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Happy Hollow Oakland Zoo SF Bay Area Primates SF Zoo • Black and white ruffed Oakland Zoo lemur • Ring tailed lemur Red ruffed lemur Happy Hollow Ring tailed lemur • • Black Lemur Blue eyed lemur • • Lion Tailed Macaque Cotton top tamarin • • Black and White • Squirrel Monkey Hamadryas Baboon • Ruffed Lemur • Black Howler Monkey Ring Tailed Lemur Squirrel Monkey • • • Colobus Monkey Red ruffed Lemur Vervet Monkey • • • Emperor Tamarin • Capuchin Monkey Siamang • • Pied Tamarin • Squirrel Monkey Chimpanzee • • Francois Langur White handed gibbon • • • Patas Monkey • Siamang • Chimpanzee • Western Lowland Gorilla Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Questions from last class? • What new grade of primate appears in the Miocene? • What characteristics do these animals show? • Where are they found? • Are they related to any extant species? • What are their diagnostic morphologies? Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Who are the apes? • What characteristics and trends define the apes? • When were apes most common • How many genera of apes are found today? • How are they classified? Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Ape Taxonomy • Can you draw a tree of the living apes? Which are most closely related to which? • What is the taxonomic problem with putting chimps in the Pongidae and humans in the Hominidae? • What is a better classification? Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Apes • Which apes are the lesser apes? What is their family designation? What are their characteristics? • Which apes are the great apes? What is or are their family designation(s)? What are their characteristics? • What are the 3 genera of living great ape? How are they related to each other? What differences do they show? Tuesday, April 19, 2011 6 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Human 7 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Humans Suborder Haplorhini Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamily Hominoidea Family Hominidae Subfamily Homininae Genus Homo Species sapiens 8 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Homininae • Homininae (subfamily) • Start to see some hominine traits in the latest Miocene - clear in the Pliocene • What makes a hominin? • Bipedality and big brains • Bipedality comes first Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Hominin Characteristics • Cranial characteristics • Forwardly placed foramen magnum • Forwardly placed temporal origins • Canines small and incisiform • Mastoid process • Parabolic dental arcade 10 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Cranial features Mastoid process Foramen Magnum position Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Dental Characteristics Parabolic dental arcade and canine size Non-sectorial premolar Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Hominin Characteristics • POST-CRANIAL • Bipedal anatomy • pelvic girdle • lower limbs • upper arm • vertebral column 15 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Lower limb adaptations Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Thorax and Back Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Ambam • http:// www.youtube.com/ user/ KentAnimalPark#p/u/ 0/kva_HlMk498 Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Why Bipedalism? Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Theories • Carrying • Long distance walking • Hunting Male provisioning • Upright Reaching • Thermoregulation • Visual Surveillance • Aquatic ape • Sexual display • Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Carrying Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Upright reaching Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Visual surveillance Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Sexual Selection? Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Efficiency of long-distance walking Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Thermoregulation Tuesday, April 19, 2011 Aquatic ape Tuesday, April 19, 2011.
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