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Lithic Technologies, Functional Variability, and Settlement Systems in Late Pleistocene Beringia – New Perspectives on a Colonization Process

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Lithic Technologies, Functional Variability, and Settlement Systems in Late Pleistocene Beringia – New Perspectives on a Colonization Process Lithic Technologies, Functional Variability, and Settlement Systems in Late Pleistocene Beringia – New Perspectives on a Colonization Process Inaugural-Dissertation in der Philosophischen Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg vorgelegt von Stephan Matthias Heidenreich aus Hagen/Westf. D 29 Band 1/2 Volume 1/2 September 2012 überarbeitet September 2014 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 28.01.2013 Dekanin: Universitätsprofessorin Dr. Heidrun Stein-Kecks Erstgutachter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Thorsten Uthmeier Zweitgutachter: apl. Professor Dr. Gerd-Christian Weniger (Univ. zu Köln) To Siegrid Heidenreich In Loving Memory Preface and Acknowlegdements The present study is a revised version of my PhD thesis which was submitted to the Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg in September 2012 with the title “Lithic Technologies, Functional Variability, and Settlement Systems in Late Pleistocene Beringia – New Perspectives on a Colonization Process”. Besides effort and time this work involved a lot of traveling and time spent away from home and family. This would have been impossible without the invaluable support, friendship, love, and consistent backing of so many people. Special thanks go to my academic advisors Thorsten Uthmeier and Gerd-Christian Weniger. They always made time for my concerns, gave me invaluable advice for studying Paleolithic settlement systems, and shared their knowledge on hunter-gatherer archaeology. I am also indebted to Michael Baales who did not hesitate to join the examination board as an additional member. Thanks to Bernhard Weninger I was able to fi nd my way through radiocarbon calibration, correlation with climate proxies, and the infi nite world of CalPal. My research would not have been possible without the fi nancial support provided by a PhD-scholarship and travel grants from the Evangelisches Studienwerk e.V. Villigst. These funds made it possible for me to study artifact collections during several research trips to Alaska and Russia and to take part in scientifi c conferences in the US. In addition to fi nancial support, I am very grateful for the numerous events, meetings, and seminars which brought together scholarship holders in a pleasant and familiar atmosphere, a constant source of strength and encouragement for continued work on my project. Many people made it possible for me to access the different artifact collections in Alaska and Russia. I would like to thank Jeff Rasic and Jim Whitney, the University of Alaska Museum of the North and the National Park Service in Fairbanks, David Yesner and the Department of Anthropology of the University of Alaska Anchorage, Chuck Holmes and the Offi ce of History and Archaeology in Anchroage, Mike Kunz and the Bureau of Land Management in Fairbanks, Josh Reuther and Northern Land Use Research in Fairbanks, and Vasily Zenin and the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. It goes without sysing that I greatly enjoyed all discussions with these colleagues, which provided me with so many invaluable insights. Special thanks go to Vasily Zenin who perfectly organized my stay in Novosibirsk. Without his support I certainly would not have known how to get along in Siberia. I am equally grateful for the help and support of so many more people. On so many occasions I would have been lost in the jungle of artifacts, raw materials, drawers, boxes, paper bags, catalogues, and fi eld notes without the backing of Randy Tedor, Travis Shinabarger, Kelly Eldridge, Jake Anders, Sam Coffman, Phoebe Gilbert, Chris Ciancibelli, Kate Yeske, Scott Shirar, Molly Proue, Chris Houlette, Gerad Smith, and Maksim Koltashov. Sometimes all it needed was a good meal and an invitation to an ale (or Водка). Thank you so much! Your support and company made the Alaskan and Siberian cold a complete pleasure! Carol Gelvin-Reymiller (†), Ned Gaines, Phoebe Gilbert, and Kelly Graf shared unpublished data from their investigations, for which I would like to express my special thanks. I especially appreciate Jeff Rasic providing me with the comprehensive database from his own thesis project. Thanks to fruitful discussions with Michael Shott, Ted Goebel, Steve Kuhn, Brian Wygal, Kate Krasinsky, Ben Potter, and John Cook I gained invaluable insights into a variety of topics that my dissertation tries to address. Thanks for your time and for sharing your expertise. I thank Jeff Rasic, Carol Gelvin-Reymiller (†), and Ed Herrmann for proof-reading different parts of the original manuscript. Lee Clare proof-read the whole revised manscript and turned it into a fl uent English text. All your comments and corrections were extremely helpful for me. Thanks so much! All remaining errors are mine. Looking back on the great times I had during my travels, I would like to express how fortunate I was to have met Sheryl and Mark DeBoard. What started with my desperate hunt for accommodation in Fairbanks via Craig’s List fi nally turned into my new Alaskan home. Thank you so much for giving me shelter so many times, for supporting me and my work at all times, and for all the fun we had. I guess I would not have survived the Alaskan winter without you. Last but not least, my biggest thanks go to my family, Siegrid and Lothar Heidenreich, and Ines Medved. They supported me throughout the whole course of my studies and were always with me (albeit not physically), regardless of the distance involved. They always gave me the feeling of being on the right track, which is the most important thing when you are far away from home. My only regret is that my Mom did not have the chance to see this fi nal result of my work. Stephan M. Heidenreich December 2013 Contents Volume 1 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Peopling of the Americas and Archaeological Research in Beringia 1 1.2 Changing Perspectives: Functional Variability and Reconstructing Settlement Systems 3 1.3 The Relevance of Climatic Proxies and Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions 4 1.4 The Question of Time, and Aims and Limits of the Present Study 5 1.5 Structure of the Study Part I: Current State of Research on Late Pleistocene Archaeology of Beringia and Deductive Conclusions 7 2 Space and time: The Concept of Beringia 11 2.1 The Defi nition of Beringia 11 2.2 The Geography of Beringia and Adjacent Regions 12 2.2.1 The Southwestern “Border Region”: The Russian Far East 13 2.2.2 Western Beringia: Northeastern Siberia 14 2.2.3 Eastern Beringia: Alaska and Yukon Territory 15 3 Beringian Landscapes: Climate and Changing Environments of Late Pleistocene Beringia 19 3.1 Chronostratigraphic Framework on the Basis of High-Resolution Climate Proxies 19 3.1.1 Diffi culties in the Application of Chronostratigraphic Terms 19 3.1.2 Detecting and Correlating Appropriate Climatic Proxies 20 3.2 The Question of Rise and Fall: The Bering Land Bridge 25 3.3 The Reconstruction of Late Pleistocene Beringian Environments 27 3.3.1 Glaciation 28 3.3.2 Late Pleistocene Climate and Landscapes of the Russian Far East 29 3.3.3 Late Pleistocene Climate and Landscapes of Beringia 31 3.4 The Late Pleistocene Fauna of Beringia 37 4 From Unity to Variability? Reviewing the Late Pleistocene Archaeology of Beringia 39 4.1 The Highly Variable Archaeological Record of Eastern Beringia: Lithic Industries in Alaska, Regional Frameworks, and their Inevitable Decay 39 4.1.1 Central Alaska 40 4.1.2 Northern Alaska 62 4.1.3 Other (Potential) Late Pleistocene / Early Holocene Sites in Eastern Beringia 78 4.1.4 “Large Game Hunters” Versus “Microblade People”? – Late Pleistocene Complexes in Alaska, Archaeological Mismatch, and Technological Versatility 99 4.1.5 Organizing Late Pleistocene Eastern Beringia: A Trans-Regional Approach 101 4.1.6 Climate Proxies and Radiocarbon Chronology of Eastern Beringia: A Chronological Framework for the Late Pleistocene / Early Holocene 103 4.2 The Archaeological Record of Western Beringia – A Uniform (Re)Colonization Process? 115 4.2.1 The Western Beringian Heartland 116 4.2.2 At the Gate to Beringia: Yakutia, the “Dyuktai Culture”, and the Question of Cultural Entity in Western Beringia 130 4.2.3 Radiocarbon Chronology of Northeastern Siberia and the Diffi culties to Date the Colonization of Western Beringia 135 4.2.4 The Colonization of Western Beringia as Derived from Available Data 136 4.3 In Quest of the Origin of Beringian Colonization 140 4.4 Summarizing the Colonization of Beringia 146 4.5 Final Remarks: Do We Have to Give It a Name? 151 Part II: Functional Variability and Settlement Systems in Late Pleistocene Beringia 5 Approaching Intraassemblage Diversity, Interassemblage Variability, and Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems 155 5.1 Open Research Questions on Settlement Systems 155 5.2 Methodology: Systematic Analysis of Modifi ed Stone Artifacts 156 5.2.1 Measuring Assemblage Diversity 160 5.2.2 Deciphering Functional Characteristics of Site Occupation 162 5.2.3 The Question of Single Occupations vs. Palimpsests 166 5.3 Study Areas, Selection of Assemblages, and General Characterization of Analyzed Sites 167 5.3.1 Eastern Beringia 168 5.3.2 The Russian Far East: The Selemdzha River Sites 178 6 Analysis of Modifi ed Stone Artifacts and the Reconstruction of Settlement Systems 181 6.1 Eastern Beringia – Late Glacial Interstadial Complex (GI-1) 181 6.1.1 Swan Point Cultural Zone IV 181 6.1.2 Broken Mammoth Cultural Zone IV 197 6.1.3 Walker Road Component I 202 6.1.4 Dry Creek Component I 220 6.1.5 Moose Creek Component I 230 6.1.6 Tuluaq Hill 236 6.1.7 Mesa Site “old
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