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Intelligent Tyre Systems – State of the Art and Potential Technologies Deliverable D7 APOLLO IST-2001-34372 Intelligent Tyre for Accident-free Traffic Intelligent Tyre Systems – State of the Art and Potential Technologies Deliverable D7 Report Version: 1 Report Preparation Date: 22.05.2003 Classification: Public Contract Start Date: 01.03.2002 Duration: 36 months Project Co-ordinator: Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) FI Partners: DaimlerChrysler AG (DC AG) D Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) FI Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen) D IXFIN Magneti Marelli Sistemi Elettronici S.p.A (MM) I Nokian Tyres plc (NR) FI Pirelli Pneumatici SPA (PIRELLI) I Project funded by the European Community under the “Information Society Technology” Programme (1998-2002) APOLLO Intelligent Tyre for Accident-free Traffic Deliverable D7 Intelligent Tyre Systems – State of the Art and Potential Technologies _____________________________________________________________________________ DELIVERABLES SUMMARY SHEET Project Number: IST-2001-34372 Project Acronym: APOLLO Title: Intelligent Tyre for Accident-free Traffic Deliverable N°: D7 Due date: 31.12.2002 Delivery Date: 22.05.2003 Short Description: Intelligent Tyre Systems – State of the Art and Potential Technologies This document provides an overview on the state of the art of intelligent tyre systems and potential technologies that can be utilised for sensors, wireless data transmission, and batteryless power supply. An accident analysis with an investigation of tyre-related risk factors shows the great benefit of the envisaged system to improve traffic safety. This fits to visions and strategies of vehicle manufacturers, automotive suppliers and tyre manufactures in respect to intelligent tyre/wheel systems that are summarised. The first products that have been introduced in the field of intelligent tyres are Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS). Different system solutions for TPMS and activities of suppliers are described. More sophisticated sensor systems, that are still in the process of research or pre-development, show the high interest in this field. Basic sensor technologies which enhance the realisation potential for innovative monitoring of tyre and tyre-road contact are presented. Radio communication is a technology with a high potential for high performance wireless data transmission. Applications for different systems, future trends, aspects of vehicle integration and standards are discussed. First investigations on inductive transmission and power generation prove the potential of these technologies for the development of a batteryless power supply. Promising results of a pre-study, showing measurements of electromagnetic properties of the tyre/wheel system, are presented. An overview is given on selected patent applications for systems and key components of intelligent tyre/wheel systems. Following the approach of the APOLLO project is a promising perspective to achieve a successful product for an intelligent tyre/wheel system which allows to expect over 4 000 saved lives in all EU countries every year. Partners owning: The APOLLO consortium Partners contributed: VTT, DC AG, HUT, RWTH Aachen, MM, NR, PIRELLI Made available to: European Commission, Information Society Directorate-General IST-2001-34372 Page 2 APOLLO Intelligent Tyre for Accident-free Traffic Deliverable D7 Intelligent Tyre Systems – State of the Art and Potential Technologies _____________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................5 2. Accident Analysis..........................................................................................................8 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................8 2.2 Finland ......................................................................................................................9 2.3 Germany .................................................................................................................11 2.4 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................13 3. Trends and Strategies ................................................................................................15 3.1 Vehicle manufacturers.............................................................................................15 3.2 Automotive electronics suppliers.............................................................................17 3.3 Tyre manufacturers and co-operations....................................................................19 4. Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS)................................................................21 4.1 Indirect measurement..............................................................................................21 4.2 Direct measurement - active sensors......................................................................22 4.2.1 Battery-operated sensor technology in general.................................................22 4.2.2 Clamp-on-rim sensors.......................................................................................23 4.2.3 Valve-attached sensors.....................................................................................25 4.2.4 Valve-cap-integrated sensors ...........................................................................31 4.3 Direct measurement - passive sensors ...................................................................34 4.3.1 Introduction on batteryless sensor technology ..................................................34 4.3.2 Batteryless TPMS at 2.4 GHz ...........................................................................35 4.3.3 Other systems...................................................................................................36 4.4 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................38 5. Advanced Tyre Sensor Systems.................................................................................39 5.1 Side Wall Torsion sensor ........................................................................................39 5.2 Darmstadt tyre sensor.............................................................................................41 5.3 Surface Acoustic Wave sensor ...............................................................................43 5.4 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................45 6. Basic Sensor Technologies ........................................................................................46 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................46 6.2 Acoustic sensor.......................................................................................................46 6.3 Optical sensor .........................................................................................................46 6.4 Vibrating string sensor.............................................................................................49 6.5 Ultra Wide Band technology....................................................................................50 6.6 Capacitive sensor....................................................................................................52 6.6.1 Micromechanical sensor ...................................................................................52 6.6.2 Capacitive displacement sensor .......................................................................53 6.6.3 Measurement of capacitance ............................................................................55 6.7 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................56 7. Basic Technologies for Wireless Data Transmission ..................................................57 7.1 Technology overview...............................................................................................57 7.1.1 Classification of wireless data transmission ......................................................57 7.1.2 Data transmission of passive wireless sensors.................................................58 7.2 Existing wireless vehicle applications......................................................................60 IST-2001-34372 Page 3 APOLLO Intelligent Tyre for Accident-free Traffic Deliverable D7 Intelligent Tyre Systems – State of the Art and Potential Technologies _____________________________________________________________________________ 7.3 Standards and regulations ......................................................................................62 7.4 Trends.....................................................................................................................63 7.4.1 Wireless sensors using active radio communication.........................................63 7.4.2 Vehicle applications using active radio communication.....................................64 7.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................65 8. Basic Technologies for Batteryless Power Supply......................................................67 8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................67
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