DOCSLIB.ORG

The Decline of the French Communist Party: the Party Education System As a Brake to Change 1945-90 Thesis Submitted to Universit

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Decline of the French Communist Party: the Party Education System As a Brake to Change 1945-90 Thesis Submitted to Universit The Decline of the French Communist Party: the Party Education System as a brake to change 1945-90 Thesis submitted to University of Portsmouth for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Maija Sinikka Kivisaari July 2000 THE DECLINE OF THE FRENCH COMMUNIST PARTY: THE PARTY EDUCATION SYSTEM AS A BRAKE TO CHANGE 1945-90 Marja Kivisaari The decline of the French Communist Party (PCF) was a key feature in French politics in the 1980s, one which was analysed in a number of scholarly studies. These focused on the four established contributory causes, i.e. the transformation of socio-economic structures in France since the late 1960s; institutional factors (presidentialism and bipolarisation); the rise of the French Socialist Party since 1974; and the sharp deterioration of the Soviet image in French public opinion. Although these studies were also in unanimous agreement that, to a large extent, the party leadership with its orthodox regime and intransigent practices must bear responsibility for the Party’s failure to adapt, they failed to offer any explanation and analysis of the reasons or mechanisms behind the leadership’s motives and behaviour and therefore gave an incomplete picture of tire decline. The novelty of the approach adopted in this study is that, whilst not denying the importance of the other contributory factors, it focuses primarily on elements which enabled the party leadership to sustain its immobilism in the face of changes which were taking place in the Party’s social, institutional, political and international environment. Thus, by focusing on the internal dynamics of the PCF, this investigation shows how, by the skilful utilisation of the Party s organisational principle of democratic centralism, and by the methodical use of its political training system, the leadership ensured the availability of ideologically sound cadres who would perpetuate the conservative outlook of their superiors. It is asserted that the communist political training system therefore formed one of the most important institutions for the perpetuation of the private and all embracing world of French Communism. We also argue that the Party’s political education system that had begun to mould leaders in the Stalinist era, became, in the hands of orthodox and intransigent leaders, a significant brake to change and a further manifestation of the PCF’s conservatism and inflexibility. Consequently, the question of how the PCF trained its cadres is fundamental to the understanding of the Party’s evolution and its eventual decline. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................1 Aims o f the S tudy.................................................................................................................... 1 Origins of the Study.................................................................................................................1 Sources and M ethod................................................................................................................ 4 Contextualisation.....................................................................................................................7 The Working Hypothesis........................................................................................................9 Notes and references............................................................................................................. 12 CHAPTER I THE DECLINE OF THE FRENCH COMMUNIST PARTY ......... 16 The transformation of socioeconomic structures in France............................................ 17 Institutional obstacles............................................................................................................ 19 The Socialist elem ent............................................................................................................23 The Soviet factor....................................................................................................................28 The Communist leadership.................................................................................................. 31 "Un syndicat des défavorisés”? ....................................................................................32 "La sérieuse menace du nouveau mécanisme institutionnel"..................................36 "Une démarche de zigzags ”.......................................................................................... 38 "Bilan globalement positif"............................................................................................39 "L’effet Marchais ”..........................................;............................................................. 40 Democratic Centralism as a tool of the leadership......................................................... 42 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ Notes and references............................................................................................................. 47 CHAPTER 2 POLITICAL EDUCATION: THE MOULDING PROCESS............52 Political socialisation............................................................................................................ 53 "The Quest for the Homo Sovieticus"........................................................................... 55 "Etudier pour agir, agir en étudiant ........................................................................... 57 The function of Scientific Marxism in political education............................................. 65 "On ne naît pas communiste, on le devient : the ideal Communist ........................68 What is a cadre?................................................................ 70 The perfect cadre: an example of the ‘ ideal Communist ............................................. 75 Conclusion................................................................................................................................ Notes and references............................ 79 CHAPTER 3 THE ORIGINS: FROM CHAOS TO ORDER (1920-39).................. 87 The origins and early development of the PCF’s political education system ........... 87 “Bolshevisation” and party schools....................................................................................90 Changing strategies of the PCF and their effects on the political education system. 94 The International Lenin School............................................................. 98 The Popular Front: more education for more members.................................................100 Towards the “total school experience” ............................................................................ 104 Conclusion............................................................................................................................I l l Notes and references........................................................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 4 FROM GOVERNMENT TO GHETTO (1944-64)..........................119 Le Parti des Fusillés........................................................................................................... 119 Resurrecting the education network..................................................................................121 The organisation and functioning of the party schools................................................124 "Le grand schisme ”.............................................................................................128 “Apprendre pour mieux lutter".......................................................................... 128 La Bataille du livre..............................................................................................131 The school experience.........................................................................................................132 La politique communiste.....................................................................................133 Training in action................................................................................................ 135 Learning in Moscow............................................................................................137 "L’année 1956 va s'ouvrir, pleine de promesses ”.........................................140 "Changements à petits pas”...............................................................................144 C onclusion............................................................................................................................145 Notes and references........................................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER 5 LOVE THY BROTHER (1965-80)..................................................... 152 Early aggiomamento at the central school..................................................................... 153 Towards the Left U nion.................................................................................................... 1 ^ "L ’union est un combat ....................... " ........................................................................ “Socialisme aux couleurs de la France ....................................................................... i Eurocommunism in political education, a subtle s î ....................... ......................... "Fermez la télé, lisez L ’Humanité! ........... r ' ï ^ 7 o r > ...........................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958
    The Origins of the Banlieue Rouge: Politics, Local Government and Communal Identity in Arcueil and Cachan, 1919-1958. by Jasen Lewis Burgess A thesis submitted to the University of New South Wales in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History 2005 © Jasen Lewis Burgess, 2005 Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the numerous individuals and various institutions that assisted me in the completion of this thesis. The critical appraisal, guidance and support provided by my supervisor Professor Martyn Lyons during the writing of this thesis have been indispensable. Professor Lyons helped initiate my research topic, gave firm, fair and timely advice on the structure and content of this thesis, and has commented on and proofread innumerable drafts. I would also like to thank him for his general support of my candidature, in particular the support he gave to me when I suspended my candidature at the time of the birth of my first son Leon and then when I resumed my candidature some time later. I would like to thank Professor Jacques Girault who suggested Arcueil and Cachan as a thesis topic when I met with him during my first research trip to Paris in 1998, and who also gave me invaluable advice on where to research my thesis in Paris and what journals to consult. I am also grateful to the staff of the Archives Départementales du Val-de-Marne at Creteil, France, for the vital assistance they gave me in my research, including posting material to me in Sydney. Thanks also to the Documentation and Archival Services for the Commune of Arcueil for sending material to me in Sydney, and to the staff at the Musée sociale and the Centre du Recherches d’Histoire des Mouvements Sociaux et Syndicalisme for the assistance they gave me when researching my thesis in Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Identity and Worker Politics: Silk and Metalworkers in Lyon, France 1900±1914
    IRSH 47 (2002), pp. 375±405 DOI: 10.1017/S002085900200069X # 2002 Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Political Identity and Worker Politics: Silk and Metalworkers in Lyon, France 1900±1914 Keith Mann Summary: This paper aims to explain the different political trajectories and identities of two sets of industrial workers in the city of Lyon, France during the years immediately preceding the ®rst World War. Silk workers supported reformist socialist parties while metalworkers were pillars of the revolutionary syndicalist current that dominated the prewar CGT. Unlike base and superstructure models or political autonomy explanations, it is argued that the particular industrial structures and social relations within each industry interacted with local and national political opportunity structures in ways that rendered some strategies and forms of collective action more ef®cacious than others. The programs and strategies proposed by revolutionary syndicalism matched the conditions of metalworkers and attracted their support, while reformist socialism struck a similar chord with silk workers resulting in similar results. After an extended absence, political history is beginning to ®nd its way back onto labor history's agenda.1 Scholars are approaching the study of workers and politics from multiple angles using a variety of theoretical frameworks. Some have called for the return to the institutional and intellectual political history that was popular before social history began to in¯uence labor history's agenda in the 1960s.2 Others have been drawn to a 1. Notable recent work in European labor history and politics include Iowerth Prothero, Radical Artisans in England and France, 1830±1870 (Cambridge, 1997); and Don Kalb, Expanding Class: Power and Everyday Politics in Industrial Communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Ms. Frieda Brepoels (PPE -DE, Belgium) Mr
    Parliamentary endorsement for a Nuclear Weapons Convention marking 40th anniversary nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty Initiators Deputy Chairs EP section Parliamentarians for Non-proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament Ms. Ana Gomes (PSE - Portugal) Ms. Annemie Neyts (ALDE - Belgium) Mr. Girts Kristovskis (UEN - Latvia). Ms. Angelika Beer (Greens - EFA - Germany) Mr. Andre Brie (GUE/NGL - Germany) Co-signers on July 1st 2008 - 40th anniversary NPT (alphabetical per country) Ms. Evelin Lichentenberger (Greens/EFA, Austria) Mr. Johannes Voggenhuber (Greens/EFA, Austria) Ms. Frieda Brepoels (PPE -DE, Belgium) Mr. Ivo Belet (PPE-DE, Belgium) Main Political groups in EP (with number of MEP) Mr. Jean-Luc Dehaene (PPE-DE, Belgium) Mr. Raymond Langendries (PPE-DE, Belgium) PPE-DE (289) Group of the European People's Party Mr. Philippe Busquin (PSE, Belgium) (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats Ms. Anne Van Lancker (PSE - Belgium) PSE (215) Socialist Group in the European Parliament Mr. El Khadrahoui Saïd (PSE - Belgium) ALDE (101) Group Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Mr. Dirk Sterckx (ALDE, Belgium) UEN (44) Union for Europe of the Nations Group Greens/EFA (42) Group of Greens/ European Free Alliance Mr. Johan Van Hecke (ALDE - Belgium) GUE/NGL (41) Confederal Group of the European United Left - Mr. Pierre Jonckheer (Greens/EFA, Belgium) Nordic Green Left Mr. Bart Staes (Greens/EFA, Belgium) Ms. Muriela Baeva (ALDE - Bulgaria) Mr. Marios Matsakis (ALDE, Cyprus) Ms. Zuzana Roithova (PPE-DE, Czech Republic) Mr. Jiří Maštálka (GUE/NGL, Czech Republic) Mr. Johannes Lebech (ALDE, Denmark Ms. Margrete Auken (Greens/EFA, Denmark) Mr. Michel Rocard (PSE, France) Mr. Francis Wurtz (GUE/NGL, France) Ms.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthese Du Diagnostic
    SYNTHESE DU DIAGNOSTIC Ablon-sur-Seine, Arcueil, Athis-Mons, Cachan, Chevilly-Larue, Choisy-le-Roi, Fresnes, Gentilly, Ivry-sur-Seine, Juvisy-sur-Orge, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, L’Haÿ-les-Roses, Morangis, Orly, Paray-Vieille-Poste, Rungis, Savigny-sur-Orge, Thiais, Valenton, Villejuif, Villeneuve-le-Roi, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Viry-Châtillon, Vitry-sur-Seine EPT Grand-Orly Seine Bièvre – Projet de territoire – Synthèse du diagnostic 1 SOMMAIRE GENERAL AXE 1 – UN TERRITOIRE BATISSEUR : LOGEMENT, EQUIPEMENTS ET SERVICES PUBLICS ................................................. 3 AXE 2 - UN TERRITOIRE EN TRANSFORMATION : MUTATION URBAINE ET RENOUVELLEMENT URBAIN, PRISE EN COMPTE DES RISQUES ET NUISANCES, RENFORCEMENT DE L’EAU ET DE LA NATURE EN VILLE, ESPACES PUBLICS POUR TOUS ..........................................................................................................................................................................................27 AXE 3 - UN TERRITOIRE ECONOMIQUEMENT ATTRACTIF ET INNOVANT EN MUTATION .................................. 47 AXE 4 - UN TERRITOIRE DE LA MOBILITE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 71 EPT Grand-Orly Seine Bièvre – Projet de territoire – Synthèse du diagnostic 2 Axe 1 – Un territoire bâtisseur : logement, équipements et services publics EPT Grand-Orly Seine Bièvre – Projet de territoire – Synthèse du diagnostic 3 SOMMAIRE DE L’AXE 1 A – QUEL PORTRAIT
    [Show full text]
  • Guide-Déchèterie.Pdf
    GUIDE DÉCHÈTERIE Ablon-sur-Seine Arcueil Chevilly-Larue Choisy-le-Roi Fresnes L’Haÿ-les-Roses Orly Rungis Thiais Villeneuve-le-Roi POUR TOUTES INFORMATIONS SUR LES DÉCHÈTERIES LE RÉSEAU DES DÉCHÈTERIES DE LA RIVED Déchèterie de Fresnes/Chevilly-Larue Zone Cerisaie Nord Rue du Stade 94550 Chevilly-Larue Déchèterie de Choisy-le-Roi 133, avenue d’Alfortville 94600 Choisy-le-Roi Déchèterie de Villeneuve-le-Roi ZAC des Vœux Saint-Georges Rue des Vœux Saint-Georges 94290 Villeneuve-le-Roi www.rived.fr LES HORAIRES D’OUVERTURE En semaine De 14 h 00 à 19 h 00 Le samedi De 09 h 30 à 13 h 00 et de 14 h 00 à 19 h 00 Le dimanche De 09 h 30 à 13 h 00 Les déchèteries sont fermées les jours fériés, ainsi que : > Mardi pour la déchèterie de Fresnes/Chevilly-Larue > Mercredi pour la déchèterie de Choisy-le-Roi > Jeudi pour la déchèterie de Villeneuve-le-Roi RETROUVEZ AU DOS LES DÉCHETS AUTORISÉS ET REFUSÉS CONDITIONS D’ACCÈS L’accès aux déchèteries LES VÉHICULES SUIVANTS s’effectue avec un badge SONT INTERDITS : nominatif qui doit être présenté au gardien à chaque passage, > Hauteur supérieure à 2,5 m accompagné d’une pièce > Poids en charge supérieur à d’identité et de la carte grise 3,5 tonnes du véhicule. > Véhicule avec un logo d’entreprise POUR OBTENIR VOTRE BADGE > Véhicule à plateau, à hayon Il vous suffit, lors de votre ou avec benne basculante première visite en déchèterie, de présenter une pièce d’identité accompagnée d’un justificatif de domicile de moins de 3 mois et de la carte grise d’un véhicule personnel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of the Socialist Party in France: a Study of the National Relevance of Local Elections As Illustrated by Lyon, Nantes and Rennes
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1989 The Rise of the Socialist Party in France: A Study of the National Relevance of Local Elections as Illustrated by Lyon, Nantes and Rennes Heather Allison Lehr College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Lehr, Heather Allison, "The Rise of the Socialist Party in France: A Study of the National Relevance of Local Elections as Illustrated by Lyon, Nantes and Rennes" (1989). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625536. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-pjfp-6s90 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RISE OF THE SOCIALIST PARTY IN FRANCE: A Study of the National Relevance of Local Elections As Illustrated by Lyon, Nantes and Rennes 1971 - 1983 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Government The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Heather Lehr 1989 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved, April 1989 DEDICATION For my parents TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................... v ABSTRACT............................................. vi INTRODUCTION.................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download (515Kb)
    European Community No. 26/1984 July 10, 1984 Contact: Ella Krucoff (202) 862-9540 THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: 1984 ELECTION RESULTS :The newly elected European Parliament - the second to be chosen directly by European voters -- began its five-year term last month with an inaugural session in Strasbourg~ France. The Parliament elected Pierre Pflimlin, a French Christian Democrat, as its new president. Pflimlin, a parliamentarian since 1979, is a former Prime Minister of France and ex-mayor of Strasbourg. Be succeeds Pieter Dankert, a Dutch Socialist, who came in second in the presidential vote this time around. The new assembly quickly exercised one of its major powers -- final say over the European Community budget -- by blocking payment of a L983 budget rebate to the United Kingdom. The rebate had been approved by Community leaders as part of an overall plan to resolve the E.C.'s financial problems. The Parliament froze the rebate after the U.K. opposed a plan for covering a 1984 budget shortfall during a July Council of Ministers meeting. The issue will be discussed again in September by E.C. institutions. Garret FitzGerald, Prime Minister of Ireland, outlined for the Parliament the goals of Ireland's six-month presidency of the E.C. Council. Be urged the representatives to continue working for a more unified Europe in which "free movement of people and goods" is a reality, and he called for more "intensified common action" to fight unemployment. Be said European politicians must work to bolster the public's faith in the E.C., noting that budget problems and inter-governmental "wrangles" have overshadolted the Community's benefits.
    [Show full text]
  • Andre Malraux's Devotion to Caesarism Erik Meddles Regis University
    Regis University ePublications at Regis University All Regis University Theses Spring 2010 Partisan of Greatness: Andre Malraux's Devotion to Caesarism Erik Meddles Regis University Follow this and additional works at: https://epublications.regis.edu/theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Meddles, Erik, "Partisan of Greatness: Andre Malraux's Devotion to Caesarism" (2010). All Regis University Theses. 544. https://epublications.regis.edu/theses/544 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by ePublications at Regis University. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Regis University Theses by an authorized administrator of ePublications at Regis University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Regis University Regis College Honors Theses Disclaimer Use of the materials available in the Regis University Thesis Collection (“Collection”) is limited and restricted to those users who agree to comply with the following terms of use. Regis University reserves the right to deny access to the Collection to any person who violates these terms of use or who seeks to or does alter, avoid or supersede the functional conditions, restrictions and limitations of the Collection. The site may be used only for lawful purposes. The user is solely responsible for knowing and adhering to any and all applicable laws, rules, and regulations relating or pertaining to use of the Collection. All content in this Collection is owned by and subject to the exclusive control of Regis University and the authors of the materials. It is available only for research purposes and may not be used in violation of copyright laws or for unlawful purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanism and Terror: an Essay on the Communist Problem
    Humanism and Terror An Essay on the Communist Problem by Maurice Merleau-Ponty Translated and with Notes by John O'Neill BEACON PRESS I BOSTON First published in French as Humamsme et Terreur, Essat sur le Problime Communtstt © 1947, Editions Gallimard English translation copyright © 1969 by Beacon Press All rights reserved Beacon Press books are published under the auspices of the Unitarian Universalis! Association Printed in the United States of America 898887 98 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 1908-1961. Humanism and terror. Translation of: Humanisme et terreur. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Communism. 2. Terrorism, 3. Communism- Soviet Union. I. Title. HX40JM4213 1985 335.43'0947 71-84796 ISBN 0-8070-0277-1 Contents TRANSLATORS NOTE Vll AUTHOR'S PREFACE xiU PART ONE! TERROR i. Koestier's Dilemmas i ii. Bukjiarin and the Ambiguity of History 25 HI. Trotsky's Rationalism 7/ PART TWO: THE HUMANIST PERSPECTIVE iv. From the Proletarian to the Commissar 101 v. The Yogi and the Proletarian 149 CONCLUSION 178 Translator's Note Humanism and Terror first appeared in 1947. It is the trans­ lator's belief that Merleau-Ponty's argument, as well as that of Koestler in Darkness at Noon (1946) raises questions that are still relevant to the fateful connection between revolu­ tion and violence. All the same, it may be useful to con­ temporary readers to recall some of the background to the dispute between Roestler and Merleau-Ponty and the way it involved intellectuals on the French left whether Commu­ nist or non-Communist. I shall not attempt to trace in any detail the postwar de­ velopments which are the setting for Humanism and Terror.
    [Show full text]
  • Romanians of the French Resistance
    French History, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2014) doi:10.1093/fh/cru080 Advance Access publication 10 October 2014 ROMANIANS OF THE FRENCH RESISTANCE GAVIn BOWD* Downloaded from Robert Guédiguian’s film L’Armée du crime and Didier Daeninckx’s novel Missak have been recent reminders of the role of immigrants in the French Resistance. The fate of the ‘Groupe Manouchian’, twenty-two men and one woman executed in early 1944 (they were used in the Nazi propaganda campaign L’Affiche rouge), still resonates and provokes controversy, raising the issue of the silence which http://fh.oxfordjournals.org/ has often surrounded the place of foreigners in la France résistante. What is more, it raises the wider issues of the fate of many of the surviving résistants in post-war communist Eastern Europe and the potential conflicts between inter- nationalism, nationalism and ethnicity. This article seeks to address such issues by examining the largely overlooked involvement of Romanians in the French Resistance, and the significant role they played—well beyond their numerical strength—in both the struggle against the German Occupier and in the post- at University of North Dakota on June 5, 2015 war communist regime. If this could be seen as yet another example of l’amitié franco-roumaine—those strong political and cultural bonds that made of Bucharest a ‘petit Paris’ and of the French capital a place of pilgrimage and ref- uge—it also reveals a complex and sometimes tragic entanglement. An event such as l’Affaire Manouchian is rightly cited as an example of the ‘Vichy Syndrome’ described by Henry Rousso, where a nation’s reassur- ing self-image is shattered by the unbearable reminder of ‘la guerre franco- française’.1 But this resurgence of a past that ‘will not pass’ goes beyond the strictly national frame.
    [Show full text]
  • Suchova Zbornik.Indd
    Historický ústav Slovenskej akadémie vied v Bratislave Katedra histórie Fakulty humanitných vied Univerzity Mateja Bela v Banskej Bystrici �udáci a komunisti: Súperi? Spojenci? Protivníci? Xénia Šuchová (ed.) Prešov 2006 1 �udáci a komunisti: Súperi? Spojenci? Protivníci? Výskumná správa v rámci projektu VEGA � . 2/4183/24 Radikálny socializmus a komunizmus na Slovensku v rokoch 1918 – 1989. Spolo �nos� medzi demokraciou a totalitou. Obrázok na obálke: Putovná protibolševická výstava umiestnená v piatich železni �ných voz� och, poriadaná v roku 1944 Úradom propagandy Slovenského štátu. SNA, f. STK, neg. 23253 Zostavila: PhDr. Xénia Šuchová, CSc. Posúdili: PhDr. Valerián Bystrický, DrSc. Prof. PhDr. Jan Rychlík, DrSc. Obálka: Stanislav Šalko © Historický ústav SAV v Bratislave a Katedra histórie FHV UMB v Banskej Bystrici, 2006 Vydalo vydavate �stvo UNIVERSUM, Javorinská 26, 080 01 Prešov (www.universum-eu.sk) ISBN 80-89046-38-X Obsah Úvod .................................................................................................................. 5 BENKO, JURAJ: Socialistická ideológia v konfrontácii s religióznym slovenským prostredím v prvej štvrtine 20. storo �ia (Politizácia kres� anskej tradície a sakralizácia socialistickej vízie) ......................................................................... 9 ŠUCHOVÁ, XÉNIA: „Heslo autonómie alebo právo na odtrhnutie?“ (Komunistické ponímanie národnostnej a „slovenskej“ otázky do polovice 20. rokov) ........... 24 HERTEL, MAROŠ: Komunisti, � udáci a ma� arská iredenta ...............................
    [Show full text]
  • A Powerful Political Platform: Françoise Giroud and L'express in a Cold War Climate Imogen Long Abstract Founded in 1953 by J
    1 This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in French History following peer review. The version of record, Imogen Long; A powerful political platform: Françoise Giroud and L’Express in a Cold War climate, French History, Volume 30, Issue 2, 1 June 2016, Pages 241–258, is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/fh/crw001. A powerful political platform: françoise giroud and l’express in a cold war climate Imogen Long Abstract Founded in 1953 by Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber and Françoise Giroud, L’Express was a politically committed outlet predominantly led by Giroud’s strong editorial direction until its rebranding in 1964 along the lines of Time magazine. Its goals were clear: to encourage modernization in French cultural and economic life, to support Pierre Mendès France and to oppose the war in Indochina. This article investigates Giroud’s vision of the press, her politics and her journalistic dialogue with other significant actors at a complex and pivotal juncture in French Cold War history. Giroud opened up the columns of L’Express to a diverse range of leading writers and intellectuals, even to those in disagreement with the publication, as the case study of Jean-Paul Sartre highlighted here shows. In so doing, Giroud’s L’Express constituted a singularly powerful press platform in Cold War France. I 2 For Kristin Ross, the “ideal couple”’ of Giroud and Servan-Schreiber at the helm of L’Express echoed the pairing of Sartre and Beauvoir; 1 yet Giroud and Servan-Schreiber were a duo with a different outlook, focused on economic development and the modernization of French society along American lines.
    [Show full text]