A History of Liturgical Books
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Eric Palazzo A HISTORY OF LITURGICAL BOOKS from the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century Translated by Madeleine Beaumont A PUEBLO BOOK THE UTUKGICAL PRESS COM.EGEVII.I.E, MINNESOTA This book was initially published in French under the title ie Moyi’tt Age: Dcs origincs au XWtone $i$c!e © 1993 by BEAUCHUSN'E BDITKUR. A Pueblo Book published by The Liturgical Press Design by Frank Kacmarcik, Obl.S.B. Cover illustration: manuscript, Gospel Book dedication page, Hildcsheim, ca. 1015, API,. © 1998 by The Order of St. Benedict, Inc., Collegeville, Minnesota. All rights reserved. N'o part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or any retrieval system, without the written permission of The liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota 56321. Printed in the United States of America. Library ot Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Palazzo, Eric. IMoyen Age. Englishl A history of liturgical books from the beginning to the thirteenth century / Eric Palazzo ; translated by Madeleine Beaumont, p. cm. "A Pueblo book." Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes. ISBN 0-8146-6167-X (alk. paper) t. Catholic Church—Liturgy—Texts— History and criticism. 2. Church history— M iddle Ages, 600-1500. I. Title. HX1973.P3513 1998 264‘.o2‘oo9—d c2i 97-52988 CIP For Claudia Contents List of Bibliographical Abbreviations xiii Preface by Pierre-Marie Gy, O.P. xvii Preface to the English Language Kdition xix Acknowledgments xxi The Liturgical Year: History and Definition xxiii Introduction xxv PART ONE: HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE RESEARCH ON LITURGICAL BOOKS 1 I. THE SCIENCE OF THK LITURGY 3 1. Precursors (Seventeenth to Nineteenth Centuries) 3 2. Liturgical Renewal in the Twentieth Century 4 3. Liturgical Studies after Vatican II 5 II. STUDIES ON LITURGICAL BOOKS 7 t. Historic Review of the Research 7 2. Research on Latin Liturgical Books of the Middle Ages in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries A Rapid Review of the Research on Different Books Theoreticians and New Orientations of Research 15 PART TWO: THE BOOKS OF THE MASS 19 I. THE SACRAMENTARY, THE BOOK 0 (: THE CELEBRANT 21 1. Content of the Sacramentary 21 The Canon of the Mass 21 The Calendar 23 The Ordo Missae 24 Mass Formularies (Temporal, Sanctoral, Common of Saints, Votive Masses) 24 The "Ritual Ordiucs" 26 The Blessings 27 2. Ancient and Modern Names for the Sacramentar)' 27 References in Liturgical and Other Texts 28 3. History of the Sacramentarles of the High Middle Ages 35 The Sacramentarles before the Sacramentarles: At the Dawn of Liturgical Books 36 The Liturgical Libelli 37 The Leonine Sacramentary 38 History of the Book 39 Nature of the Book 40 Origin and Date 40 Descendants of the Book 41 The Gelasian Sacramentarles 42 The Old Gelasian (after Vat. Regin. 316) 42 History of the Book 44 Nature of the Book and Date of Composition 45 Content of the Book 45 Descendants and Historical Importance of the Book 45 The Kighth-Century Gelasian or Frankish Gelasian 46 History of the Book 46 Origin and Date of the Archetype 47 Nature and Content of the Book 48 The Gregorian Sacramentarles 48 History So Nature and Origin of the Book 51 The Gregorian of the Hadriiwum Type 51 The Type 2 Gregorian (PnduMisc) 54 The Pre-Hadrianic Gregorian 54 Evolution of the Main Types of Sacramentarles between 850 and 1000: The Composite Sacramentarles 55 4. Illustration of Sacramentarles during the I ligh Middle A ges 56 viii II. THE BOOKS OF CHANT 63 1. History of Liturgical Chant in the I ligh Middle Ages 63 2. The Chants of the Roman Mass 65 The Chants o f die Proper 65 The Chants of the Ordinary 66 Enrichment of the Chant at Mass 67 Liturgical and Codicological Preliminaries 68 3. The Antiphonal of the Mass or Gradual 69 History 70 Nature and Content of the Book 70 Origin, Date of Composition, and Kvolution 71 Historical Importance of the Antiphonal of the Mass 72 4. The Gradual Outside the Gradual (or Antiphonal of the Mass) 73 5. The Cantatorium 74 6. The Troper 75 7. Other Forms of Books 78 8. Illustration of the Chant Books of the High Middle Ages 79 III. T H E BOOKS OF READINGS 83 1. History of the Liturgical Readings for the Mass 83 2. The Lists of Pericopes before the Books of Readings 86 3. The Early Forms of the Books of Readings 87 4. The Lists of Pericopes or Capitularies 89 5. The Book of Gospels with the Capitulare F.vangelionwi: the Evangeiiary 91 Content of the Capitularies and Evangeliaries 94 6. The Capituhre l.ectiomun and Epistolary 97 7. The Lectionaries 99 8. Illustration of the Books of Readings 101 IV. GENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MISSAL 107 PART THREE: THE BOOKS OF THK OFFICE i n !. HISTORY AND FUNCTION OF THE OFFICE IN THE WEST 113 1. Recalling Some Historical Facts 113 Origins of the Prayer of the Hours 113 Origins of the Office in the West (Fourth to Sixth Centimes) 115 The Roman Office in the Middle Ages (Sixth lo Fifteenth Centuries) 117 2. Rites, Spirituality, and Structure of the Office 119 The Rites and Officiants 120 Structure and Spirituality of the flours 122 Simplified Structure of the Content of the H olus of the Roman Monastic Office (Benedictine Form) 124 Definitions of the Principal Elements of the Office 125 II. CHANT AT THE OFFICE 129 1. The Psalter 129 The Manuscripts 130 Decoration of the Psalter 132 2. The Antiphonal of the Office 134 Content of the Antiphonal 135 The Manuscript Tradition 136 Historical Importance of the Antiphonal of the Office 139 3. The Hymnal 141 History, Forms, and Functions of Hymns 141 The Hymn Repertories 142 The Manuscript Tradition 143 III. PRAYER AT THE OFFICE: THE COLLECTAK 145 Nature and Content of the Book 145 The Manuscript Tradition J47 IV. READING AT THE OFFICE 149 1. The Biblical Readings and Their Books 149 2. The Patristic Readings and Their Books 152 x 3. The Hagiographic Readings and Their Books 156 4. The Lectionary of the Office 158 V. THE BOOKS OF THE OFFICE OF PRIME 161 1. The Office in Chapter after Prime 162 2. The Chapter Book 164 3. The Martyrology 165 4. The Necrology and Obituary t66 VI. GENESIS ANI> DEVELOPMENT OF THE BREVIARY PART FOUR: THE HOOKS OF SACRAMENTS AND RITES 173 I. TH E ORDiNES ROMANI 175 x. H istory o f the Ordines Romani 176 2. Nature of the Ordines Romani 17 7 3. The Ordines Romani in the Manuscripts 177 4. History and Content of the Collections of Ordines Romani and Other Ordines 179 5. The Roman Collection or Collection A 182 6. The Gallicanized Collection or Collection B 183 7. The Gallican Collections 184 II. THE RITUALS 187 1. Definition and Function of the Medieval Ritual 188 2. The Ritual in the Libelti: Forms and Functions 189 3. The Composite Rituals 191 4. The Medieval Designations of the Ritual 192 III. THE PONTIFICAL, THE BOOK OF THE BISHOP 195 1. The First Pontificals or "Primitive Pontificals" 195 The Gathering of Libelii of Episcopal Ordine$ 196 2. A Category by Itself: The Benedictionals 200 3- Th« Romano-Gcrmanic Pontifical 201 Nature and Content of the RGP 201 The Manuscript Tradition 203 Origin, Date, and Historical Circumstanccs of the Creation of the RGP 204 4. The Roman and Non-Roman Pontificals 207 5. Illustration of the Pontifical 209 IV. THE CUSTOMARIES 213 1. History of the Medieval Customaries 214 2. Nature and Content of the Customaries 2 1 5 y. Historical and Liturgical Interest of the Customaries 218 V. T H E O R D IN A R IE S 221 1. History of the Ordinary and Attempt at Typology 222 2. Historical and Liturgical Interest of tine Ordinaries 226 VI. THE PROCESSIONALS 229 Content and History of the Processional 229 VII. THE CEREMONIALS 233 Conclusion 237 Selected Bibliography 241 Index of Persons 245 Index of Places 249 Index of Liturgical Pieces 253 index of Manuscripts 255 List of Bibliographical Abbreviations A ndrieu, OR = M. Andrieu. Les "Ordines romani” du haul Moyen Age. Spicilegium sacrum lovaniense ï i, 23, 24, 28,29. Louvain, 1931- 1961. A ndrieu, Port/j/fart/ = M. A ndrieu, Le pontifical romain <tu Moyen Age. Vol. 1, Le pontifical romain du XIIe siècle. Vol. 2, Le pontifical romain de la Curie romaine au XIIe siècle. Vol. 3, Le pontifical de Guillaume Duraud. Vol. 4, Tables alphabétiques. Studi e Testi 86-88,99. Vatican City, 1938-1940,1941. Baroffio, "Manoscritti lilurgici" = "l manoscritti liturgici." Guida a mut descrizione uniforme dei manoscritti e al loro cettsimenfo. Ed. V. Jemolo and M. Morelli, 145-200. Rome, 1990. Becker, Catabgie = C. Bccker. Catalogi Biblioihecarum Anliqui. Bonn, 1885. Bischofr, Schatzverzcicfinisse = B. Bischoff. Mitlelallerliche Schatzverze- ichnisse. Vol. 1, Von der Zcit Karts des Grossen bis zur Mitle des 13. jahrlninderts. M unich, »967. Brommer, Cap. Ep. = Capitula Episcopontm. Vol 1. MGH. Ed. P Brommer. Hannover, 1984. CCSl. = Corpus Christianorum: Séries latina. Tumhout. Chavasse, "Evangéliaire" = A. Chavasse. "Evangéliairc, épistolier, an- tiphonaire et sacramentaire: Les livres romains de la messe aux VIIe et V lir siècles." Ecclesia Orans 6 (1989) 177-225. CNRS = Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques [National Center for Scientific Research]. CP = A.-G. Martimort, ed. The Church at Prai/er, new cd. Vol. 1, Prin- ciples o f the Liturgy. Vol. 2, The Eucharist. Vol. 3, The Sacramentu. Vol. 4, The Liturgy and Time. Trans. M. J. O'Connell. Collegeville, Minn., 1986-1987 |A.-G. Martimort, ed. L'Eglise en Prière. Vol. 1, Principes de la lil tirgie.