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The Taj: an Architectural Marvel Or an Epitome of Love?
Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(9): 367-374, 2013 ISSN 1991-8178 The Taj: An Architectural Marvel or an Epitome of Love? Arshad Islam Head, Department of History & Civilization, International Islamic University Malaysia Abstract: On Saturday 7th July 2007, the New Seven Wonders Foundation, Switzerland, in its new ranking, again declared the Taj Mahal to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Taj Mahal is not just an architectural feat and an icon of luminous splendour, but an epitome of enormous love as well. The Mughal Emperor Shahjahan (1592-1666) built the Taj Mahal, the fabulous mausoleum (rauza), in memory of his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal (1593-1631). There is perhaps no better and grander monument built in the history of human civilization dedicated to love. The contemporary Mughal sources refer to this marvel as rauza-i-munavvara (‘the illumined tomb’); the Taj Mahal of Agra was originally called Taj Bibi-ka-Rauza. It is believed that the name ‘Taj Mahal’ has been derived from the name of Mumtaz Mahal (‘Crown Palace’). The pristine purity of the white marble, the exquisite ornamentation, use of precious gemstones and its picturesque location all make Taj Mahal a marvel of art. Standing majestically at the southern bank on the River Yamuna, it is synonymous with love and beauty. This paper highlights the architectural design and beauty of the Taj, and Shahjahan’s dedicated love for his beloved wife that led to its construction. Key words: INTRODUCTION It is universally acknowledged that the Taj Mahal is an architectural marvel; no one disputes it position as one of the Seven Wonders of the World, and it is certainly the most fêted example of the considerable feats of Mughal architecture. -
Persian Heritage: a Significant Role in Achieving Sustainable Development
International Journal of Cultural Heritage E. Abedi, D. Kralj http://iaras.org/iaras/journals/ijch Persian heritage: A Significant Role in Achieving Sustainable Development ELAHEH ABEDI1, DAVORIN KRALJ2, A.M.Co., Tehran, IRAN1 ALMA MATER EUROPAEA, Slovenska 17, 2000 Maribor, SLOVENIA2, [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: In every country, heritage plays a significant role in achieving sustainable development. Iran, a high plateau located at latitudes in the range of 25-40 in an arid zone in the northern hemisphere of the East, is a vast country with different climatic zones. In the past, traditional builders have presented several logical climatic solutions in order to enhance human comfort. In fact, this emphasis has been one of the most important and fundamental features of Iranian architecture. To a significant extent, Iranian architecture has been based on climate, geography, available materials, and cultural beliefs. Therefore, traditional Iranian builders had to devise various techniques to enhance architectural sustainability through the use of natural materials, and they had to do so in the absence of modern technologies. Paper describes the principals and methods of vernacular architectural designs in Iran with given examples which is predominately focused on some eclectic ancient cities in Iran as Kashan, Isfahan, and Yazd. Design and technological considerations of past, such as sustainable performance of natural materials, optimum usage of available materials, and the use of wind and solar power, were studied in order to provide effective eco architectural designs to provide the architectural criteria and insights. This study will be beneficial to today architects in the design of architectural structures to provide human comfort and a sustainable life in adverse climatic conditions. -
SSR JUNE__2016 Reduced.Pdf
Central University of Kashmir SELF STUDY REPORT Submitted to NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION COUNCIL (NAAC) Bangalore, India Table of Contents Content Page No. Executive Summary 1 Profile of the University 15 Criteria wise Inputs 25 Departmental Profiles 95 Appendices 281 Publications 282 Diversity in Faculty Recruitment 312 List of Court Cases 313 Executive Council 314 Academic Council 315 Finance Committee 317 Progression in Student Enrollment 318 Deans of various Schools 319 Members of IQAC 320 Administration 321 List of Students who qualified NET/JRF 322 Major Events 2010-15 323 Meetings of Various Academic/Administrative Boards 328 List showing students and other outreach activities during 2010-15 330 List Showing the awards received by the faculty during 2010-15 332 Central Universities Act 2009 333 Income and Expenditure 366 Central University of Kashmir Master Plan 371 Organizational Chart 372 Self Assessment Proforma 376 Executive Summary The University is presently operating through a number of campuses acquired on rent basis, owing to the fact that the construction of multi-storeyed buildings at the original site of the University Campus at Tulmulla (Ganderbal) has not yet been completed. Presently, the construction work is going on for pre-engineered 2-storeyed buildings which are expected to be completed within next six months. Hopefully, in the month of June-2016 some teaching departments may be shifted to Tulmulla (Ganderbal). At present, the three rented EXECUTIVE SUMMARY campuses are housing various teaching departments, the details of which are given as under: S. NO. NAME OF THE CAMPUS TOTAL BUILT-UP AREA DEPARTMENTS OPERATING IN THE CAMPUS. -
Family Law in Islam : Divorce, Marriage and Women in the Muslim
Maaike Voorhoeve is Research Fellow at the University of A msterda m, where she teaches Islamic law and family law in the Muslim World. She holds a doctorate in legal anthropology, which concentrated upon contemporary Tunisian judicial practices in the field of divorce. She specialises in the legal anthropology of the Muslim World, focusing on Tunisia. VVoorhoeve_prelims.inddoorhoeve_prelims.indd i 22/28/2012/28/2012 33:21:49:21:49 PPMM VVoorhoeve_prelims.inddoorhoeve_prelims.indd iiii 22/28/2012/28/2012 33:21:49:21:49 PPMM FAMILY LAW IN ISLAM Divorce, Marriage and Women in the Muslim World Edited by Maaike Voorhoeve Voorhoeve_prelims.indd iii 2/28/2012 3:21:49 PM Published in 2012 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright Editorial selection and Introduction © 2012 Maaike Voorhoeve Copyright Individual Chapters © 2012 Susanne Dahlgren, Baudouin Dupret, Esther van Eijk, Christine Hegel-Cantarella, Arzoo Osanloo, Massimo Di Ricco, Nadia Sonneveld, Sarah Vincent-Grosso and Maaike Voorhoeve The right of Maaike Voorhoeve to be identifi ed as editor of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. -
NCF Catalogue.Pmd
Sankisa, Farrukhabad Uttar Pradesh Sankisa LUCKNOW Located about 37 km west of Fatehgarh, Sankisa is mentioned in Ramayana, Mahabharata and other Sanskrit and Pali texts. The site has been identified as the place where Buddha is said to have performed the decent from the trayastrinsa heaven by a ladder of gold or gem. It is an important place of Buddhist pilgrimage and has been excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India from time to time . Contributions solicited in the range of Rs. 20 - 50 Lakhs for following activities: 1. Construction of the dwarf wall and grill fencing. 2. Landscaping and gardening 3. Development of tourist movement plan and pathways 4. Tourist amenities. 5. Land acquisition. 6. Scientific clearance to expose buried structures of the ancient city. 82 Residency, Lucknow Uttar Pradesh LUCKNOW The site of the Residency belonged to Sheikhzada Nawab Asafuddaula who started the construction of Residency in the year AD 1775 for the British resident and his staff. It was completed by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan in AD 1800. These structures suffered heavy damages due to constant shelling and counter shelling during the first war of Indian Independence in 1857. Some were completely razed to the ground and now in ruins. To understand the clear picture of the Residency, an excavation was carried out which has brought to light a number of buried structures including the well planned Contributions solicited in sewer system, besides remains of the the range of Rs. 25 - 100 material culture of that period. The Lakhs for following 1857 Memorial Museum has been set activities: up here to depict an accurate 1. -
Women Musicians and Dancers in Post-Revolution Iran
Negotiating a Position: Women Musicians and Dancers in Post-Revolution Iran Parmis Mozafari Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Music January 2011 The candidate confIrms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 2011 The University of Leeds Parmis Mozafari Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to ORSAS scholarship committee and the University of Leeds Tetly and Lupton funding committee for offering the financial support that enabled me to do this research. I would also like to thank my supervisors Professor Kevin Dawe and Dr Sita Popat for their constructive suggestions and patience. Abstract This research examines the changes in conditions of music and dance after the 1979 revolution in Iran. My focus is the restrictions imposed on women instrumentalists, dancers and singers and the ways that have confronted them. I study the social, religious, and political factors that cause restrictive attitudes towards female performers. I pay particular attention to changes in some specific musical genres and the attitudes of the government officials towards them in pre and post-revolution Iran. I have tried to demonstrate the emotional and professional effects of post-revolution boundaries on female musicians and dancers. Chapter one of this thesis is a historical overview of the position of female performers in pre-modern and contemporary Iran. -
Making Modern Self Through White Marriage: Living Together Without Marriage in Tehran, Iran
Making Modern Self Through White Marriage: Living Together Without Marriage in Tehran, Iran by Mehrnaz Golestaneh A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2018, Mehrnaz Golestaneh Abstract This dissertation uses the phenomenon of “white marriage” among young heterosexual middle class Iranian women and men, who choose to live together without religious and legal documentation, as the focus to provide a window into the transformation of intimacy in contemporary Iran within a globalized world. In addition to explaining theoretical approach and methodology, throughout the first couple of chapters, I contextualize white marriage as in deeper socio-historical layers in relation to freedom of choice. Based on interviews with individuals in white marriages as well as analyses of textual data, this dissertation examines how Iranian middle class women and men in white marriages understand this mode of intimate relationship within the context of Iran’s marriage norms and the global dominance of western culture. By investigating the categorization of white marriage, and conceptualizations of commitment, fertility and relationships with extended family, this dissertation offers an account of the different motivations and desires bound up in the making of the modern self through white marriage. I argue that white marriage signifies that sexuality, gender and class are emerging as fault lines in contemporary Iranian society, with notions of intimacy, love, body and self-being constructed by Iranian middle class women and men in reaction to western culture and to marital norms in Iran. -
ISLAMIC-MONUMENTS.Pdf
1 The Masjid-i Jami of Herat, the city's first congregational mosque, was built on the site of two smaller Zoroastrian fire temples that were destroyed by earthquake and fire. A mosque construction was started by the Ghurid ruler Ghiyas ad-Din Ghori in 1200 (597 AH), and, after his death, the building was continued by his brother and successor Muhammad of Ghor. In 1221, Genghis Khan conquered the province, and along with much of Herat, the small building fell into ruin. It wasn't until after 1245, under Shams al-Din Kart that any rebuilding programs were undertaken, and construction on the mosque was not started until 1306. However, a devastating earthquake in 1364 left the building almost completely destroyed, although some attempt was made to rebuild it. After 1397, the Timurid rulers redirected Herat's growth towards the northern part of the city. This suburbanization and the building of a new congregational mosque in Gawhar Shad's Musalla marked the end of the Masjid Jami's patronage by a monarchy. 2 This mosque was constructed in 1888 and was the first mosque in any Australian capital city. It has four minarets which were built in 1903 for 150 pounds by local cameleers with some help from Islamic sponsors from Melbourne. Its founding members lie in the quiet part of the South West corner of the city. 3 The Cyprus Turkish Islamic Community of Victoria was established in Richmond, Clifton Hill, and was then relocated to Ballarat Road, Sunshine in 1985 The Sunshine Mosque is the biggest Mosque in Victoria, and has extended its services to cater for ladies, elderly and youth groups. -
(UNIVERSITY) Manuscript
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION MOSCOW STATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (UNIVERSITY) Manuscript KHADEM MAKHSUS HOSSEINI, Leila TRANSFORMATION OF IRANIAN WOMEN’S CULTURAL IDENTITY Specialty: 24.00.01 – Theory and history of culture THESIS For PhD degree in Cultural Studies Scientific supervisor: Elena V. Voevoda, PhD, Doctor Habilitatus (Education) Moscow – 2018 2 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………… 3 CHAPTER 1. THE INFLUENTIAL FACTORS IN CONSTRUCTING IRANIAN WOMEN'S CULTURAL IDENTITY 14 1.1. The concept of cultural identity in the cultural and philosophical aspects ………………………………………………………………... 14 1.2. A comparative analysis of Judith Butler’s views on identity and Anthony Giddens’ structuration theory……………………................. 46 1.3. The role of Islam in constructing Iranian women's cultural identity ……………………………………………………………….. 57 1.4. Historical changes of social and cultural aspects of Iranian women's life ………………………………………………………….. 79 Chapter 1: Findings ………………………………………………….. 99 CHAPTER 2. MANIFESTATION OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CULTURAL IDENTITY OF IRANIAN WOMEN …… 103 2.1. Iranian Women's Cultural Identity Represented in their Bodies… 103 2.2. Veiling and Iranian Women's Cultural Identity ………………. 137 2.3. Iranian women's cultural identity in relation to their work and leisure time …………………………………………………………. 172 Chapter 2: Findings ………………………………………………….. 203 CONCLUSIONS ……………………………………………………….. 205 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………… 216 3 INTRODUCTION Research relevance. In the modern world, women play an increasingly important role in society: they actively participate in the social, economic, political and cultural life of their communities shaping the new image of their country. The issue of change in western women's role and identity during and after industrialization (referred to as one of the defining properties of modernity by A. -
Hajj English Complete Book
HAJJ JOURNEY PROBLEMS AND THEIR EASY SOLUTIONS Author: Qamaruddin S. Khan Name of Book: Hajj- Journey problems and their easy solutions. Ó Copy Right Reserved by Q. S. Khan. (Anyone can copy and re-print it with prior written permission). First Edition 2007 Written by: Q. S. Khan. B.E. ( Mech) Published by: TANVEER PUBLICATION Hydro-Electric Machinery, 12/A, Ram Rahim Udyog Nagar, Bus Stop Lane, L.B.S. Marg, Sonapur, Bhandup (West), Mumbai - 400078. INDIA E-mail : [email protected] Website of this book: www.hajjbook.in Printed at: Classic Publication. 244, Gali Gadhaiya, Jama Masjid Bazar, Matya Mahal, Delhi - 110006 Tel: 011-2326 1481 / 2352 8638 Note: If you found any mistake in this book please let us know, we will correct it in next edition. I.S.B.N. No.: 978-81-904591-2-9 9 7 8 8 1 9 0 4 5 9 1 2 9 Table of Content Sr. No. Content Pg. No. Sr. No. Content Pg. No. 1. Foreword, Preface, Glossary of 21. Discussion on Tawaf..............................34 Islamic Terms...........................................4 22. Rites of Umrah and Hajj.........................35 2. Identity Cards and Their Importance...........5 23. Preparations before Starting 3. Journey Provision.....................................7 for Hajj...............................................36 4. The Problem of Getting Lost During 24. Performing Intention Before Hajj......................................................11 Embarking on Hajj Journey.....................36 5. Building Paradise....................................12 25. Start of the Journey of Hajj....................37 6. Air Travel..............................................13 26. Air Travel and Arriving in Mecca..............39 7. Problems of Transportation During 27. Details of Masjid-e-Haram......................40 Special Days of Hajj................................14 28. -
ORIENTAL BANK of COMMERCE.Pdf
STATE DISTRICT BRANCH ADDRESS CENTRE IFSC CONTACT1 CONTACT2 CONTACT3 MICR_CODE D NO 10-86, MAIN RD, OPP MUNICIPAL CORPORATION, ANDHRA MANCHERIAL, MANCHERIY 011- PRADESH ADILABAD MANCHERIAL ANDHRA PRADESH AL ORBC0101378 23318423 12-2-990, PLOT NO 66, MAIN ROAD, ANDHRA SAINAGAR, ANANTAPU 040- PRADESH ANANTAPUR ANANTHAPUR ANANTHAPUR R ORBC0101566 23147010 D.NO.383,VELLORE ROAD, ANDHRA GRAMSPET,CHITTOO 970122618 PRADESH CHITTOOR CHITTOOR R-517002 CHITTOOR ORBC0101957 5 EC ANDHRA TIRUMALA,TIRU TTD SHOPPING 0877- PRADESH CHITTOOR PATI COMPLEXTIRUMALA TIRUPATI ORBC0105205 2270340 P.M.R. PLAZA, MOSQUE ROADNEAR MUNICIPAL ANDHRA OFFICETIRUPATI, 0877- PRADESH CHITTOOR TIRUPATI A.P.517501 TIRUPATI ORBC0100909 2222088 A P TOURISM HOTEL COMPOUND, OPP S P 08562- ANDHRA BUNGLOW,CUDDAPA 255525/255 PRADESH CUDDAPAH CUDDAPAH H,PIN - 516001 CUDDAPAH ORBC0101370 535 D.NO 3-2-1, KUCHI MANCHI AMALAPURAM, AGRAHARAM, BANK ANDHRA EAST DIST:EAST STREET, DISTT: AMALAPUR 08856- PRADESH GODAVARI GODAVARI EAST GODAVARI , AM ORBC0101425 230899 25-6-40, GROUND FLOORGANJAMVARI STREET, KAKINADADIST. ANDHRA EAST EAST GODAVARI, 0884- PRADESH GODAVARI KAKINADA A.P.533001 KAKINADA ORBC0100816 2376551 H.NO.13-1-51 ANDHRA EAST GROUND FLOOR PRADESH GODAVARI KAKINADA MAIN ROAD 533 001 KAKINADA ORBC0101112 5-8-9,5-8-9/1,MAIN ROAD, BESIDE VANI MAHAL, MANDAPETA, DISTT. ANDHRA EAST EAST GODAVARI, PIN MANDAPET 0855- PRADESH GODAVARI MANDAPETA - 533308 A ORBC0101598 232900 8-2A-121-122, DR. M. GANGAIAHSHOPPIN G COMPLEX, MAIN ANDHRA EAST ROADRAJAHMUNDR RAJAHMUN 0883- PRADESH GODAVARI -
Local Architecture: Using Traditional Persian Elements to Design for Climate in Yazd, Iran
Local Architecture: Using Traditional Persian Elements to Design for Climate in Yazd, Iran by Sepideh Sohrabi Mollayousef A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Architecture in M. Architecture Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2015 Sepideh Sohrabi Mollayousef 1 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to research and study vernacular architecture in Yazd. Additionally, this study will explore the social and environmen- tal bases of the traditional Yazdi house. In order to develop a cohesive understanding of contemporary issues in Iranian design, a variety of resource materials will be drawn on, including journal articles, reports, books, and field studies. The thesis will culminate in a project to design a large-scale master plan and schematic housing layouts for a residential complex at Yazd University that will house professors and their immedi- ate family members. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to express my gratitude to my supervi- sor, Prof. Johan Voordouw, who has supported me with his patience and knowledge whilst allowing me to develop my research. Also I would like to offer special thanks to my committee chair, Dr. Fed- erica Goffi, for her offered guidance, care and support. I also want to thank Dr. Inderbir Singh Riar and Marjan Ghannad for serving on my graduate committee. I would like to thank my father, Dr. Teymour Sohrabi, and dear mother, Fariba Zamani Sani, for each providing me with love, encouragement and support. Special thanks go to my amazing sister, Sara, who has provided inexhaustible love, support and encouragement.