Irritability in Huntington's Disease
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Journal of Huntington’s Disease 9 (2020) 107–113 107 DOI 10.3233/JHD-200397 IOS Press Review Irritability in Huntington’s Disease Nicholas E. Karagasa, Natalia Pessoa Rochab,c and Erin Furr Stimmingc,∗ aMcGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Sciences Center (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA bThe Mitchell Center for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Brain Disorders, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA cHDSA Center of Excellence at UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA Abstract. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a heritable and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a triad of motor, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. A common and particularly detrimental neuropsychiatric alteration in HD gene carriers is irritability, which frequently manifests as abrupt and unpredictable outbursts of anger. This symptom increases the burden of HD in multiple ways, such as jeopardizing employment and straining familial or caregiver support. Although irritability in HD is diagnosed by the administration of standardized rating scales and clinical expertise, measurement of severity and progression is complicated by several factors. Currently, individuals with HD who present with irritability may be managed with a variety of psychotropic medications, primarily antidepressants and antipsychotics. While these therapies offer relief to individuals suffering from irritability in HD, they are often not sufficient. Here, we review irritability in the context of HD and emphasize the need for treatments that are better tailored to mitigate this troublesome symptom. An expeditious strategy in pursuit of this goal involves evaluating the efficacy of approved medications that are used to treat similar neuropsychiatric symptoms. Keywords: Huntington’s disease, irritable mood, neuropsychiatry, behavioral symptoms, psychotropic drugs INTRODUCTION genetic underpinnings of the disease hold promise [2]. Given the current absence of curative therapy and Huntington’s disease (HD) is a completely pene- the disruptive neuropsychiatric symptoms, improved trant autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease symptomatic treatments are urgently needed. caused by a trinucleotide repeat (CAG) expansion The motor manifestations of HD, which are the within the huntingtin gene (HTT) on chromosome symptoms that have historically informed a clini- 4 [1]. The disease is characterized by a triad of motor cal diagnosis, typically arise during middle age [3, symptoms, progressive cognitive decline, and psychi- 4]. However, a variety of neuropsychiatric symp- atric disturbance [1]. These clinical manifestations toms, including irritability, apathy, and depression, are due to neuronal dysfunction arising first within are known to affect HD gene carriers well before striatal medium spiny neurons and then spreading to the onset of motor symptoms [4]. These neuropsy- other regions of the brain, including the cortex [1]. chiatric alterations represent an underexplored area To date, no disease modifying therapies are approved where novel treatments can be developed to benefit to treat HD, although novel approaches targeting the patients with HD. Here, we will review the current understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of irritabil- ∗Correspondence to: Erin Furr Stimming, 6431 Fannin Street, ity associated with HD—a common and pernicious MSB 7.112, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Tel.: +1 (713) 500 7033; aspect of the disease—and the prospect of future E-mail: [email protected]. therapy. ISSN 1879-6397/20/$35.00 © 2020 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved This article is published online with Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 108 N.E. Karagas et al. / Irritability in HD IRRITABILITY IN HD [12]. For instance, divorce and even rejection by the family of the patient are risks associated with irri- In addition to motor and cognitive symptoms, indi- tability in HD [12]. Additionally, irritability in HD viduals with HD may also experience a number of can result in outbursts that may lead to incarcera- neuropsychiatric symptoms, several of which can tion [15]. Given the particularly devastating nature begin years before the manifestation of motor symp- of these effects—that is, the potential dissolution of toms [5, 6]. Psychiatric disturbances that occur in the patient’s social support structure and the legal individuals with HD include apathy, depression, irri- ramifications of criminal behavior—treatments that tability, aggression, obsessive-compulsive behaviors mitigate irritability can have substantial impact to and psychosis [7, 8]. Here, we will focus on irri- reduce the disease burden of HD. tability, which is most simply defined as possessing a proneness to anger [9]. A more expansive defini- tion of irritability is a “mood that predisposes towards PREVALENCE certain emotions (e.g., anger), certain cognition (e.g., hostile appraisals) and certain actions (e.g., aggres- The prevalence of irritability has been measured sion)” that is “subjectively unpleasant and objectively in multiple studies using a variety of detection meth- characterized by expressions of negative emotion in ods, which has led to a range of results, specifically interpersonal relationships” [10]. from 38% to 73% by one account [16]. Two early In the context of HD, irritability is thought to and relatively small (N < 100) studies assessing the result from the complex relationship between the neuropsychiatric profile of HD, using either the neu- primary neurobiological changes occurring as part ropsychiatric inventory (NPI) or the present state of pathological progression and the secondary psy- examination (PSE), found irritability rates of 65.4% chological effects, which constitute a reaction to and 64%, respectively, in patients with manifest HD the subjective changes patients experience [11]. For [6, 17]. A later study (N = 134) used the problem instance, the progressive cognitive decline caused by behavior assessment for HD (PBA-HD) and found the disease may be experienced as a kind of cogni- three prominent neuropsychiatric features of the dis- tive overload, which contributes to the manifestation ease, apathy, depression, and irritability, the latter of of irritability. In this sense, it can be distinguished which was present (severity score > 2) in 44% of sub- from irritability in the general population. The clin- jects [18]. A follow-up longitudinal study conducted ical phenotype of irritability in HD is often reported by the same group in 2012 found that 49% of mani- by family, as they are usually the patient’s primary fest HD patients were irritable at baseline while 83% caregivers and, unfortunately, are the target of the were irritable during any assessment [19]. This study resulting aggression [12]. These aggressive episodes also found that irritability progressed in severity in or outbursts have been described as being triggered the early stages of disease. Another study in 2012 by the slightest aggravation, which can incite angry compared rates of irritability in both HD gene carri- or violent behavior that can last for hours to days ers (N = 130) and confirmed healthy controls (N = 43) [12]. HD gene carriers themselves sometimes, but not using the irritability scale (IS), detecting irritability always, have insight into their experience of irritabil- (IS ≥ 14) in 35% of subjects with HD versus 9% in ity, and may be surprised by the unpredictable and healthy controls [20]. Findings from the TRACK-HD sudden onset of such atypical outbursts, which leaves study indicate that the irritability scores on the PBA them feeling guilty after the irritability resolves [12]. short version (PBA-s) are sensitive before and after Alternatively, patients with HD may experience a diagnosis, with significant differences between pre- lack of insight or awareness into many aspects of manifest HD and controls and between premanifest their disease, including irritability, which may fur- HD and manifest HD. The adjusted between-group ther complicate treatment [13]. Regardless of the differences were of 1.50 and 2.38, respectively [5]. particular nature of an individual’s irritability, such Additionally, in patients with manifest HD, increased disruptive behaviors have major consequences for irritability was significantly correlated with worse those living with HD and cause considerable func- total functional capacity (TFC) scores, suggesting tional disability [14]. This volatile behavior—often the progressive nature of irritability in HD. The directed at familial caregivers—may also negatively REGISTRY observational study (N = 1,993), which impact quality of life in individuals with HD, as specifically assessed the neuropsychiatric features of detrimental familial consequences are not uncommon HD, used the behavior component of the Unified N.E. Karagas et al. / Irritability in HD 109 Huntington’s Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) to mea- of the evidence suggests no correlation, CAG repeat sure a moderate to severe irritability/aggression rate number cannot currently be relied on as a predictive of 13.9% in HD gene carriers at various stages diagnostic tool to judge risk of irritability in HD. of disease [21]. This was lower than measured As mentioned previously, a litany of neuropsychi- rates of moderate to severe apathy (28.1%), but atric rating scales has been employed to diagnose higher than the prevalence of moderate to severe and score irritability in HD. These include the fol- depression (12.7%), obsessive-compulsive