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Vytauto Didžiojo Universitetas VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Rasa INDRILINAIT BENAMYST LIETUVOJE: NAKVYNS NAM GYVENTOJ (IŠ)GYVENIMO PRAKTIKOS Daktaro disertacija Socialiniai mokslai, sociologija (05 S) Kaunas, 2013 UDK 364.682.4 In-34 Disertacija rengta 2008 – 2012 metais Vytauto Didžiojo universitete Mokslin vadov: Doc. dr. Daiva K. Kuzmickait (Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas, socialiniai mokslai, sociologija – 05 S) ISBN 978-9955-12-955-4 TURINYS VADAS..................................................................................................................................... 5 I. BENDRIEJI BENAMYSTS STUDIJ ASPEKTAI................................................... 16 1.1. Benamysts studij prieigos ir pobdis ..................................................................... 16 1.2. Benamysts reiškinio vertinimo bdai ir priemons ................................................ 20 1.2.1. Benamysts priežasi problematika ................................................................. 20 1.2.2. Benamysts apibržim vairov ............................................................................ 24 1.2.3. Benami asmen apskaita....................................................................................... 27 1.3. Benamyst Lietuvoje: situacijos apžvalga................................................................. 28 II. BENAMI KASDIENYBS PRAKTIK TEORINIS KONSTRAVIMAS............... 34 2.1. Benami kasdienybs praktikos ir j santykis su galios strategijomis ...................... 34 2.2. Socialini paslaug teikimo ir naudojimosi jomis santykis....................................... 36 2.3. Socialin parama benamiams Lietuvoje .................................................................... 39 2.4. Erdvs, vietos ir socialinio santykio konstravimas benamystje............................... 44 2.4.1. Vietos tapatumo konstravimas ................................................................................ 45 2.4.2. Nam@ kaip vietos samprata ..................................................................................... 46 III. TYRIMO METODOLOGIJA........................................................................................ 51 3.3. Tyrjo vaidmuo lauke ................................................................................................ 56 3.4. Tyrimo etika............................................................................................................... 58 3.5. Tyrimo metodai......................................................................................................... 59 3.5.1. Duomen rinkimo metodai ..................................................................................... 59 3.5.2. Empirini duomen analizs metodai..................................................................... 62 3.6. Tyrimo ribos..............................................................................................................64 IV. NAKVYNS NAM GYVENTOJ (IŠ)GYVENIMO SUBJEKTYVIOSIOS PRAKTIKOS............................................................................................................................ 66 4.1. Vietos ir žmons. Nakvyns nam vaidmuo benamystje ............................................ 66 4.1.1. Nakvyns nam gyventojai: pradžia .................................................................. 67 4.1.2. Nakvyns nam gyventojai: „klientai“ vs. „žmons“ ........................................ 71 4.1.3. Vietos taisykls. Nakvyns namai: „Registruojame <...> visus absoliuiai“..... 73 4.2. Apsistojimas nakvyns namuose: internalizacija vs. „gyvenimo tragedija“ ............. 75 4.3. Nakvyns nam gyventojai: „savos“ taisykls .......................................................... 80 3 4.4. Santykiai. Socialiniai darbuotojai vs. benamis .......................................................... 83 4.4.1. Taisykls............................................................................................................. 83 4.4.2. Mokymasis: darbuotojas vs. klientas.................................................................. 86 4.4.3. Klientai: „geri“ vs. „sunks“ .............................................................................. 89 4.4.4. Klient skirtumai lyties atžvilgiu ....................................................................... 92 4.5. Vietos......................................................................................................................... 94 4.5.1. Dienos centras.................................................................................................... 94 4.5.2. Maitinimosi vietos.............................................................................................. 96 4.5.3. Uždarbio/darbo vietos........................................................................................ 98 4.5.4. „Kitos“ vietos................................................................................................... 105 4.5.5. „Kit“ viet reikšm savaitgaliais ir šventinmis dienomis............................. 107 4.6. Nakvyns nam gyventoj socialiniai ryšiai ........................................................... 109 4.6.1. Benamysts trukm ir socialiniai ryšiai............................................................ 109 4.6.2. Nakvyns nam gyventoj ir j artimj ryšiai ............................................... 112 4.6.3. Alkoholio / narkotik vartojimas ir socialiniai ryšiai....................................... 114 4.7. Mobilumas, kaip nakvyns nam gyventoj kasdien praktika .............................. 118 4.7.1. „Išmoktoji benamyst“: „gyvenimas – rulet“................................................. 120 4.7.2. „Neprisitaikantieji“: „aš tiesiog turiu savo gyvenim <...> ir tikslas – kuo greiiau iš ten pabgti“.................................................................................................... 122 4.7.3. Autsaideriai: „esu girtuoklis bomžas“.............................................................. 126 APIBENDRINIMAS .......................................................................................................... 129 IŠVADOS........................................................................................................................... 135 LITERATRA ................................................................................................................... 138 PRIEDAI............................................................................................................................. 151 4 VADAS „Benamyst nra charakteristika, taiau slygos, kuriose tam tikru metu atsiduria žmogus.“1 (Blasi, 1990, 208-9). Benamyst – socialinis reiškinys, apimantis plat geografin kontekst, turintis istorin tradicij, pasižymintis ilgainiui kintani jo sampratos, form@, raiškos bd vairove (McNaughton, 2006). Populiariajame diskurse benamio asmens samprata varijuoja nuo suvargusio, kelianio užuojaut arba nepasitenkinim, dažnai neblaivaus užribio klass atstovo iki romantizuojamo hipio (Somerville, 1998; Morris, 1994). Paradoksalu, taiau šie vaizdžiai atspindi tik maž to didžiulio, viešai gerai nematomo ir nesismoninamo benamysts paveikslo dal. Šis reiškinys taip pat apima labai skirtingas asmen, kurie dl savo gyvenimo bdo specifikos ir benamysts apibržimo skirtum, nepatenka fiksuojamos benami populiacijos rmus, kategorijas. Neoliberalaus diskurso retorika, kurianti bei reprodukuojanti socialins nelygybs, kaip socialins problemos, samprat, taip pat padeda formuoti siaur benamio asmens vaizd. Mat neretai tam tikros bsto stygi patirianios asmen grups dl šalyse vyraujani skirting benamysts samprat, ne visada patenka vadinamj „rizikos grupi“ kategorijas, pagal kurias yra nustatomas aukšiau minim@ socialini problem m=stas (Jacobs ir kt., 1999). Benamysts sampratos ir problematikos paiešk tyrimai pagrinde varijuoja tarp skurdo (Room ir kt., 1989; Silver, 1994); „beklasi“ (angl. underclass) (Morris, 1994), socialins atskirties (Lee, 1998; Pleace, 1998; Somerville, 1998; Silver, 1994), bsto politikos (Donner, 2000) teorini samprat. Paskutiniuosius kelet dešimtmei Vakar moksliname diskurse aktualizuojamas „naujosios benamysts“ (angl. new homelessness) reiškinys, sukeltas staigi socialini ir politini visuomens pokyi, kuriuos lm gerovs paramos tinklo erozija, išaugusi bedarbyst, gerovs valstybs marketizacija (Forrest, 1999; Kennett ir Marsh, 1999). Apibržiant benami socialin grup keliami benamysts priežasi klausimai, kurie prastai apibdinami dviem benamyst lmusi priežasi grupmis – struktrins priežastys ir individualios priežastys (Forrest, 1999). Dalis autori, kritikuodami tok gana funkcionalistin benamysts priežasi aiškinim, kai sukuriama struktrini ir individuali benamyst lmusi veiksni dichotomija, silo jas žvelgti, kaip bendr visum (Fitzpatrick ir kt., 2000). Individualios patologijos ir struktrini, benamyst lemiani faktori, visuma yra aiškinama ir „naujj benami“ populiacijos augimo priežastis, argumentuojant, kad, jei šis reiškinys bt 1 Laisvas parafrazavimas pagal G. L. Blasi (1990, 208-9). 5 nulemtas vien struktrini faktori, šali vyriausybs vairi priemoni pagalba galt j kontroliuoti (Busch-Geertsema ir kt., 2010). Mokslinje literatroje benamiai išskiriami, kaip „vyrišk veid“ turinti visuomens grup. prastai mažesn benami moter dalis bendroje benamysts populiacijoje aiškinama tradiciniu moters vaidmeniu, siejamu su nam sfera, ir didesnmis moter, lyginant su vyr, galimybmis, sitvirtinti gerovs sistemoje (auginant vaikus ir kt.). Feministin kritika, tuo tarpu, atkreipia dmes moter marginalizavim bsto politikoje, nepakankamai adekvat j poreiki vertinim aprpinimo
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