerkalo (Baku), 4/1/95, pp. 1, 8; (12713). in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 4/1/95 (13077). will be equipped with four reactors. Dur- ing the first phase of construction, two 1,000 MW VVER-1000 pressurized steam turbine RUSSIA WITH BULGARIA RUSSIA WITH BELARUS reactors will be completed at the plant site. Aleksandr Romanov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/5/95; 3/95 in FBIS-SOV-95-087, 5/5/95 (13083). Zhongguo 3/95 In Moscow, Bulgaria and Russia sign a draft Xinwen She (), 5/5/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-088, 5/5/95 (13083). Xinhua (Beijing), 5/5/95; in FBIS- The U.S. Department of Defense issues a agreement that includes a provision for Rus- report confirming that Belarus, Kazakhstan, CHI-95-087, 5/5/95 (13083). Aleksandr Koretskiy, sia to receive spent fuel from four VVER- Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 5/7/95, p. 4; in FBIS- and Ukraine are destroying their respective 440 units at Kozloduy to be stored and re- SOV-95-105-S, 6/1/95, p. 10 (13193). nuclear stockpiles at a faster rate than man- processed at the Mayak RT-1 plant near dated under START I. By mid-3/95, the Chelyabinsk. This agreement is an exten- 6/95 three countries had removed 1,555 warheads sion of the 1994 protocol that permitted stor- Premier of the Chinese State Council Li from missiles and transferred 1,097 war- age of spent fuel only from Bulgaria’s Peng will meet with Russian President Boris heads to Russia. Belarus has eliminated 45 VVER-1000 Kozloduy-5 and Kozloduy-6 Yeltsin to discuss the expansion of Russian- SS-25 warheads. A Belarusian military reactors. Zheleznogorsk will accept the Chinese cooperation in power generation spokesman says that Belarus will transfer VVER-1000 spent fuel for storage. After and nuclear production. The two leaders all its remaining strategic nuclear weapons the completion of the RT-2 plant, the spent are also expected to discuss the “problem of to Russia by 7/25/95. The spokesman says fuel will be reprocessed. In the final repro- nuclear tests.” that Belarus still has 36 SS-25 (Topol) mis- cessing contracts, Bulgaria will be required Aleksandr Korzun, Igor Porshnev, Yevgeniy siles located at two sites. to eventually take back reprocessing wastes Terekhov, and others, Interfax (Moscow), 6/22/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-121, 6/22/95 (12906).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 135 Nuclear Developments

6/15/95 sia to form an international consortium to RUSSIA WITH CUBA AND MULTI- Russia and China have been engaged in dis- complete Juragua’s construction. Russia es- COUNTRY GROUP cussions on nuclear cooperation. Russian timates that bringing the first reactor (440 assistance to China “envisages the construc- MW) on line will cost $800 million. Rus- 5/7/95 tion of a uranium enrichment plant,” the sian shipments of heavy equipment for the The Italian firm Ansaldo may participate agreement for which was signed in 3/94. facility are continuing under the extension with Brazil, Germany, Russia, and the U.K. China’s decision to import enrichment tech- of $30 million in intergovernmental credit in a joint stock company that will complete nology from Russia stems from the fact that to Cuba. While Cuba has all the equip- Cuba’s Juragua nuclear power station. Un- Russia produces “small but cheap and reli- ment necessary to complete the installation der the terms of a contract between the Rus- able gas centrifuges,” which can be inte- of the first reactor, a representative of sian Ministry of Atomic Energy and the grated into facilities containing “many thou- Russia’s Zarubezhatomenergostroi says “the Cuban Minister of Foreign Trade Ricardo sands of units.” Upon completion of the unit for automated control of the techno- Cabrisas, the joint stock company is to be first phase of the Chinese project in 11/96, logical processes” [I&C] is still needed. The formed by 6/95. The company will pro- the facility will have the capacity to pro- unit must be purchased from a Western firm vide the $800 million necessary to finish duce 200,000 separative work units (SWU) and will cost approximately $200 million. constructing the Juragua plant. annually. This capacity is expected to in- Radio Rebelde Network (Havana), 5/6/95; in FBIS- Aleksandr Koretskiy, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), crease to 500,000 SWU by 1998 and even- LAT-95-090, 5/6/95 (12903). Toshihiko Kaya, 5/7/95, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-105-S, 6/1/95, p. 10 Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/19/95, p. 9; in (13193). tually to 1 million SWU. Although the en- FBIS-EAS-95-098, 5/19/95 (12953). Yaderniy richment facilities have potential military Kontrol, 6/95, p. 13 (12925). Aleksandr Koretskiy, value, the project has elicited only “routine” Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 5/7/95, p. 4; in FBIS- protest from the West, which can be attrib- SOV-95-105-S, 6/1/95, p. 10 (13193). RUSSIA WITH ESTONIA, IAEA, AND uted to China’s nuclear weapon state status. SWEDEN Sergei Mushkaterov and Yuriy Rogozhin, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/15/95, p. iv (13001). Ministry of RUSSIA WITH CUBA AND GERMANY 3/14/95 Atomic Energy (Russia); in ENS NucNet, 3/21/94 In an international meeting in Stockholm (11165). 5/29/95 specialists from Estonia, Russia, and Swe- Officials from Siemens AG announce that den produce a plan for dismantling the through a Russian-German joint venture nuclear reactors at the Paldiski submarine RUSSIA WITH CHINA, EGYPT, AND called Nuclear Control, Siemens will sup- training station. An IAEA final assessment UKRAINE ply instrumentation and control (I&C) for of the plan is due in early 5/95. Russia is Cuba’s two at the Juragua nuclear to transfer control of the facility to Estonia 6/27/95 power plant. Siemens company officials by 9/30/95. It is reported that “responsible sources” said indicate that the transfer of nuclear compo- Evaleht (Tallinn), 3/16/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95- that China, Russia, and Ukraine are among nents to Cuba would only occur if the inter- 102-S, 3/16/95 (12714). a number of Asian and European countries national community views the deal as “po- that have established ties with Egypt to help litically appropriate.” Siemens spokesman 5/10/95 it construct “a number of nuclear reactors Wolfgang Breyer says that any transfer of A Russian delegate to the IAEA Paldiski for peaceful purposes.” equipment or technology would be consis- International Expert Group announces that Al-Sha’b (Cairo), 6/27/95, p. 8; in FBIS-NES-95- tent with German export controls, which one of the two reactors at Paldiski has been 130, 6/27/95 (13176). prohibit retransfer and military applications fully dismantled and the other is 80 percent and require IAEA-type full-scope safe- through the dismantlement process. guards. Although not a party to the NPT, BNS (Tallinn), 5/10/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-092, 5/ RUSSIA WITH CUBA Cuba has concluded safeguards agreements 10/95 (12872). with the IAEA, and it is believed that Cuba 5/95 has no unsafeguarded nuclear installations. Oleg Davydov, Russia’s Foreign Economic Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 6/1/95, pp. 2-3 RUSSIA WITH EUROPEAN UNION Relations Minister, and Ricardo Cabrisas, (12972). Cuba’s Foreign Trade Minister, agree that 3/28/95 Russia will assist Cuba in the completion It is reported that Russia signed an agree- of its Juragua nuclear power facility. Cu- ment with the E.U. worth $400 million on ban sources say that a technical and eco- “the utilization of nuclear munitions.” nomic feasibility study will be completed Ria Novosti (Moscow), 3/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- by 6/95. Firms from the U.K., Brazil, , 086-A, 3/28/95 (12737). and Germany are interested in joining Rus-

136 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH FINLAND 3/22/95 process 4.2 MT of plutonium and 9.8 MT Joint research sponsored by the Russian of uranium from Russian nuclear weapons 3/95 Ministry of Atomic Energy and Siemens AG stocks. Since German law prevents Siemens The first “fully automatic radioactive mate- of Germany may leads to the construction from accepting weapons-grade material from rials monitoring system” is installed on a of a DM 90 million MOX fuels facility (at foreign sources, the company would need road near Vaalimaa, situated between St. Pe- Chelyabinsk-65) that would be capable of to supply Russia with technology for the tersburg and Helsinki on the Russian-Finn- producing 20 MT of fuel per year. The conversion of weapons-grade plutonium into ish border, in an effort to curb nuclear ma- MOX fuel would be used in BN-600 fast a plutonium dioxide-uranium dioxide mix- terials smuggling. breeder reactors at the Beloyarsk nuclear ture prior to transport. Should the construc- Nuclear News, 6/95, p. 51 (12934). power plant. Although Russian Ministry tion of a conversion facility in Russia be of Atomic Energy spokesman Georgi Kaurov necessary, the implementation of the plan denies the existence of definite plans for such would be delayed. According to one Si- RUSSIA WITH GERMANY a project, he says that “dozens of metric tons” emens official, the company would prefer of plutonium will be extracted from war- to build a MOX fuels plant in Russia itself, 2/5/95 heads and held at Chelyabinsk-65 until a rather than in Germany, but funding for such In 1994 Germany provided a total of DM final decision is reached. Kaurov also says a project has yet to materialize. 17 million to Russia and Ukraine for disas- that a storage facility with a capacity to hold Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 6/5/95, pp. 6-8 (13228). sembling nuclear weapons. The Bundestag 50,000 containers of weapons-grade pluto- has made no decision on how much aid nium is being built at the site. 6/19/95 Germany will provide for 1995. Besik Urigashvili, Izvestiya (Moscow), 3/22/95 It is reported that a group of ministry Wolfgang Pollack, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 2/ (13025). officials recommended opening negotiations 5/95, p. 7; in JPRS-TEN-95-004, 2/28/95, pp. 52- with the state of to resolve objections 53 (12950). 3/30/95 over using Germany’s Hanau facility to pro- It is reported that after German utilities de- cess Russian weapons-grade uranium into 2/5/95 cided to withhold their financial support for MOX fuel. The state government of Hesse, The German Foreign Ministry will head a the Hanau MOX fuels plant, Siemens AG which has the legal authority to license the consortium that includes Germany’s Reac- decided to abandon plans to use the nearly- facility, opposes the proposal to process 4 tor Safety Company, Siemens AG, and the completed facility to fabricate MOX fuel MT of plutonium and 10 MT of uranium Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy to con- from plutonium obtained from dismantled from Russia each year. To date, neither struct a mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel plant in Russian nuclear warheads. It is still pos- Russia nor the U.S. has indicated a willing- Russia that will convert Russian weapons- sible that the Hanau facility, which has cost ness to participate in the Hanau MOX fuels grade plutonium into fuel rods for light water $790 million to date, will be completed and venture. reactors. The facility will be built at used to make MOX fuel from weapons plu- Mark Hibbs, NuclearFuel, 6/19/95, pp. 15-16 Chelyabinsk at an estimated cost of DM 750 tonium. However, “an elaborate compensa- (12951). million. Construction is estimated to take tion scheme” must be developed that would three to five years, after which the plant will involve the Russian Ministry of Atomic 6/28/95 spend the next 25 years eliminating Rus- Energy, Siemens, and German utilities. Greenpeace says that Siemens of Germany sian stockpiles of weapons-grade plutonium. Mark Hibbs, Nucleonic Week, 3/30/95, pp. 11-12 plans to import 50 MT of weapons-grade Wolfgang Pollack, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 2/ (12834). plutonium from Russia during the next 10- 5/95, p. 7; in JPRS-TEN-95-004, 2/28/95, pp. 52- 12 years. However, Russian Ministry of 53 (12950). 5/95 Atomic Energy spokesman Georgi Kaurov Germany’s Federal Office of Criminal In- refutes the allegation and says that no nego- 3/3/95 vestigation reports a steady rise in illegal tiations on this matter had taken place. The German Foreign Ministry announces radioactive materials trade, saying that most Moreover, German law prohibits the import completion of a joint Russian-German study of the “707 indications of [illegal] transac- of nuclear materials that can be used to build on methods to convert weapons-grade plu- tions” originate in Russia and Ukraine. In nuclear weapons. tonium into fuel. The For- 1994, the number of cases rose to 182, up Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 6/28/95, p. 3 eign Ministry also says that Germany plans from 123 in 1993. (13035). to increase disarmament aid to Russia in Reuter, 5/13/95; in D-Fax Summaries (12908). 1995; Germany has allocated about $13.8 million to Russian disarmament since 1993. 6/5/95 Reuter (Bonn), 3/3/95; in Executive News Service, Officials from Siemens have determined 3/3/95 (12707). that, once operational, the MOX fuels fa- cility in Hanau, Germany could annually

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 137 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH GERMANY, IRAQ, the plutonium processing issue. The report, ergy Viktor Mikhailov announced in 12/94 NETHERLANDS, UKRAINE, AND the substance of which will continue to re- that the two countries had reached an agree- UNITED STATES ceive attention from the German Federal ment on the supply of two VVER-1000 re- Cabinet at its 7/5/95 meeting, characterized actors for a plant in southern , but the 6/8/95 plutonium processing as “a disarmament safeguards condition is likely to prevent the U.S. Customs Service Agents arrest three measure that is technically possible and can deal. Nuclear News, 3/95, p. 47 (12605). New York residents, Demetrios Demetrios, be realized from a security and safety point Rains Kourtides, and Constantin Zahariadis, of view.” By the end of 1995, an “operating for attempting to ship seven tons of Ukrai- company,” which will include representation RUSSIA WITH IRAN nian-origin zirconium to Iraq via Germany from Germany, Russia, the U.S., and other and the U.S. Of the seven tons, two were countries, will be established, and will rent 3/95 seized in Cyprus and had been destined to the Siemens AG plant in Hanau for the pur- Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy spokes- go to Iraq via Amsterdam. Another source pose of producing MOX fuel rods from man Georgi Kaurov says that Russia cur- reports that eight tons were seized. Accord- weapons-grade plutonium. The U.S. backs rently has 150 nuclear specialists working ing to Customs Service special agent Rob- the plan, which it considers advantageous at a proposed reactor site in Iran and plans ert Van Etten, the U.S. government believes to international nonproliferation efforts. to send more. The Russian Ministry of the zirconium was stolen from strategic re- Siemens officials in Washington said they Atomic Energy is also seeking to open an serves in the former Soviet Union. On 6/ could produce MOX fuels from Russian office in . Russian Minister of 12/95, Ukrainian Foreign Ministry spokes- feedstock at a cost that is less than the present Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov says that man Yuri Serheyev says that the zirconium cost of uranium-based fuels. Solms said the reactors Russia is planning to build in originated in Russia, not Ukraine. Director that a “detailed plan” has already been de- Iran are the same type as those an interna- General Yuri Korovin of the Prid- veloped for shipping the weapons-grade plu- tional consortium intends to construct in the neprovsakiy Chemical Plant in tonium from Russia to Hanau and then back DPRK. Kaurov claims that production of Dneprodzerzhinsk, characterizes a Russian to Russia following processing. Siemens weapons-grade material from a light water report citing Ukraine as the source of the has proposed 70 annual shipments of pluto- reactor (LWR) is not possible. U.S. offi- zirconium as “misinformation” aimed at bar- nium to Hanau by either ship, rail, or air. cials argue that no nuclear technology should ring Ukrainian exports from foreign mar- According to Solms, the fuel rods will ulti- be supplied to Iran on the grounds that it kets. Korovin says that the plant, which mately be stored in the former Soviet Union. would aid Iran in becoming a “nuclear-armed “holds a monopoly on the production of this However, German utilities in the Hanau area terrorist state.” Kaurov notes in response highly-refined nuclear material,” discontin- have threatened to bow out of their finan- that many Iranian nuclear experts are trained ued zirconium production in 1994. cial commitments to the plant on 6/30/95, Grant McCool, Washington Post, 6/9/95, p. A16 citing continued delays in the plant’s opera- in the U.S. Mikhailov says that if the deal (12975). Halia Pavlina, Intelnews (Kiev), 6/12/95; tion as unacceptable. There is local oppo- with Iran is cancelled, it could lead to an in FBIS-SOV-95-113, 6/12/95 (12975). Radio sition to the plant in Hesse, and a final de- Iranian withdrawal from the NPT. Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 6/13/95; in FBIS- cision on the fate of the Hanau plant has Fred Hiatt, Washington Post, 3/3/95, p. A30 SOV-95-114, 6/13/95 (12975). New York Times, been postponed until 9/30/95. (12914). Wall Street Journal, 3/2/95, p. A10 6/9/95, p. 1 (13207). al-Quds al-Arabia, 6/9/95, (12618). p. 1; in FBIS-NES-95-121, 6/9/95 (13217). Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 6/25/95, p. 4; in FBIS- TAC-95-014-L, 6/25/95 (13175). DPA (Hamburg), 6/29/95; in FBIS-TEN-95-006-L, 6/29/95 (13175). 3/14/95 Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 6/22/95, pp. 1, 14 It is reported that Mitch McConnell, chair- RUSSIA WITH GERMANY AND (12985). man of the U.S. Senate Foreign Operations UNITED STATES Appropriations Subcommittee, said that current U.S. laws require the suspension of 6/25/95 RUSSIA WITH INDIA all aid to Russia if the Russian-Iranian deal It is reported that Herman Otto Solms, chair- continues as planned. James Collins, U.S. man of the Bundestag group of the Free 3/95 Ambassador-at-Large to the post-Soviet Democratic Party of Germany (FDP), said The Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy has states, stated that existing U.S. laws require that the plan to convert 120 MT of Russian- said that it will not conclude a deal to sup- a cessation of aid only if Russia transfers origin weapons-grade plutonium into mixed- ply VVER-1000 reactors to India unless nuclear weapons technology to Iran. oxide (MOX) fuel at the Siemens AG plant India accepts full-scope safeguards on its Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 3/14/95, in Hanau, Germany is a “unique and irre- nuclear facilities. The Ministry’s stance is p. 2 (12750). trievable opportunity.” Eight German min- based on a 1992 presidential decree obli- istries recently drafted a 16-page report on gating countries that import Russian nuclear 3/18/95 nuclear disarmament policy that included technology to accept full-scope IAEA safe- It is reported that Yuri Kotov, head of the guards. Russian Minister of Atomic En- Russian Foreign Ministry department that

138 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments deals with Iran, says that Russia does not DPRK Agreed Framework. Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 4/25/95, plan to concede to U.S. pressure and will Reuter, 4/2/95; in Executive News Service, 4/3/95 p. 4 (12740). go ahead with the $1 billion nuclear reactor (13003). Martin Fletcher, Times, 4/4/95 (12991). agreement with Iran. 4/12/95 Washington Times, 3/18/95, p. A6 (12619). 4/3/95 In an article in Izvestiya, Aleksei Yablokov, Russian Prime Minister Viktor chairman of the Russian Security Council’s 3/22/95-3/23/95 Chernomyrdin rejects a plea by U.S. De- Interdepartmental Commission for Environ- Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev fense Secretary William Perry to cancel the mental Safety, states that the 1/8/95 Rus- and U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christo- Russian-Iranian nuclear contract. sian-Iranian protocol on the completion of pher meet in Geneva to discuss U.S. oppo- Chernomyrdin says that Russia is “fully Iran’s Bushehr nuclear power plant also in- sition to the pending Russian sale of two aware of the [U.S.’s] misgivings” and that cludes provisions for the supply of a 30-50 LWRs to Iran. The only agreement reached the nuclear deal would not violate the NPT. MW light water reactor (LWR) for research, during the meetings is a decision to meet Perry says that Russia and the U.S will con- additional research reactors, training of Ira- again before Presidents Yeltsin and Clinton tinue talks on safeguarding spent fuel from nian nuclear specialists, assistance in devel- meet on 5/9/95 in Moscow. At a Geneva the reactors. Russia has asked the IAEA to oping uranium deposits, and construction press conference, Yevgeniy Primakov, head tighten control over implementation of the of a gas centrifuge uranium enrichment fa- of Russia’s External Intelligence Service, contract. cility. Under the terms of the protocol, distributes a 1993 report written by his or- Martin Fletcher, Times, 4/4/95 (12991). Voice of signed by Russian Minister of Atomic En- Russia World Service (Moscow), 5/4/95; in FBIS- ergy Viktor Mikhailov and President of the ganization that says that even if Iran were SOV-95-066, 4/5/95 (12991). given sufficient funding and technical as- Iranian Atomic Energy Organization Reza sistance, it would take a minimum of 10 4/5/95 Amrollahi and published in 7/95, the two countries will prepare and sign an agree- years for Iran to build a nuclear bomb. It is reported said that ment within three months on the supply of John J. Schulz, Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 20 Russia would not, under any circumstances, (12633). UPI, 3/23/95; in Executive News Ser- the 30-50 MW LWR. They will also, dur- terminate the $1 billion deal with Iran. The vice, 3/23/95 (13004). UPI (Moscow), 3/23/95; ing the first quarter of 1995, sign agree- in Executive News Service, 3/23/95 (12667). contract with Iran will reportedly bring ments on training 10-20 Iranian specialists Russia $1 billion from the sale of a one re- annually and on the delivery of 2,000 MT 3/23/95 actor, and $8 billion from subsequent sales. of Russian natural uranium. Upon comple- Lieutenant-General Gennady Yevstafyev, a Stanislav Kucher, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- tion of the latter agreement, talks will be- senior official of the Russian Foreign Intel- cow), 4/5/95, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-95-065, 4/5/95 (12619). gin on the construction of the uranium en- ligence Service (FIS), affirms that Russia richment plant. In addition, the two coun- will proceed with the Iranian nuclear reac- 4/5/95 tries stated their intention to prepare and tor sale because FIS officials “have no Russia has not yet decided whether it will sign an agreement within six months on the grounds for changing [Russia’s] assessment build a waste burial site in Iran or reprocess establishment of a uranium mine in Iran. vis-a-vis Iran.” the spent fuel from the reactor it will build According to Yablokov, officials in a num- Reuter (Moscow), 3/23/95; in Executive News Ser- vice, 3/23/95 (12619). in Iran at Krasnoyarsk. Another source re- ber of ministries were not consulted prior ports that spent fuel would be reprocessed to the signing of the protocol and, conse- 4/2/95 in Russia and waste products would then be quently, questions on the wisdom of coop- The U.S. shares intelligence information on returned to Iran for burial. The Gore- erating in Iranian nuclear development were Iran with Russia that shows Iran is import- Chernomyrdin Commission is expected to never raised. ing equipment necessary for nuclear weap- address the spent fuel management issue. Aleksei Yablokov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 4/12/95, p. 3 (13088). Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/2/95, p. 3 ons production, has attempted to procure Galina Penenkova, Voice of America World Ser- vice (Moscow), 4/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-066, 4/5/ (13088). Yaderniy Kontrol (Moscow), 7/95, pp. enriched uranium from Kazakhstan and 95 (12663). Veronika Romanenkova, Itar-Tass 14-15. nuclear components from Germany, and is (Moscow), 4/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-066, 4/5/95 employing techniques and using smuggling (12663). Gennadiy Yezhov and Andrey Serov, Itar- 4/14/95 routes similar to those used by Iraq and Pa- Tass (Moscow), 5/11/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 5/ Vyacheslav Sychev of the Russian Ministry 11/95 (12663). kistan. The Clinton administration is of- of Atomic Energy says that Russia will meet fering Russia nuclear cooperation projects 4/10/95 its contractual obligation to supply Iran with worth “at least tens of millions of dollars” to U.S. President Bill Clinton signs into law a nuclear power reactors. Under the terms of entice Russia to cancel the reactor deal with bill that makes further Russian access to U.S. the Russian-Iranian agreement, spent fuel Iran. The U.S. has also indicated to Rus- nuclear technology conditional on the can- from the reactors will be sent to Russia for sian officials that Russia may be able to play cellation of the Russian-Iranian nuclear re- processing and then returned to Iran for a larger role in the construction of the two actor deal. burial. Sychev says that the U.S. offered LWRs for North Korea under the U.S.- Russia the opportunity to process waste from

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 139 Nuclear Developments the LWRs to be constructed in the DPRK Council’s Interdepartmental Commission for plant site and that construction has not yet as compensation if it cancels its nuclear deal Environmental Safety. A number of U.S. begun. with Iran. However, Russia rejected the offer officials say several sources had confirmed Interfax (Moscow), 5/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-087, on the grounds that it was insufficient com- Yablokov’s report. U.S. foreign aid legisla- 5/4/95 (12960). Interfax (Moscow), 5/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-087, 5/4/95 (12958). pensation. tion requires that aid to Russia be suspended Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/14/95; in if Moscow sells Iran equipment that can be 5/4/95 FBIS-SOV-95-073, 4/14/95 (12994). used for nuclear weapons production. In Vladimir Loborev, a member of the Rus- discussions with U.S. Secretary of State sian Academy of Natural Sciences, says that 4/19/95 Warren Christopher, Russian Foreign Min- the nuclear waste from the LWRs to be sup- Russian Foreign Trade Minister Oleg ister Andrei Kozyrev says that many senior plied to Iran cannot be reprocessed into Davydov says that, although the nuclear re- Russian officials, including himself, were weapons-grade material in Iran because Iran actor deal between Russia and Iran is “in unaware that an agreement had been made lacks the necessary scientific and engineer- the stage of final specification,” it will not to provide centrifuges. Kozyrev suggests ing capabilities. Georgi Kaurov, official be signed until at least 9/95 or 10/95. that Mikhailov may have acted indepen- spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Andrey Surzhanskiy, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/19/95; dently in making the deal, and that the terms in FBIS-SOV-95-075, 4/19/95 (12915). Atomic Energy, says that according to the might still be changed by the Kremlin. agreement Russia will process nuclear waste Steven Greenhouse, New York Times, 4/29/95, p. 5 4/25/95 (12968). Jefferey Smith and Michael Dobbs, Wash- from the Bushehr reactors and then ship it It is reported that the Clinton administra- ington Post, 4/29/95, p. A8 (12668). back to Iran in glass-encapsulated contain- tion said that the Russia-Iran nuclear deal ers for disposal underground. According could jeopardize the 22-year old Peaceful 4/30/95 to Kaurov, Iran would not be able to use the Use of Atomic Energy agreement between U.S. President Bill Clinton imposes a trade glass-encapsulated nuclear waste for nuclear the U.S. and Russia that provides for coop- embargo against Iran as a demonstration of weapons production. eration in nuclear-related research among U.S. determination to prevent Iran from ac- Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/4/95; FBIS- scientists and engineers. If Russia follows quiring nuclear weapons and to persuade SOV-95-086, 5/4/95 (12957). through on its deal with Iran, the U.S. has Russia to cancel the reactor deal. stated that it will not sign the Section 123 Xinhua (Beijing), 5/2/95; in FBIS-CHI-95-084, 5/ 5/4/95 Agreement that is aimed at modernizing 2/95 (12664). Mohammed Sadegh Ayatollahi, a senior of- Russia’s aging commercial reactor industry ficial from Iran’s NPT Review and Exten- with U.S. exports of advanced nuclear reac- 5/95 sion Conference delegation, says that Iran tor technology, restricted data, and fuel. According to Turan, an Armenian publica- is not interested in storing spent fuel from Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 4/25/95, tion, “credible sources” say that Russia is its Russian-supplied reactors. Ayatollahi pp. 1-2 (13078). planning to secretly transport materials via says that the spent fuel would be sent back Armenia for the reactors it plans to build in to Russia. Ayatollahi denies that the Rus- 4/28/95 Iran, using deliveries of materials to sia-Iran deal includes a provision for the Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev Armenia’s Metsamor nuclear power station supply of a gas centrifuge. says that it would be safer to allow the pro- as a cover. Evelyn Leopold, Reuter, 5/4/95; in Executive News posed Russian-Iranian nuclear reactor deal Turan (Baku), 5/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-097, 5/ Service, 5/4/95 (12959). Steven Greenhouse, New to be implemented than to risk the possibil- 18/95 (12902). York Times, 5/5/95, p. A4 (12840). ity that Iran will seek nuclear technology from another source. Kozyrev reiterated 5/4/95 5/4/95 Russia’s commitment not to assist Iran in Russia’s First Deputy Minister of Atomic Yuriy Perektyostov, a representative from manufacturing nuclear weapons. Energy Lev Ryabev says Russia has no plans Russia’s nuclear power plant construction Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-083, to supply Iran with gas centrifuges or dual- conglomerate Zarubezhatomenergostroi, 4/28/95 (12660). Gennadiy Yezhov and Andrei use military equipment. An unidentified says that his company is working on a feasi- Serov, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/11/95; in FBIS-SOV- senior member of the Russian Foreign Min- bility study for the completion of the nuclear 95-091, 5/11/95 (12660). istry says that Russia may “introduce addi- power plant at Bushehr. The study will be completed by 9/95. Russia has reached a 4/28/95 tional measures of control over the construc- tion of the nuclear power plant” in Iran in preliminary agreement with Ukraine’s Senior U.S. officials confirm that in 1/95, an effort to appease U.S. concerns and quiet to supply Bushehr with a new Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor international public opinion. Ryabev says turbine. Bushehr’s reactor will be built by Mikhailov agreed to provide Iran with a gas that no final agreement has been reached on Izhorskiy or Atommash. centrifuge. The officials were alerted to the whether Russia would be training Iranian Interfax (Moscow), 5/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-086, deal by a 4/12/95 Izvestiya article by Aleksei 5/4/95 (12956). nuclear experts. Ryabev says that only pre- Yablokov, chairman of the Russian Security paratory work is currently underway at the

140 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments

5/5/95 sources over an eight-year period. The re- equipment have possible military conse- It is reported that Russian Ministry of port says that Iran has been attempting to quences which run counter to Russian policy. Atomic Energy spokesman Georgi Kaurov develop a nuclear weapon with the help of Vorontsov says that the inclusion of these said that Russia’s agreement with Iran on China and . Clinton also shares elements in the Russian-Iranian agreement the construction of a nuclear power plant with Yeltsin “sensitive details” of Iranian was the work of the Russian Ministry of does not include the installation or transfer contacts with the same foreign companies Atomic Energy and was never authorized of centrifuge technology. Kaurov said, how- that provided Pakistan with the equipment by Moscow. With the training and centri- ever, that the transfer of enrichment tech- necessary for the development of nuclear fuge components of the agreement excluded, nology is consistent with NPT guidelines weapons components. The report, which the agreement is worth only half of its origi- as long as Iran “takes responsibility not to was based on human and signals intelligence, nal cost of $1 billion. produce [nuclear] weapons and the IAEA does not include satellite imagery or other Interfax (Moscow), 5/10/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-002, guarantees all Iranian technology.” The pro- physical evidence. Yeltsin does not ques- 5/10/95 (12966). tocol to the agreement specifies that Russia tion the content of the report. During the will provide training for 100 Iranian spe- meeting, Yeltsin says Russia will not trans- 5/11/95 cialists. fer technology to Iran that could be used Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy spokes- Informatsionnoye Agentstvo Ekho Moskvy (Mos- for nuclear weapons production. However, man Georgi Kaurov says that Russia never cow), 5/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-088, 5/5/95 (13041). Yeltsin says Russia retains the right to train had any intention of supplying Iran with gas Iranian nuclear specialists in Moscow and centrifuges, and that the contract for the 5/5/95 to supply Iran with a power reactor. completion of the reactors at Bushehr never It is reported that Russian Ministry of J. Jennings Moss, Washington Times, 5/11/95, pp. included any provision for centrifuges. Atomic Energy spokesman Georgi Kaurov A1, A20 (12997). Jim Hoagland, Washington Post, Mikhail Kokeev, deputy department head in said that Russia plans to negotiate new con- 5/17/95; in Executive News Service, 5/17/95 the Russian Foreign Ministry, says that Rus- (13075). tracts with Iran, within the framework of sia “did not, does not, and will not support programs that will bring Iran to another the existing 8/25/92 contract, to construct 5/10/95 one additional VVER-1000 and two VVER- military level.” Kokeev says, however, that U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian 440 reactors at Bushehr. Adding three more departments in several Russian ministries President Boris Yeltsin hold a joint press reactors increases the value of the deal from have entertained the possibility of export- conference in Moscow concerning the Rus- $800 million to $2 billion. Kaurov also ing dual-use technologies to Iran. sian-Iranian nuclear cooperation agreement. mentioned the existence of a Russian-Ira- Michael Mihalka, OMRI Daily Digest, 5/12/95 Clinton indicates that the deal is legal but nian “understanding in principle” to train (12912). should not be carried out. Clinton also says Iranian nuclear personnel in Russia, but said that Yeltsin agreed to take the U.S.’s posi- the understanding was verbal and had not 5/11/95 tion into account despite potential financial yet been committed to paper. Kaurov said Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor losses, and suggests the Gore-Chernomyrdin 180 Russian nuclear technicians are work- Mikhailov says that although the current Commission as the proper forum for con- ing at the site. Russian-Iranian agreement does not provide tinuing discussions on the technological Interfax (Moscow), 5/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-088, for the supply of a centrifuge to Iran, Rus- 5/5/95 (13086). aspects of the issue. Yeltsin underscores the sia may build a centrifuge in Iran sometime international legality of the deal, but con- in the future. 5/8/95-5/9/95 cedes that the deal has military as well as Gennadiy Yezhov and Andrey Serov, Itar-Tass (Mos- During a meeting with Russian President civilian applications. Yeltsin announces that cow), 5/11/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-091, 5/11/95 (12663). Boris Yeltsin, U.S. President Bill Clinton Russia has agreed to suspend the military elements of the contract so that “only the provides Yeltsin with a five-page U.S. in- 5/11/95 telligence report claiming that Iran has “an civilian power station with [LWRs] re- mains.” First Deputy Speaker of Russia’s State Duma organized structure whose purpose is the Mikhail Mityukov tells Iranian Ambassa- production of nuclear material for nuclear Russian Public Television First Channel Network (Moscow), 5/10/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-090, 5/10/95 dor to Russia Mehdi Safari that “no changes weapons.” Clinton tells Yeltsin that Iran is (13087). would be made in the text of the Iranian- pursuing nuclear weapons in accordance Russian nuclear cooperation agreement.” with a “nuclear weapons acquisition blue- 5/10/95 Mityukov emphasizes that the Russian Par- print” drafted four years ago with the help Russian Ambassador to the U.S. Yuliy liament supports the nuclear deal. Appar- of Pakistani officials. The report details Vorontsov says that Russia will most likely ently, Iranian Deputy Majlis Speaker Hasan Iran’s acquisition strategy, claiming that it cancel the shipment of gas centrifuge equip- Ruhani plans a trip to Moscow to hold dis- mirrors Pakistan’s “successful campaign” to ment as well as the training of Iranian cussions on the nuclear agreement. purchase, piece by piece, nuclear technol- nuclear physicists. Vorontsov says that the Irna (Tehran), 5/12/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-093, 5/ ogy and materials from Western and Asian nuclear training and transfer of centrifuge 12/95 (12955).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 141 Nuclear Developments

5/16/95 its plan to sell gas centrifuges to Iran. turbine. Bushehr’s reactor will be built in A report on the condition of the Iranian Turan (Baku), 5/18/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-097, 5/ Russia by Izhorskiy or Atommash. nuclear power complex under construction 18/95 (12902). Interfax (Moscow), 5/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-086, at Bushehr estimates that 150 Russian spe- 5/4/95 (12956). cialists are now working on the project. 5/22/95 Iranian sources say that 500 workers will Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor eventually be involved, but Russian sources Mikhailov says that Russia will go ahead RUSSIA WITH ITALY say the number will be 3,000. with its plan to build a 40 MW research Elaine Sciolino, New York Times, 5/19/95, p. A1 LWR in Iran once a contract is signed later 3/24/95 (13084). in 1995. Mikhailov rejects criticism from It is reported that a man confessed to au- the West of Russia’s intention to train ap- thorities in Italy to having thrown 4 g of 5/16/95 proximately 20-40 Iranian nuclear experts. plutonium that he had smuggled from Rus- At a closed-door meeting of the Russian Mikhailov says that no final decision has sia into the Adige River. State Duma, Foreign Minister Andrei been made on the transfer of gas centrifuges WISE News Communique, 3/24/95, p. 5; in Ura- Kozyrev says that no final decision on the to Iran. Mikhailov also says that agreements nium Institute News Briefing, p. 2 (12623). Russian-Iranian nuclear deal will be made for the training of Iranian nuclear special- until the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission ists in Russia, and for the delivery of gas concludes its meetings by 6/7/95. Kozyrev’s centrifuges have not been finalized. RUSSIA WITH JAPAN statement appears to contradict Russian Michael Mihalka, OMRI Daily Digest, 5/23/95 Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor (12913). Interfax (Moscow), 5/22/95; in FBIS- 4/10/95 SOV-95-098, 5/22/95 (12998). Mikhailov’s 5/12/95 statement that Russia “Investigative sources” report that Japan’s Aum Shinrikyo religious cult contacted is moving forward in implementing the re- 6/1/95 actor deal with Iran. According to an anony- Russian scientific experts in 1992 and 1993 It is reported that close associates of former to obtain nuclear technologies. In 1992, mous Russian Duma member present at the Iranian President Bani Sadr said that Revo- closed Duma hearings, Kozyrev asserts that the cult’s founder Shoko Asahara met with lutionary Guards General Sardar Shafagh Russian Nobel Laureate for physics Nikolai Mikhailov concluded a separate agreement disappeared while in Moscow for nuclear with Iran, which was unknown to President Basov. In 1993, the Moscow branch of the contract negotiations with the Russian Min- cult requested a meeting with Russia’s Min- Yeltsin, to provide a gas centrifuge. istry of Atomic Energy and may have de- Georgiy Bovt, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 5/18/ ister of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov, 95; in FBIS-SOV-95-096, 5/18/95 (12954). fected to the U.S. Shafagh may have been but the request was denied. in possession of documents allowing the Kyodo (Tokyo), 4/10/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-070, 4/ 5/18/95 U.S. to examine military aspects of Iran’s 10/95 (12911). A senior Russian Foreign Ministry official nuclear contracts with Russia, as well as the says that Russia had never signed a centri- progress of Iran’s uranium enrichment ef- fuge deal with Iran, and that if such a con- forts. RUSSIA WITH KAZAKHSTAN tract did exist, it would be cancelled by the Iran Brief, 6/1/95, p. 11 (12883). Russian government as a violation of the 3/95 1992 Russian-Iranian nuclear cooperation 6/9/95 The U.S. Department of Defense issues a Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor agreement. Although the official says that report confirming that Belarus, Kazakhstan, Mikhailov says nuclear cooperation between Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor and Ukraine are destroying their respective Russia and Iran would actually help to pre- Mikhailov had the legal right to sign the 1/ nuclear stockpiles at a faster rate than man- vent Iran from pursuing nuclear weapons. 95 protocol on the centrifuges, he adds that dated by START I. By mid-3/95, the three Mikhailov says that Russia will continue to the minister had displayed some “initiative,” countries had removed 1,555 warheads from “make good on [its] agreement [to build the] since the centrifuge deal would have vio- missiles and transferred 1,097 warheads to nuclear power plant in Iran.” lated the 1992 accord on cooperation with Russia. Kazakhstan has eliminated 440 SS- Reuter, 6/9/95; in Executive News Service, 6/13/ Iran. The article notes that “Mikhailov was 95 (13079). 18 and 370 air-launched cruise missile war- unauthorized to take that step.” heads. Kazakhstan will complete the trans- Michael Mihalka, OMRI Daily Digest, 5/19/95 fer of its SS-18 warheads by the end of 1995. (12662). Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12652). RUSSIA WITH IRAN AND UKRAINE 5/18/95 4/24/95 It is reported that Yuriy Vishnevskiy, chief 5/4/95 The last of 104 SS-18 missile warheads is of the Russia State Committee for Nuclear It is reported that Russia has reached a pre- transferred from Kazakhstan to Russia in Materials Oversight, says that Russia’s Min- liminary agreement with Ukraine’s accordance with the 5/23/92 START I istry of Atomic Energy will go ahead with Turboatom to supply Bushehr with a new

142 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments

Lisbon Protocol. Each of the missiles was 2 reprocessing plant as is currently spelled equipped with 10 “multiple reentry vehicles.” out in contracts with the Czech Republic, The missiles will be destroyed by the end of Bulgaria, and Iran. Tolmatsky also says that RUSSIA WITH NORTH KOREA 1996. Germany, India, South Korea, Switzerland, Vladimir Krivomazov, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), and Taiwan have expressed an interest in See also North Korea section. 4/28/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-083, 4/28/95 Russian storage and reprocessing services (12614). Kazakh Radio First Program (Almaty), 5/24/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-101, 5/24/95 (12659). at RT-2. 4/11/95 Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/25/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, Jean-Christophe Peuch, Reuter (Moscow), 3/7/95; South Korean Foreign Minister Kong No- in Executive News Service, 3/7/95 (12933). 4/25/95 (13026). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in myong says that Russia can participate in FBIS-SOV-95-103, 5/26/95 (12702). 3/30/95-3/31/95 the KEDO project to supply LWRs to the DPRK by supplying uranium fuel for the 5/31/95 The International Science and Technology planned North Korean reactors. Russian specialists destroy a nuclear device, Center (ISTC) governing board approves 38 Yonhap (Seoul), 4/11/95; in FBIS-EAS-95-069, 4/ which had been located underground since peace-related projects that will be supported 11/95 (12992). 1991 and caused misgivings with regard to by $13.6 million in approved funding. its safety, at Kurchatov, near Semipalatinsk. Belarusian and Kazakhstani observers attend 4/14/95 The device had a yield of 0.3 Kt. The ex- the board meeting, and both countries are Vyacheslav Sychev of the Russian Ministry plosion used to destroy the device was not expected to have functioning branch offices of Atomic Energy says that the U.S. offered an atomic blast, and no chain reaction oc- in their capitals by fall 1995. In 5/95, it Russia the opportunity to process waste from curred. In 2/95, it was reported that three was reported that, with these newly approved the LWRs to be constructed in the DPRK more unexploded nuclear devices remain at projects, the ISTC now supports 130 projects as compensation if it cancels its nuclear deal the Semipalatinsk test site: a 150 Kt device, from a funding base of about $60 million, with Iran. However, Russia rejected the offer which is apparently lodged in a tunnel, and and provides employment to more than on the grounds that it was insufficient com- two devices of unidentified yield, both lo- 8,200 Belarusian, Georgian, and Russian pensation. cated 500 meters underground. engineers and scientists, the majority of Anatoliy Yurkin, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 4/14/95; in Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-105, whom have backgrounds in missile technol- FBIS-SOV-95-073, 4/14/95 (12994). 5/31/95 (12747). Vladimir Yelufimov, Selskaya ogy and weapons of mass destruction re- Zhizn (Moscow), 3/10/95, p. 2; in JPRS-TAC-95- 012-L, 3/10/95 (12747). Le Monde, 2/23/95; in search. 5/26/95 PPNN Newsbrief, First Quarter 1995, p. 3 (12747). Arms Control Today, 5/95, p. 31 (13177). Russia is willing to provide LWRs to North Anatoliy Ladin, Krasnaya Zvezda, 6/2/95, p. 3 Korea. Russian Vice Minister of Foreign (13038). Tleuzhan Yesilbayev, Pravda, 6/7/95, p. 5/17/95 Affairs Alexander Panov says that an inter- 2 (13029). Negotiations are currently underway for national conference should be held to dis- Russia to reprocess spent nuclear fuel from cuss regulation of the nuclear situation on Sweden, Taiwan, Switzerland, and South the Korean Peninsula. RUSSIA WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP Korea at Russia’s RT-2 facility despite the Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 5/26/95, p. 3 (13196). fact that Russia does not supply these coun- 3/2/95 tries with nuclear fuel. Russian President Boris Yeltsin’s 1/25/95 Sergei Leskov, Izvestiya (Moscow), 5/17/95; in RUSSIA WITH NORWAY decree to renew construction of the RT-2 FBIS-SOV-95-096, 5/17/95 (12930). reprocessing facility in Zheleznogorsk sig- 4/5/95 nals that Russia will continue to import spent 5/18/95 Norwegian Deputy Foreign Minister Siri nuclear fuel for reprocessing from Bulgaria, Imports of spent nuclear fuel into Russia Bjerke announces a proposal to establish an Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, are now banned by an amendment to the international fund to finance construction Germany, and Finland despite sharp oppo- draft law “On State Policy in the Field of of nuclear waste storage facilities in north- sition from environmentalists and the ab- Handling Nuclear Waste,” which classifies west Russia. Bjerke also discusses imple- sence of a formal policy on spent fuel han- spent fuel as radioactive waste. However, mentation of a Norwegian nuclear security dling. an article in the new amendment contains plan for Russia’s northwest. Norway has Aleksandr Safronov and Mariya Smirnova, procedures for bypassing the ban on spent already allotted $20 million for the plan, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 3/2/95, p. 3; in JPRS- fuel imports, which may allow Russia to TEN-95-005, 3/2/95 (12833). which also involves the U.S. continue to net millions of dollars from re- Interfax (Moscow), 4/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-066, 3/7/95 processing contracts with Finland, Hungary, 4/5/95 (12706). and other countries with Soviet-designed Dmitri Tolmatsky, a representative of reactors. Greenpeace in Moscow, says that Russia will Veronica Romanenkova, Segodnya (Moscow), 5/18/ return plutonium and uranium from the RT- 95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-096, 5/18/95 (12947).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 143 Nuclear Developments

RUSSIA WITH SLOVAKIA construction of a nuclear power plant in Ukrainian newspaper Kievsky Vedemosti, the Syria. Kozyrev says that the project will be material is worth $250,000 per kilogram. 3/2/95 carried out under IAEA supervision. The suspects say they had expected to ob- Russia’s bid to complete the two VVER-440s Dmitriy Gorokhov and Anatoliy Golovastov, Itar- tain more than $1 million for the material. Tass (Moscow), 3/31/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, 3/ The material is being analyzed by the Ukrai- at Mochovce includes plans to reprocess the 31/95 (12910). spent fuel—a provision which is omitted in nian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of the competing offer from the European Bank Nuclear Research to determine its compo- sition and origin; initial findings seem to of Reconstruction and Development RUSSIA WITH UKRAINE (EBRD), which only provides for safety indicate that the material may be U-235 and U-238. upgrades. Slovakia must enter into a nuclear 3/95 cooperation agreement with Russia before UPI (Kiev), 3/23/95; in Executive News Service, The U.S. Department of Defense issues a 3/23/95 (12609). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- any fuel can be processed. Under the Rus- report confirming that Belarus, Kazakhstan, cow), 3/28/95, p. 1; FBIS-SOV-95-060, 3/28/95 sian-Slovak agreement, Russia would repro- and Ukraine are destroying their respective (12693). Peter Coryn, Nucleonics Week, 4/6/95, pp. 14-15 (12693). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- cess Slovak spent fuel at the RT-1 plant at nuclear stockpiles at a faster rate than man- Chelyabinsk, and would return the pluto- cow), 3/28/95, p. 1; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, 3/28/ dated under START I. By mid-3/95, the 95 (12703). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 4/ nium and radioactive waste derived from three countries had removed 1,555 warheads 4/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-064, 4/4/95 (12703). reprocessing back to Slovakia. Plutonium from missiles and transferred 1,097 war- might be returned to Slovakia in the form heads to Russia. Ukraine has eliminated 4/95 of mixed-oxide (MOX) fuel if a proposed 240 SS-19 and 460 SS-24 warheads. Un- Colonel Oleksandr Serdyuk, head of the Russian-German plan to build a $61 mil- der the 1/94 Trilateral Statement, Ukraine Center for Administrative Control of Stra- lion MOX plant in Chelyabinsk is realized. agreed to remove all its remaining warheads tegic Nuclear Weapons in the Ukraine’s The RT-1 plant is reportedly reprocessing to Russia by mid-1996. Ministry of Defense, says that if Russia pro- spent fuel from Bohunice, Slovakia’s oldest Agence France-Presse International News, 3/15/95; vides fuel for Ukraine’s nuclear power sta- nuclear reactor, but Slovakia is not receiv- in Executive News Service, 3/15/95 (12612). Arms tions, the transfer of nuclear warheads from ing any plutonium yielded from reprocess- Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12652). Radiostantsiya Ukraine to Russia will continue on sched- ing. Belarus (Minsk), 3/16/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, 3/16/95 (12709). ule. Serdyuk says that about 40 percent of Mark Hibbs, Nucleonics Week, 3/2/95, pp. 10-11 Ukraine’s 1,500 warheads have been trans- (12642). 3/6/95 ferred to Russia. Discussions on transfer- 5/95 The first train carrying 60 Ukrainian nuclear ring “nuclear training weapons” and all as- Slovakia’s Economy Minister Josef Ducky warheads arrives in Russia, where the war- sociated records to Russia are currently un- assigns Slovak utility SE the responsibility heads will be destroyed. derway. Serdyuk says that by the end of 4/ of holding meetings with Russia, a consor- L. Ioffe, Russian Television Network (Moscow), 3/ 95, six SS-19 regiments, comprising 60 of 6/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, 3/6/95 (12705). tium of Electricite de France and Siemens, Ukraine’s total of 130 SS-19s, will be de- commissioned. Foreign assistance from the and a Czech-Slovak partnership led by Skoda 3/23/95 to hammer out a deal for the financing and U.S., Germany, Canada, Japan, the Neth- Oleksander Zarubytsky, a spokesman for the construction of the first two units of the erlands, and Norway has solved the techni- Ukrainian Interior Ministry, reports that Mochovce nuclear power station. cal and financial problems associated with Jiri Suchomel, NucNet, 5/18/95 (12964). three glass jars containing 6 kg of pellet- the elimination of nuclear weapons in ized U-235 with U-238 casings were seized Ukraine. The U.S. has so far provided $205 5/19/95 during the 3/95 arrests of two former mem- million in assistance. Russia has concluded a deal with Slovakia bers of the Russian military, a lieutenant- Serhiy Zhurets, Narodna Armiya (Kiev), 4/19/95, p. 1; in JPRS-UMA-95-023, 4/19/95 (12699). to provide $150 million in credit for the colonel and a warrant officer. The suspects state that the material came from Russia. Interfax (Moscow), 4/17/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, completion of the two VVER-440 reactors 4/17/95 (12802). at the Mochovce nuclear power plant. When the first man was arrested, 2 kg of U- Toshihiko Kaya, Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Tokyo), 5/ 235 granules were discovered inside a con- 4/8/95 19/95, p. 9; in FBIS-EAS-95-098, 5/19/95 (12953). tainer in a bag he was carrying. Another It is reported that Volodymyr Mukhin, chair- two containers containing uranium were dis- man of the Ukrainian Supreme Council of covered in his apartment. Each of the three Defense, said that recent actions in Russia’s RUSSIA WITH SYRIA AND UNITED STATES half-liter glass containers held about 2 kg State Duma, including Russia’s failure to of metallic uranium. Each of the pellets, continue unilateral reductions of the Black 3/31/95 which measured 1 cm in diameter, had holes Sea Fleet, amount to threats against Ukrai- Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev in the center. The holes suggest that the nian national security and could necessitate says that he does not expect the U.S. to ob- material was for use “in installations with a Ukrainian Supreme Council decision to ject to Russia’s agreement to assist in the high-pressure zones.” According to the

144 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments suspend “the withdrawal of nuclear warheads rial storage facilities. 3/23/95 from the territory of Ukraine.” Robert T. Andrews and George G. Staele, Energy U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher Unian (Kiev), 4/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-068, 4/8/ & Technology Review, 1/95-2/95, pp. 4-14 (13022). and Russian Foreign Minister Andrei 95 (12701). Kozyrev reveal in a joint statement that the 3/95 U.S. and Russia will form a “special work- 5/26/95 The first shipments of Russian highly-en- ing group” to examine the status of world- Colonel-General Viktor Yesin, head of riched uranium (HEU) that was removed wide nuclear proliferation. The working Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops, reports from nuclear warheads are scheduled to ar- group will present its findings before the that 93 strategic nuclear missiles are still in rive in the U.S. The material will be con- U.S.-Russian summit convenes in 5/95. Ukraine and remain under Russian control. verted to low-enriched uranium (LEU) for Asahi Shimbun (Tokyo), 3/24/95 (13018). The warheads are to be destroyed by 6/96 use in nuclear reactors. in accordance with START I. Lynn E. Davis, U.S. Department of State Dispatch, 3/28/95 3/13/95, pp. 192-194 (12867). Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, It is reported that Russia signed an agree- 5/26/95 (12702). 3/1/95 ment with the U.S. worth $215 million on 5/26/95 In accordance with START I provisions, “the utilization of nuclear munitions.” Ria Novosti (Moscow), 3/28/95; in FBIS-SOV-95- It is reported that Ukraine has renewed ship- three U.S. On-Site Inspection Agency teams 086-A, 3/28/95 (12737). ments of spent nuclear fuel to Russia’s arrive in Russia to begin a series of 71 in- Krasnoyarsk mining and chemical complex spections at nuclear sites in Russia, Belarus, Late 3/95 after a two-year interruption. The Russian Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. A team of Rus- The U.S. and Russia unveil an experimen- State Committee for Nuclear Materials Over- sian, Belarusian, Kazakhstani, and Ukrai- tal remote video monitoring system that re- sight approved the transfer. The spent fuel nian inspectors also begins its inspection of searchers from both countries developed is expected to arrive by rail in early 6/95. 36 sites in the U.S. under the U.S. Department of Energy’s Russia and Ukraine have a spent fuel trans- Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12746). Wash- (DOE) Lab-to-Lab program. DOE officials ington Times, 3/4/95, p. A9 (12746). fer contract that expires at the close of 1995. indicate that the system could become a cost Yuri Khots, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS- effective method for monitoring weapons- SOV-95-104, 5/26/95 (13039). Krasnoyarskiy 3/1/95 Rabochiy, 5/25/95, p. 1 (12919). President Bill Clinton says that the U.S. and grade materials in both countries. The sys- Russia are considering making additional tem has been installed at the Kurchatov In- cuts to their nuclear weapons arsenals as well stitute and Argonne National Laboratory, RUSSIA WITH UNITED STATES as placing 200 MT of fissile material cur- both of which house HEU. Recordings are rently in military holdings under IAEA safe- stored on computer and can be accessed via Early 1995 guards. telephone in both the U.S. and Russia. The It is reported that talks between the U.S. Trust and Verify, 3/95, p. 1 (12935). system will be tested for six months at a and Russia on the implementation of the 6/ cost of $300,000. 94 agreement to close three Russian dual- Early 3/95 Reuter, 3/31/95; in Executive News Service, 3/31/ 95 (12869). Kathleen Hart, Nucleonics Week, 4/6/ use weapons-grade plutonium-producing The total value of U.S. equipment transferred 95, p. 15 (12830). reactors at Krasnoyarsk-26 and Tomsk-7 to Russia for the dismantlement of nuclear have not been fruitful. The U.S. has been weapons has not yet exceeded $100 million. 4/95 unable to verify Russia’s claims that pluto- This amount represents only “a small part” Official statistics of Russian dismantlement nium from these plants has not been used of Russia’s weapons elimination expendi- under START I are made public in an up- for military purposes since 10/1/94. tures. dated U.S.-Russian Memorandum of Under- PPNN Newsbrief, First Quarter 1995, p. 3 (12603). Gennadiy Obolenskiy, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), standing. As of 12/5/94, Russia had dis- Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Control Today, 7/94-8/ 3/23/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-062, 3/23/95 94, p. 24 (11722). Wilson Dizard III, NuclearFuel, (12745). mantled 378 ICBM silos (representing 81 7/4/94, p. 15 (11722). percent of total silos), 230 heavy bombers 3/6/95 (61 percent), and 14 ballistic missile sub- 2/95 The Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy and marines (37 percent). In addition, as of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s General Atomics of the U.S. will each spend 12/5/94, Russia had removed from START (LLNL) Laboratory-to-Institute Program $1 million over the next 18 to 24 months I accountability 630 ICBM nuclear warheads has grown considerably during 1994 and on developing a plan to build gas-cooled (60 percent), 212 submarine-launched bal- currently involves collaboration with scien- nuclear reactors capable of using weapons- listic missiles (SLBM) (40 percent), 244 tists at 42 institutes in the former Soviet grade plutonium as feedstock. SLBM warheads, and 37 heavy bomber Union, primarily in Russia and Ukraine. Ux Report, 3/6/95, p. 4; in Uranium Institute News warheads (61 percent). LLNL is also assisting the U.S. in imple- Briefing, 3/8/95-3/14/95, p. 1 (12620). Arms Control Today, 3/95, p. 32 (13014). menting on-site inspections of fissile mate-

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 145 Nuclear Developments

4/3/95 5/95 confidence-building measures such as recip- U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry It is reported that the Russian Ministry of rocal monitoring at stockpile sites. Accord- announces in Moscow that the U.S. and Atomic Energy and General Atomics of the ing to U.S. officials, the inspections will Russia signed four disarmament agreements U.S. signed agreements to jointly design and verify whether Russia is indeed dismantling totalling $50 million in Nunn-Lugar assis- develop a gas turbine/modular helium reac- 2,000-3,000 warheads per year as it has tance to Russia. The first agreement in- tor (GT-MHR). General Atomics and the claimed. Inspections will also ensure that creases to $150 million the $130 million in Ministry of Atomic Energy are each con- extracted nuclear material is not re-used in assistance the U.S. had promised Russia in tributing 1 million pounds for the GT- new weapons. The summit also results in a eliminating strategic offensive weapons in MHR’s “conceptual design.” The GT-MHR “Joint Statement on Nonproliferation” that accordance with START obligations. The will be designed to consume weapons-grade tasks the Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission second agreement increases to $35 million plutonium, and will replace Russian weap- to develop a report on past and future ef- the $25 million originally promised by the ons-grade plutonium-producing reactors at forts to ensure nuclear materials security. U.S. to the International Science and Tech- Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, as well as other fa- Trust and Verify, 5/95, p. 1 (12935). Jeffrey Smith, nology Center in Moscow. The third agree- cilities. Russian entities participating on Washington Post, 5/17/95 (13092). ment provides for the disbursement of up to the project are the Kurchatov Institute, the $17 million to Russia for nuclear weapons A. A. Bochvar All-Russian Scientific Insti- 5/16/95 transport. The fourth agreement provides tute of Inorganic Materials, the LUTCH The U.S. recently committed an additional for the disbursement of up to $3 million to scientific-industrial organization, and the $26 million in Nunn-Lugar funding to the “enhance the security of facilities which store OKMB experimental machine-building de- International Science and Technology Cen- nuclear weapons until they are dismantled.” sign bureau. ter (ISTC) in Russia (including the branch This grant brings U.S. total conversion aid Nuclear Europe Worldscan, 5/95-6/95, p. 29 offices in Minsk, Belarus and Almaty, to approximately $1 billion. (13178). Kazakhstan) and the Science and Technol- Arms Control Today, 5/95, pp. 27, 30 (13174). ogy Center in Ukraine. Interfax (Moscow), 4/3/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, 5/1/95 Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 5/16/95, 4/3/95 (12751). Viktor Litovkin, Boris Vinogradov, Ivan Rybkin, speaker of the Russian State p. 14 (12942). and Aleksandr Sychev, Izvestiya (Moscow), 4/5/95; Duma, meets with U.S. Speaker of the in FBIS-SOV-95-065, 4/5/95 (12661). Stanislav House Newt Gingrich and expresses his dis- 6/95 Kuchmer, Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 4/5/ It is reported that the Clemson Technical 95, p. 7; in FBIS-SOV-95-065, 4/5/95 (12619). pleasure with the fact that the U.S. has not Jane’s Defence Weekly, 4/15/95, p. 8 (13013). provided all the promised aid for decom- Center, a technology support arm of the missioning over a dozen Russian nuclear U.S.’s Rust International, signed an agree- 4/10/95 submarines. Rybkin says that the U.S. had ment with Russia’s Scientific and Industrial U.S. President Bill Clinton signs a $3.1 bil- transferred only $50 million of the prom- Association to develop and test Russian “cold lion “supplemental appropriations bill” that ised $500 million for missile dismantlement crucible vitrification technology” in stabi- reduces by $20 million Nunn-Lugar fund- and defense conversion projects. lizing radioactive waste. Nuclear News, 6/95, pp. 61-62 (12952). ing to the former Soviet Union for military New York Times, 5/2/95, p. A5 (12749). officer housing, defense conversion, and the Defense Enterprise Fund. 5/10/95 6/7/95 Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 4/25/95, U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian In a letter to U.S. Undersecretary of State p. 4 (12740). President Boris Yeltsin issue a “Joint State- for International Security Affairs Lynn ment on the Transparency and Irreversibil- Davis, Russian Minister of Atomic Energy 4/18/95-4/21/95 ity of the Process of Reducing Nuclear Viktor Mikhailov says that Russia remains Safeguards, Transparency and Irreversibil- Weapons” at the conclusion of a summit committed to the 2/18/93 U.S.-Russian ity (STI) talks held between the U.S. and meeting. The statement declares that fis- HEU deal, but strongly opposes attempts Russia, bring the countries closer to a co- sile material from dismantled nuclear weap- to separate payments for the agreement’s feed operation agreement permitting the “ex- ons will not be reused in weapons, nor will component and enrichment component. change of sensitive data related to nuclear fissile materials “excess to national security [The LEU to be shipped to the U.S. is es- weapons.” Such an agreement is a prereq- requirements” be used in weapons programs. sentially considered to consist of natural uisite to closing down three remaining plu- Additionally, fissile material from the civil uranium (the feed component) and separa- tonium-producing Russian reactors and to nuclear industry and “newly produced fis- tive work units (the enrichment compo- facilitating reciprocal inspections of facili- nent).] Mikhailov says that the value of the sile materials” will not be used in nuclear ties housing nuclear materials extracted from weapons. Bilateral information exchanges feed component in the LEU would be dismantled warheads. concerning the quantity, safety, and secu- counted against the $60 million advance the Arms Control Today, 6/95, p. 33 (13172). rity of stockpiled fissile material and nuclear U.S. has paid. Mikhailov says that unless warheads will become more frequent, as will principles in the agreement are adhered to, Russia will be forced to “stop the imple-

146 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments mentation of the agreement after the reim- under the terms of anti-dumping agreements 6/28/95 bursement of the advanced payment.” reached with Canadian and U.S. uranium It is reported that U.S. Vice President Al Mikhailov proposes that a clause within the producers. Gore and Russian Prime Minister Viktor agreement be invoked that allows for the use Interfax (Moscow), 6/16/95; in FBIS-SOV_95-116, Chernomyrdin announced an agreement in of private funds to pay Russia if the U.S. 6/16/95 (13081). Interfax (Moscow), 6/14/95; in which USEC will purchase 500 MT of FBIS-SOV-95-115, 6/14/95 (13081). Wilson Dizard government is unable to do so. In a 6/8/95 III and Michael Knapik, NuclearFuel, 5/22/95, p. weapons-grade HEU from Russia. The reply to Mikhailov’s letter, U.S. Senator Pete 2 (13081). George Lobsenz, Energy Daily, 5/15/ agreement is a revised version of a 1/94 Domenici (R-NM) says that he and other 95, p. 3 (13081). agreement and reportedly involves a $100 senators will go forward with legislation million advance payment. intended to ensure the implementation of 6/17/95 NucNet News, 7/3/95; in Uranium Institute News the HEU agreement. The U.S. and Russia have jointly developed Briefing, 6/28/95 (12949). NuclearFuel, 6/19/95, pp. 4-5 (12981). the Accounting and Monitoring System (AMS), a nuclear materials accountability 6/30/95 6/8/95 system currently operating at the Russian J. Joseph Grandmaison, director of the U.S. It is reported that the Russian shipbuilding Federal Nuclear Center at Arzamas-16. Trade and Development Agency (TDA), plant “Zvezda,” located near Bolshoi Kamen, Mikhail Rebrov, Krasnaya Zvezda (Moscow), 6/17/ announces that the U.S. signed six economic received the first shipment of a total of $6 95, p. 3; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 6/17/95 (13173). assistance grants with Russia during the 6/ million worth of equipment from Hughes, 29/95 Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission a U.S. company, to help dismantle nine 6/17/95 meeting. The grants will finance six large nuclear-powered submarines annually. Sev- It is reported that, of an expected 1995 ship- defense conversion feasibility studies as well eral reactors from dismantled submarines ment of 6 MT of HEU from Russia to the as other projects aimed at improving Russia’s have been converted for use as civilian en- U.S., only one shipment of less than 1 MT infrastructure. Of the $2,050,000 commit- ergy sources. has been sent. The 0.786 MT shipment ted by the U.S., $800,000 will go to the Andrei Baranovskiy, Segodnya (Moscow), 6/10/ was blended down to make 24 MT of reac- All-Russian Federal Nuclear Center to sup- 95, p. 3 (12927). tor fuel. According to William H. Tim- port a joint study with the U.S.’s M-C Power bers, Jr., president of USEC, Russia agreed Corporation on molten carbonate fuel cell 6/14/95 to ship 6 MT of nuclear material in 1995, (MCFC) production. Since “converted Vitaly Konovalov, a Russian Ministry of and theoretically agreed to sell 10 MT in lithium” from dismantled nuclear weapons Atomic Energy official, accuses the U.S. of 1996 once agreement was reached on the is an important element in MCFC produc- attempting to renege on a 1992 commitment price. On 6/5/95, it was reported that tion, the project supports disarmament ob- to pay an estimated $12 billion for 500 MT sources in Moscow and Washington said that jectives; the work also supports defense con- of uranium obtained from dismantled Russia could justifiably blame the U.S. for version objectives since nuclear weapons nuclear weapons. [The HEU deal was ini- scuttling the HEU deal because the USEC scientists from Arzamas-16 will be em- tialed in 1992, but signed in 1993.] is now offering to pay $68/SWU instead of ployed by the project. Konovalov says that the U.S. is trying to the $82.10/SWU USEC offered for the first PR Newswire (Moscow), 6/30/95; in Executive reduce the negotiated price “by one-third to 6 MT of nuclear material. Russia wants to News Service, 6/30/95 (13170). one-half.” receive about $780 per kg of uranium for International Herald Tribune, 6/15/95 (12944). 4.4 percent LEU ($82.10 per SWU, and $28.50 per kg of uranium hexaflouride). On 6/15/95 6/12/95, it was reported that Russian Min- Russian Minister of Atomic Energy Viktor ister of Atomic Energy Viktor Mikhailov TAJIKISTAN Mikhailov says that Russia will cancel the said that Russia would pay what it owed deal to sell LEU to the U.S. if the U.S. con- USEC with LEU in 1995 and 1996, and tinues to insist on lowering the price it is would then end the deal unless better terms willing to pay for it. Mikhailov says that could be negotiated. Estimates place Rus- Russia has already delivered 30 MT of LEU sian weapons-grade holdings at 1,200 MT TAJIKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES to the U.S., and that by the end of 1995, of uranium and 170 MT of plutonium. transfers will total $150 million. Russia Economist, 6/17/95, p. 48 (13186). William J. 4/18/95 wants to be paid $800 per kg of LEU, while Broad, New York Times, 6/12/95, pp. 1, C10 It is reported that Arkadiy Kuks, a U.S. resi- the U.S. insists on paying $600 per kg of (13186). Wilson Dizard III and Michael Knapik, dent from the former Soviet Union, is at- NuclearFuel, 6/5/95, pp. 3-4 (13183). William J. LEU. The U.S. Enrichment Corporation Broad, New York Times, 6/14/95, p. A8 (13183). tempting to broker a $50 million nuclear (USEC), the U.S. organization responsible FreshFuel, 6/12/95, p. 1; in Uranium Institute News waste deal between a private U.S. firm and for implementing the agreement, cannot le- Briefing, 6/13/95 (13183). NuclearFuel, 6/19/95, the government of Tajikistan. Representa- gally sell Russian HEU below market value pp. 5-8 (12982). tives of the firm and the Tajik government

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 147 Nuclear Developments have discussed the possibility of burying the mantling its nuclear warheads, and that in 4/28/95 waste in the Leninabad Oblast, located in 1996 Ukraine will be a nuclear-free state. It is reported that Ukraine needs a capacity the northern area of the republic. Svyatoslav Radio Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 3/16/95; in to enrich uranium to complete the closing Zabelin, a board member of the international FBIS-SOV-95-052, 3/16/95 (12800). of its nuclear fuel cycle. Anatoliy Chernov, organization Socio-Ecological Union, says deputy head of Goskomatom, said that ura- that reports of the pending deal have been 4/19/95 nium enrichment will be “carried out abroad, confirmed in the U.S. and Dushanbe. Acting Ukrainian Prime Minister Yevgeniy possibly in France or [Germany].” Ukraine Zabelin also says that U.S. companies have Marchuk assigns the responsibility of imple- plans to solicit bids for joint nuclear fuel already held negotiations on the burial of menting Ukraine’s safeguards agreement production programs with companies in the radioactive waste in Dagestan. On 4/6/95, with the IAEA to the Ministry of Environ- U.S., Sweden, Germany, France, and Rus- Bill Jackson, the U.S. Department of State ment and Nuclear Safety. sia. Unian (Kiev), 4/22/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-078, 4/22/ desk officer in Tajikistan, also confirmed Olena Zvarych, Ukrayina Moloda (Kiev), 4/28/95, 95 (12704). that negotiations had taken place, but de- p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-089, 4/28/95 (13181). nied that the U.S. government was involved. 4/27/95 Oleg Rish, Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), 4/18/ 5/95 95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-074, 4/18/95 (12868). Commander of the Ukrainian Navy Rear- Chairman of Goskomatom Mikhail Umanets Admiral Vladimir Bezkorovainy proposes says Ukraine hopes to obtain foreign financ- that the Black and Azov Seas be designated ing for a $1 billion project for the domestic as nuclear-free zones. As a consequence of production of nuclear fuel. The project is this designation, all “Black Sea countries” intended to decrease Ukraine’s dependence UKRAINE would agree not to deploy nuclear weapons on foreign fuel when it is completed in 2010. on ships, aircraft, or any naval installations When completed, the $1 billion plant will in the coastal areas. provide 40-45 percent of Ukraine’s nuclear Interfax (Moscow), 4/27/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-082, 4/27/95 (12606). fuel needs. Domestically-produced fuel is expected to cost 30 percent less than fuel INTERNAL DEVELOPMENTS 4/28/95 imported from Russia. The goals of the It is reported that Goskomatom has gener- project include the production of fuel ele- 3/30/95 ated a plan to develop a complete nuclear ments, tablets, and fuel assemblies. The It is reported that Vladimir Fux, director of fuel cycle including tripling uranium min- project calls for the rate of mining and mill- the South Ukraine nuclear power plant, said ing within the next few years. Ukraine’s ing of uranium in Ukraine to increase 300 that the lack of spent fuel storage space could Zhovti Vody Ore Enrichment Combine percent by 2003. Goskomatom, which de- actually force Ukraine’s nuclear power plants (ZVOEC) supports the creation of a nuclear veloped the project, will begin construct- to close in 1995-96. Ukraine has not been fuel cycle since an increase in uranium min- ing a hexaflouride conversion plant by 1999. able to remove spent fuel from its nuclear ing will eventually lead to higher profits. By the year 2000, Ukraine will invest at facilities since 1991, when Russia passed a Ukraine’s uranium industry consists of least $100 million in manufacturing inter- law prohibiting the import of foreign nuclear ZVOEC’s hydrometallurgical plant for the mediate zircaloy products, and $135 mil- wastes. Consequently, Ukraine’s spent fuel production of uranium oxide and uranium lion in a fuel fabrication facility with a pro- storage facilities have been filled beyond hexaflouride and two operational uranium jected capacity of 600 MT. According to capacity. mines: the Inhulska mine outside of Umanets, Ukraine does not plan to enrich Itar-Tass (Moscow), 3/30/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-062, uranium, but will instead purchase enriched 3/30/95 (12796). Kirovohrad (which should last 15 years at the current pace of mining), and the uranium from Russia, France, Germany, and 4/95 Vatutinska mine near Smolino (which should Kazakhstan. Ukraine currently receives 100 percent of its nuclear fuel and 70 percent of The Ukrainian government adopts a plan, last 25 years). Anatoliy Chernov, deputy its nuclear reactor equipment and replace- proposed by the Ukrainian State Commit- head of Goskomatom, said that Ukraine’s ment parts from Russia. tee for the Use of Atomic Energy uranium ore reserves from the two existing mines and the Novokostyantynivske deposit Interfax (Moscow), 5/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-088, (Goskomatom), to restructure Ukraine’s 5/5/95 (12798). Peter Coryn, NuclearFuel, 5/8/ nuclear power industry. (where mining was halted in 1992) are suf- 95, pp. 19-20 (12798). Viktor Demidenko, Itar- Interfax (Moscow), 5/5/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-088, ficient to supply all 14 Ukrainian reactors Tass (Moscow), 4/21/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-078, 4/ 5/5/95 (12798). and five additional planned reactors with 21/95 (12798). Yaderniy Kontrol, 6/95, p. 13 fuel for 100 years. Reactivation of the mine (12921). 4/16/95 will cost almost 160 million rubles. 5/11/95 Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma says Olena Zvarych, Ukrayina Moloda (Kiev), 4/28/95, The Science and Technology Center in that Ukraine is ahead of schedule in dis- p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-089, 4/28/95 (13181). Ukraine (STCU) issues its first call for project proposals from Ukrainian scientists.

148 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments

Ostap Haweleshka, a Canadian scientist, is Kiev and hid the material on the banks off UKRAINE WITH EGYPT, PRC, AND the Executive Director of the STCU. The the Dnepr River. However, as the suspects RUSSIA STCU plans to conduct its first governing were being arrested, the vessel containing board meeting “in late summer or early fall the nuclear material was accidentally over- 6/27/95 [1995].” turned. The stolen material was reportedly It is reported that “responsible sources” said Arms Control Today, 5/95, p. 31 (13177). Post- worth $100 million. that China, Russia, and Ukraine are among Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 5/16/95, p. 11 Grigoriy Nesmyanovich, Krasnaya Zvezda (Mos- a number of Asian and European countries (12894). cow), 6/6/95, p. 3; in FBIS-SOV-95-108, 6/6/95 (12795). that have established ties with Egypt to help 5/18/95 it construct “a number of nuclear reactors It is reported that Goskomatom introduced 6/20/95 for peaceful purposes.” On 6/6/95, the a plan to restructure Ukraine’s nuclear in- Yuriy Koshyk, director of Ukrainian Scien- Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram reported that dustry to be a “government-owned holding tific Research Institute of Industrial Tech- Egypt’s Nuclear Materials Agency chief company operating through branch compa- nology, says that Ukraine plans to develop Nabil Hazek had received a preliminary nies and joint stock enterprises.” The new its own nuclear energy and fuel complex by “Protocol of Intentions” from Ukraine that organization, Energoatom, would be respon- the year 2010. The plan calls for uranium calls for peaceful nuclear cooperation in the sible for procuring nuclear fuel, coordinat- ore to be mined and processed in Ukraine areas of uranium enrichment, mining, and ing indigenous production of nuclear fuel, and then sent to facilities in either France, prospecting, as well as the construction of addressing waste management and decom- Great Britain, or Russia where the ore will nuclear power plants. missioning issues, carrying out investiga- be further processed for use in fuel elements. Itar-Tass (Moscow), 6/6/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-109, 6/6/95 (12697). Al-Sha’b (Cairo), 6/27/95, p. 8; tions and research, formulating policy, and Ukraine will then assemble its own fuel el- in FBIS-NES-95-130, 6/27/95 (13176). designing more advanced reactors. Accord- ements using the uranium processed abroad ing to Goskomatom, the partial privatization and its own assembly parts. Ukraine plans of the nuclear industry could be completed to construct an assembly plant for this pur- UKRAINE WITH GERMANY by the end of 1995. Officials at pose at Zholty Vody in the Dnieper region. Goskomatom said that after reform is imple- The Prydniprovsky Chemical Plant in 2/5/95 mented, a single ministry, formed by a Dniprodzerzhynsk will manufacture zirco- It is reported that in 1994 Germany pro- merger of the Ministry of Energy and nium alloys for fuel element cladding. The vided a total of DM 17 million to Russia Goskomatom, could manage Ukraine’s Southern Radio Factory and the Zholty Vody and Ukraine for disassembling nuclear nuclear industry. Elektron Plant will produce assembly parts. weapons. The Bundestag has made no de- Peter Coryn, Nucleonics Week, 5/18/95, pp. 16-17 Tetyana Khomych, Molod Ukrayiny (Kiev), 6/20/ (12799). 95, p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-121, 6/20/95 (12916). cision on how much aid Germany will pro- vide for 1995. 6/2/95 Wolfgang Pollack, Welt Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 2/ 5/95, p. 7; in JPRS-TEN-95-004, 2/28/95, pp. 52- Oleksandr Linev, a prominent specialist at UKRAINE WITH AZERBAIJAN, RUSSIA, 53 (12950). the Ukrainian Institute of Nuclear Research AND TURKEY of the National Academy of Sciences, says that most nuclear power plants are storing 4/1/95 UKRAINE WITH GERMANY, IRAQ, their spent fuel in temporary pools, which It is reported that Ukraine and Azerbaijan NETHERLANDS, RUSSIA, AND are filled to capacity. According to Linev, are the primary transshipment points for UNITED STATES “There is no room now for storing even smuggling nuclear materials out of Russia. emergency fuel reserves.” While plans cur- Der Spiegel reported that former Russian 6/8/95 rently exist for the construction of a tempo- military officers, KGB agents, and officers U.S. Customs Service Agents arrest three rary storage facility at Chernobyl for all of of Russia’s Northern Fleet are involved in New York residents, Demetrios Demetrios, Ukraine’s nuclear waste, work on new fa- the illicit transfer of nuclear materials and Rains Kourtides, and Constantin Zahariadis, cilities will not begin until after 2020. have created the transshipment routes for attempting to ship seven tons of Ukrai- Anatoliy Panov, Vseukrainskiye Vedemosti (Kiev), through Ukraine and Azerbaijan. Accord- 6/2/95, p. 6; in JPRS-TEN-95-009, 6/2/95 (12897). nian-origin zirconium to Iraq via Germany ing to a German Bundestag Security Com- and the U.S. Of the seven tons, two were 6/6/95 mission report on the disappearance of seized in Cyprus and had been destined for nuclear materials and the nuclear black It is reported that a group of persons of dif- Iraq via Amsterdam. Another source re- market, a nuclear mafia is beginning to take ferent nationalities stole 6 kg of “enriched ports that eight tons were seized. Accord- shape, Russian dealers selling to Third nuclear fuel” from a nuclear power plant near ing to Customs Service special agent Rob- World buyers. ert Van Etten, the U.S. government believes N. Medzhidova, Zerkalo (Baku), 4/1/95, pp. 1, 8; the zirconium was stolen from strategic re- in FBIS-TAC-95-003, 4/1/95 (13077).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 149 Nuclear Developments serves in the former Soviet Union. On 6/ and the U.S.’s Federal Bureau of Investiga- of Japan’s Committee on Cooperation in 12/95, Ukrainian Foreign Ministry spokes- tion. The “uranium path” between Ukraine, Elimination of Nuclear Weapons sign a co- man Yuri Serheyev says that the zirconium Slovakia, and Hungary has been under ob- operation agreement to control the export originated in Russia, not Ukraine. Direc- servation by authorities since 1993. and import of nuclear materials. The Japa- tor General Kuri Korovin of the Pravda (Bratislava), 4/26/95, p. 2l; in FBIS-EEU- nese committee will provide Ukraine, free Pridneprovsakiy Chemical Plant in 95-082, 4/26/95 (12607). Christine Spolar, Wash- of charge, equipment and services neces- ington Post, 4/22/94, p. A25 (12610). Jane Perlez, Dneprodzerzhinsk, characterizes a Russian New York Times, 4/22/95, p. A4 (12801). Finan- sary for more effective safeguards over the report citing Ukraine as the source of the cial Times, 4/22/95-4/23/95, p. 3 (12970). Pravda transfer of nuclear materials. Japan will also zirconium as “misinformation” aimed at bar- (Bratislava), 4/26/95, p. 2; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, provide Ukraine assistance in upgrading its ring Ukrainian exports from foreign mar- 4/26/95 (12977). Pravda (Bratislava), 5/16/95, p. nuclear materials control and accounting 4; in FBIS-TAC-95-014-L, 5/16/95 (13195). kets. Korovin says that the plant, which system. “holds a monopoly on the production of this Interfax (Moscow), 3/24/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012- highly-refined nuclear material,” discontin- L, 3/24/95 (12803). UKRAINE WITH IRAN AND RUSSIA ued zirconium production in 1994. Grant McCool, Washington Post, 6/9/95, p. A16 (12975). Halia Pavlina, Intelnews (Kiev), 6/12/95; 5/4/95 UKRAINE WITH MULTI-COUNTRY GROUP in FBIS-SOV-95-113, 6/12/95 (12975). Radio It is reported that Russia has reached a pre- Ukraine World Service (Kiev), 6/13/95; in FBIS- liminary agreement with Ukraine’s SOV-95-114, 6/13/95 (12975). New York Times, 3/25/95 6/9/95, p. 1 (13207). Turboatom to supply Bushehr with a new The Ukrainian State Committee for the Use turbine. Bushehr’s reactor will be built in Atomic Energy (Goskomatom) is accepting Russia by Izhorskiy or Atommash. bids from foreign companies to build a Interfax (Moscow), 5/4/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-086, KRAINE WITH UNGARY AND LOVAKIA nuclear fuel production facility in Ukraine. U H S 5/4/95 (12956). Ukraine currently purchases $300 million 4/19/95 in nuclear fuel from Russia each year. Oleksandr Zenyuk, spokesman for Slovak police arrest four Slovaks, three UKRAINE WITH IRAQ, LIBYA, AND Hungarians, and two Ukrainians in the Slo- Goskomatom, says tender notices have been NORTH KOREA vak cities of Poprad and Kosice and confis- sent to two U.S. firms, Westinghouse (which is considered the front-runner for the con- cate a 52 kg “steel-plated lead container” 4/95 containing 18.39 kg of U-238 from the back tract) and ABB-CE; the Russian enterprise It is reported that Valeriy Andreyev, head of of a car. Other sources report that only 17 TVEL; and a French-German consortium. the Ukrainian Strategic Missile Force’s Mili- kg of radioactive material was confiscated, Although Western countries have expressed tary Counterintelligence Main Department, that all the arrests occurred in Poprad, and concern over Ukraine’s intent to complete a said that several countries including Iraq, that the material was seized in Bratislava. closed nuclear fuel cycle, Goskomatom has Libya, and North Korea are prepared to hire The uranium originated in Ukraine and was indicated that Ukraine has no “programs of Ukrainian nuclear specialists. Andreyev said supposed to be transported through Poprad enriching uranium and processing nuclear his department’s task of preventing the leak- to Hungary. According to Slovak Ministry fuel involving uranium and plutonium ex- age of Ukrainian technology and strategic of Internal Affairs spokesman Peter Ondera, traction” and is not planning to develop any. secrets is being complicated by the reduc- police began trailing a Ford Escort with Mikhail Umanets, chairman of tion of strategic forces; experts must now Hungarian plates on 4/13/95 after it crossed Goskomatom, says that Ukraine only hopes seek employment elsewhere, and may be the border from Ukraine into Slovakia. to be able to assemble its own fuel elements, looking abroad. Currently, there are no laws Following the seizure, an IAEA spokesman not to acquire a fuel cycle that would in- forbidding Ukrainian specialists from seek- says that the uranium, which was determined clude enrichment and reprocessing capabil- ing employment at a foreign nuclear facil- to be spent fuel, originated from an “older” ity. ity. nuclear reactor and was not weapons-grade. Viktor Zubanyuk, Kommersant Daily (Moscow), 3/ Viktor Melnyk, Molod Ukrayiny (Kiev), 4/13/95, 25/95, p. 5; in FBIS-SOV-95-058, 3/25/95 (12696). A subsequent “expert analysis” indicates that p. 2; in FBIS-SOV-95-073, 4/13/95 (12996). Yanina Sokolovskaya, Izvestiya (Moscow), 6/2/95, although the material was of a quality suffi- p. 5; in FBIS-SOV-95-109, 6/2/95 (12695). cient for use in a “three-phased nuclear weapon,” there was an insufficient quantity. UKRAINE WITH JAPAN The nine arrested smugglers, six men and UKRAINE WITH RUSSIA three women, intended to sell the uranium 3/24/95 for $200,000. The group to which the Yuri Kostenko, head of Ukraine’s Ministry 3/95 smugglers belonged has been sought since of Environmental Protection, and officials The U.S. Department of Defense issues a 1994 by a coalition of Slovak, Hungarian, report confirming that Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukrainian police, as well as Interpol and Ukraine are destroying their respective

150 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 Nuclear Developments nuclear stockpiles at a faster rate than man- pp. 14-15 (12693). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- dated under START I. By mid-3/95, the cow), 3/28/95, p. 1; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, 3/28/ 95 (12703). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moscow), 4/ 5/26/95 three countries had removed 1,555 warheads 4/95, p. 1; in FBIS-SOV-95-064, 4/4/95 (12703). Ukraine has renewed shipments of spent from missiles and transferred 1,097 war- nuclear fuel to Russia’s Krasnoyarsk min- heads to Russia. Ukraine has eliminated 4/95 ing and chemical complex after a two-year 240 SS-19 and 460 SS-24 warheads. Un- Colonel Oleksandr Serdyuk, head of the interruption. Russia’s Gosatomnadzor ap- der the 1/94 Trilateral Statement, Ukraine Center for Administrative Control of Stra- proved the transfer. The spent fuel is ex- agreed to remove all its remaining warheads tegic Nuclear Weapons in the Ukraine’s pected to arrive by rail in early 6/95. Rus- to Russia by mid-1996. Ministry of Defense, says that if Russia pro- sia and Ukraine have a spent fuel transfer Agence France-Presse International News, 3/15/95; vides fuel for Ukraine’s nuclear power sta- contract that expires at the close of 1995. in Executive News Service, 3/15/95 (12612). Arms tions, the transfer of nuclear warheads from Yuri Khots, Itar-Tass (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS- Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12652). Radiostantsiya SOV-95-104, 5/26/95 (13039). Krasnoyarskiy Belarus (Minsk), 3/16/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, Ukraine to Russia will continue on sched- Rabochiy, 5/25/95, p. 1 (12919). 3/16/95 (12709). ule. Serdyuk says that about 40 percent of Ukraine’s 1,500 warheads have been trans- 3/6/95 ferred to Russia. Discussions on transfer- UKRAINE WITH UNITED STATES The first train carrying 60 Ukrainian nuclear ring “nuclear training weapons” and all as- warheads arrives in Russia, where the war- sociated records to Russia are currently un- heads will be destroyed. 2/95 derway. Serdyuk says that by the end of 4/ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s L. Ioffe, Russian Television Network (Moscow), 3/ 95, six SS-19 regiments, comprising 60 of 6/95; in JPRS-TAC-95-012-L, 3/6/95 (12705). (LLNL) Laboratory-to-Institute Program Ukraine’s total of 130 SS-19s, will be de- has grown considerably during 1994 and 3/23/95 commissioned. Foreign assistance from the currently involves collaboration with scien- U.S., Germany, Canada, Japan, the Neth- Oleksander Zarubytsky, a spokesman for the tists at 42 institutes in the former Soviet erlands, and Norway has solved the techni- Ukrainian Interior Ministry, reports that Union, primarily in Russia and Ukraine. cal and financial problems associated with three glass jars containing 6 kg of pellet- LLNL is also assisting the U.S. in imple- the elimination of nuclear weapons in ized U-235 with U-238 casings had been menting on-site inspections of fissile mate- Ukraine. The U.S. has so far provided $205 seized during the 3/95 arrests of two former rial storage facilities. million in assistance. members of the Russian military, a lieuten- Robert T. Andrews and George G. Staele, Energy Serhiy Zhurets, Narodna Armiya (Kiev), 4/19/95, & Technology Review, 1/95-2/95, pp. 4-14 (13022). ant-colonel and a warrant officer. The sus- p. 1; in JPRS-UMA-95-023, 4/19/95 (12699). pects state that the material came from Rus- Interfax (Moscow), 4/17/95; in FBIS-TAC-95-003, sia. When the first man was arrested, 2 kg 4/17/95 (12802). 3/95 of U-235 granules were discovered inside a Discussions between Ukrainian Ministry of container in a bag he was carrying. An- 4/8/95 Defense representatives and U.S. govern- other two containers containing uranium It is reported that Volodymyr Mukhin, ment and military officials on Nunn-Lugar were discovered in his apartment. Each of Chairman of the Ukrainian Supreme Coun- funding allocations for nuclear disarmament the three half-liter glass containers held cil of Defense, said that recent actions in result in the signing of $2.8 million in con- about 2 kg of metallic uranium. Each of Russia’s State Duma, including Russia’s fail- tracts for the “safekeeping of nuclear weap- the pellets, which measured 1 cm in diam- ure to continue unilateral reductions of the ons,” the construction of a missile-fuel stor- eter, had holes in the center. The holes sug- Black Sea Fleet, amount to threats against age complex, and the transportation of gest that the material was for use “in instal- Ukrainian national security and could ne- nuclear warheads out of Ukraine. Under lations with high-pressure zones.” Accord- cessitate a Ukrainian Supreme Council de- the Nunn-Lugar program, the U.S. has al- ing to the Ukrainian newspaper Kievsky cision to suspend “the withdrawal of nuclear located $185 million for Ukrainian nuclear Vedemosti, the material is worth $250,000 warheads from the territory of Ukraine.” disarmament, $50 million of which is for per kilogram. The suspects say they had Unian (Kiev), 4/8/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-068, 4/8/ dismantling 46 SS-24s that were constructed 95 (12701). expected to obtain more than $1 million for in Ukraine. Ukraine has not made a final decision on the fate of these missiles, how- the material. The material is being ana- 5/26/95 lyzed to determine its composition and ori- ever, since they are not required to be de- Colonel-General Viktor Yesin, head of gin by the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences’ stroyed under START I. The U.S. has al- Russia’s Strategic Missile Troops, reports Institute of Nuclear Research; initial find- ready delivered $4 million in hardware and that 93 strategic nuclear missiles are still in ings seem to indicate that the material may equipment for missile dismantlement, and Ukraine and remain under Russian control. be U-235 and U-238. U.S. firms have been contracted to deliver The warheads are to be destroyed by 6/96 UPI (Kiev), 3/23/95; in Executive News Service, additional hardware and equipment worth 3/23/95 (12609). Komsomolskaya Pravda (Mos- in accordance with START I. over $100 million. cow), 3/28/95, p. 1; FBIS-SOV-95-060, 3/28/95 Interfax (Moscow), 5/26/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-103, Serhiy Zhurets, Narodna Armiya (Kiev), 3/10/95, (12693). Peter Coryn, Nucleonics Week, 4/6/95, 5/26/95 (12702). p. 1; in JPRS-UMA-95-016, 3/10/95 (12700).

The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995 151 Nuclear Developments

3/1/95 5/95 In accordance with START I provisions, During a two-day visit to Ukraine, U.S. three U.S. On-Site Inspection Agency teams President Bill Clinton says that the U.S. will UZBEKISTAN arrive in Russia to begin a series of 71 in- offer Ukraine an assistance package of $350 spections at nuclear sites in Russia, Belarus, million to facilitate the dismantling of its Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. A team of Rus- nuclear weapons, including $27 million in sian, Belarusian, Kazakhstani, and Ukrai- Nunn-Lugar funding. nian inspectors also begins its inspection of Ju Mengjun, Renmin Ribao (Beijing), 5/23/95, p. UZBEKISTAN WITH UNITED STATES 36 sites in the U.S. 6; in FBIS-CHI-95-101, 5/23/95 (12698). Nikolai Zherebtsoy, Andrei Petrovskiy, and Vladimir Arms Control Today, 4/95, p. 22 (12746). Wash- 3/13/95 Shishlin, Interfax (Moscow), 5/12/95; in FBIS-SOV- ington Times, 3/4/95, p. A9 (12746). 95-093, 5/12/95 (12905). It is reported that Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have protested the U.S. Department of Com- 4/95 5/16/95 merce (DOC) requirement that, as part of A government-to-government communica- Tthe U.S. recently committed an additional the uranium suspension agreement, tion link (GGCL) via satellite between Kiev $26 million in Nunn-Lugar funding to the Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan must report the and Washington, D.C. has been set up us- International Science and Technology Cen- countries to which they have exported ura- ing $2.4 million in Nunn-Lugar funding. ter (ISTC) in Russia (including the branch nium. The DOC has stated that it wants The GGCL will be used to “exchange noti- offices in Minsk, Belarus and Almaty, information on the consumers of the ura- fication information required by the START Kazakhstan) and the Science and Technol- nium, rather than on “intermediate process- and Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces trea- ogy Center in Ukraine. ing.” Kazakhstan’s legal representative, the ties” and other developments related to Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 5/16/95, firm Shearman & Sterling, stated in a letter nuclear weapons dismantlement and inspec- p. 14 (12942). to DOC that, under the terms of the sus- tions. pension agreement, Kazakhstan is not obli- Asian Defence Journal, 4/95, p. 91 (13098). 5/26/95 gated to identify those who purchase ura- Deputy Foreign Minister of Ukraine nium after it has been enriched. The letter 4/1/95 Kostyantyn Hryshchenko says that U.S. as- explains that it is unreasonable for DOC to U.S. Secretary of Defense William Perry sistance to Ukraine for defense conversion expect Kazakhstan to report the consumers signs an agreement providing Ukraine ap- and the destruction of nuclear missiles to- of its uranium two years after the agreement proximately $20 million in disarmament tals approximately $300-350 million. was implemented, especially since previous assistance, bringing total U.S. disarmament Hryshchenko says that equipment and tech- reports that omitted final users elicited no assistance to Ukraine to $205 million. On nology deliveries for nuclear disarmament such criticism from DOC. 3/31/95, Perry says Ukraine had removed are generally proceeding as planned, and Michael Knapik, NuclearFuel, 3/13/95, pp. 1-2, 18 all of the warheads from its 46 SS-24 mis- that it is hoped that other Western nations (12651). siles, and half of the warheads from its 130 will provide additional aid in recognition SS-19 missiles, which puts Ukraine well of Ukraine’s NPT accession. Hryshchenko ahead of schedule for nuclear weapons dis- says that Ukrainian military observers are mantlement. Perry says that, in his opin- stationed at Russian dismantling facilities ion, Ukraine would be a non-nuclear weapon and are able to ensure that fissile material state by mid-1996. obtained during dismantling in converted James Rupert, Washington Post, 4/2/95; in Execu- into low-enriched uranium, some of which tive News Service, 4/2/95 (12650). Charles Aldinger, Reuter (Kiev), 3/31/95; in Executive News is sold to the U.S. Service, 3/31/95 (12650). Bill Gertz, Washington Tetyana Silina, Kievskiye Vedomosti (Kiev), 5/26/ Times, 4/1/95, p. A2 (12650). Voice of Russia World 95, p. 4; in FBIS-SOV-95-104, 5/26/95 (12804). Service (Moscow), 4/2/95; in FBIS-SOV-95-063, 4/2/95 (12635).

4/24/95 According to Russian Deputy Defense Min- ister Yevgeniy Maslin, Nunn-Lugar funds have aided in the removal of 600 nuclear warheads from Ukraine, 80 percent of which have been destroyed. Post-Soviet Nuclear & Defense Monitor, 5/16/95, p. 3 (13026).

152 The Nonproliferation Review/Fall 1995