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Marine Science Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 17 | Issue 2 | Jul – Dec 2018 | ISSN: 0856-860X Chief Editor José Paula Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Chief Editor José Paula | Faculty of Sciences of University of Lisbon, Portugal Copy Editor Timothy Andrew Editorial Board Louis CELLIERS Blandina LUGENDO South Africa Tanzania Lena GIPPERTH Aviti MMOCHI Serge ANDREFOUËT Sweden Tanzania France Johan GROENEVELD Nyawira MUTHIGA Ranjeet BHAGOOLI South Africa Kenya Mauritius Issufo HALO Brent NEWMAN South Africa/Mozambique South Africa Salomão BANDEIRA Mozambique Christina HICKS Jan ROBINSON Australia/UK Seycheles Betsy Anne BEYMER-FARRIS Johnson KITHEKA Sérgio ROSENDO USA/Norway Kenya Portugal Jared BOSIRE Kassim KULINDWA Melita SAMOILYS Kenya Tanzania Kenya Atanásio BRITO Thierry LAVITRA Max TROELL Mozambique Madagascar Sweden Published biannually Aims and scope: The Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science provides an avenue for the wide dissem- ination of high quality research generated in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, in particular on the sustainable use of coastal and marine resources. This is central to the goal of supporting and promoting sustainable coastal development in the region, as well as contributing to the global base of marine science. The journal publishes original research articles dealing with all aspects of marine science and coastal manage- ment. Topics include, but are not limited to: theoretical studies, oceanography, marine biology and ecology, fisheries, recovery and restoration processes, legal and institutional frameworks, and interactions/relationships between humans and the coastal and marine environment. In addition, Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science features state-of-the-art review articles and short communications. The journal will, from time to time, consist of special issues on major events or important thematic issues. Submitted articles are subjected to standard peer-review prior to publication. Manuscript submissions should be preferably made via the African Journals Online (AJOL) submission plat- form (http://www.ajol.info/index.php/wiojms/about/submissions). Any queries and further editorial corre- spondence should be sent by e-mail to the Chief Editor, [email protected]. Details concerning the preparation and submission of articles can be found in each issue and at http://www.wiomsa.org/wio-journal-of-marine- science/ and AJOL site. Disclaimer: Statements in the Journal reflect the views of the authors, and not necessarily those of WIOMSA, the editors or publisher. Copyright © 2018 —Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the copyright holder. ISSN 0856-860X Cover image: Zanzibar (© Jose Paula, 2014) Western Indian Ocean JOURNAL OF Marine Science Volume 17 | Issue 2 | Jul – Dec 2018 Table of Contents Mangrove cover change detection in the Rufiji Delta inT anzania Elinasi Monga, Mwita M. Mangora, Joseph S. Mayunga 1 Growth rates of Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta; Gigartinales) cultured using modified off-bottom and floating raft techniques on the Kenyan coast Alex G. Kimathi, Joseph G. Wakibia, Moses K. Gichua 11 The influence of physical-chemical variables on the spatial and seasonal variation of Chlorophyll-a in coastal waters of Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania Nyamisi Peter, Masumbuko Semba, Charles Lugomela, Margareth S. Kyewalyanga 25 Integrated seaweed – sea cucumber farming in Tanzania Andreas Kunzmann, Marisol Beltran-Gutierrez, Godfrey Fabiani, Mary Namukose, Flower E. Msuya 35 Indicators of stock status for large-pelagic fish based on length composition from driftnet fisheries in Zanzibar Tobias K. Mildenberger , Omar H. Omar, Ciarán McLaverty , Narriman Jiddawi, Matthias Wolff 51 Previously unlisted scleractinian species recorded from the Great Reef of Toliara, southwest Madagascar Gildas G. Todinanahary, Mandimbelaza E. Refoty, Lucas Terrana, Thierry Lavitra, Igor Eeckhaut 66 Participatory assessment of priority fishery profiles in an overfished urban inshore seascape in Kenya Johnstone O. Omukoto, Horace Owiti , Victor A. Mwakha, Cosmas N. Munga, Andrew W. Wamukota 78 Satellite-derived bathymetry: A case study of Mombasa Port Channel and its approaches, Kenya Amon Kimeli, Pascal Thoya, Noah Ngisiang’e , Harrison Ong’anda , Charles Magori 93 Sediment macro- and meiobenthic fauna distribution along the Kenyan continental shelf Hashim S. Mohamed, Agnes Muthumbi, John Githaiga, Julius Okondo 103 Instructions for Authors WIO Journal of Marine Science 17 (2 ) 2018 1-10 Original Article 1 Mangrove cover change detection in the Rufiji Delta in Tanzania Elinasi Monga1*, Mwita M. Mangora1, Joseph S. Mayunga2 1 Institute of Marine Sciences, 2 Centre for Information and * Corresponding author: University of Dar es Salaam Communication Technology, [email protected] PO Box 668, Zanzibar, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania P.O. Box 35176, Tanzania Abstract The Rufiji Delta is a critical ecosystem that comprises 50% of mangrove cover in mainland Tanzania, providing a plethora of ecosystem services that support diverse livelihood options. However, the rate of mangrove loss, espe- cially due to rapid expansion of rice farming in the delta, is alarming. Landsat imagery from 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015 was used to estimate total current mangrove area in the delta. There has been loss of mangroves from 51,941 ha estimated in 1991 to 45,519 ha in 2015, which is an annual loss rate of 0.52%. Clearance for rice farming expanded from 5,344 ha in 1991 to 12,642 ha in 2015. The average mangrove annual loss and gain from 1991 to 2015 were esti- mated to be 378 ha and 109 ha respectively. The consequences of this loss are not well appreciated. The present anal- ysis serves as an updated baseline to inform the urgent need for coordination of multiple stakeholders to address the complex drivers of mangrove loss to secure the future of mangroves and ecosystem services in the delta. Keywords: Rufiji Delta; mangrove forest change; Landsat; deforestation; rice farming Introduction law enforcement, poor management and land use pri- Mangrove forests in mainland Tanzania are categorized oritization, poverty and extreme dependence on nat- as State Forest Reserves by the Forest Act of 2002 (URT, ural capital (Mangora, 2011). Globally, mangroves have 2002). They occur along almost the entire coastline been reported to rapidly degrade at rates exceeding in continuous and fragmented stands (Mangora et al., loss in many other tropical forests (Polidoro et al., 2010; 2016). Recent estimates by the National Forest Resources Giri et al., 2011; Jones et al., 2015). They are being lost Monitoring and Assessment (NAFORMA) indicate that at the rate of about 1% per year (FAO, 2007); in some mangroves cover approximately 158,100 ha, which areas, the rate may be as high as 8% per year (Mith- is about 0.3% of the total forest area in the country thapala, 2008). It is estimated that 20% to 35% of the (MNRT, 2015). Although this represents a small pro- world’s mangrove area has been lost since 1980 (Giri portion at the country level, mangroves form a critical et al., 2011). The rates of loss are highest in develop- interface between terrestrial, estuarine, and near-shore ing countries where mangroves are cleared for coastal marine ecosystems. Where they occur, mangroves are development, aquaculture, timber and fuel produc- important economic and ecological resources for com- tion (Polidoro et al., 2010). Mangroves in Tanzania are munities, providing useful products such as firewood, not the exception; they are being rapidly degraded and charcoal, poles and traditional medicines, and support deforested through over-exploitation for poles and for fisheries (Masalu, 2003; Wang et al., 2003; Mangora timber, and the conversion of forests to other uses like et al., 2016). For instance, about 80% of all wild shrimp agriculture, aquaculture and salt making, the impact catches in the country are associated with mangrove of which is not well appreciated (Mangora et al., 2016). forests in the Rufiji Delta (Masalu, 2003). As an attempt to address these management chal- lenges, the government has invested in developing a Despite the critical value of mangroves, they are still National Mangrove Management Plan during 1989 – exposed to degradation and deforestation due to weak 1991 (Semesi, 1992). This Plan emphasized the need http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wiojms.v17i2.1 2 WIO Journal of Marine Science 17 (2 ) 2018 1-10 | E. Monga et al. to have close coordination among the various users accessibility difficulties, and therefore attract limited of the mangrove ecosystem. The Management Plan research interests. Eight mangrove species have been was however not effectively implemented due to weak reported to occur and are well represented in the delta, institutional frameworks and inadequate financial and namely Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Ceriops tagal, technical resources, and has remained without revi- Lumnitzera racemosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora sion over the years, making it obsolete (Mangora, 2011). mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum and Heritiera littoralis (Wagner and Sallema-Mtui, 2016). The two missing Assessment of the status of mangrove forest cover is species, Xylocarpus molluccensis and Pemphis acidula are thus important for proper decision making on man- characteristically rare
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