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The Rete Mirabile of the Maxillary Artery in the Lion (Panthera Leo)

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The Rete Mirabile of the Maxillary Artery in the Lion (Panthera Leo) Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 71(1): 1-12, May, 1994 The Rete Mirabile of the Maxillary Artery in the Lion (Panthera leo) By Hsien-Ming HSIEH and Akimichi TAKEMURA Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University 5-31, Otemae 1-chome, Chuo-ku, Osaka 540, Japan (Director: Prof. Yoshikuni OHTA) -Received for Publication, January 24, 1994- Key Words: Maxillary artery, Rete mirabile, Blood supply, Plastic injection, Lion Summary: The afferent and efferent arterial branches of the maxillary rete were investigated in 4 lion (Panthera s. Felis leo) heads preserved in the author's department. The heads were injected with acryl plastic via the common carotid arteries to make corrosion casts of the carotid system, and examined from the standpoint of comparative anatomy. The following afferent arterial branches were observed. Medial retial branches from the maxillary artery, anterior retial branches from the anterior deep temporal artery and intraretial branches of the maxillary artery passing in the rete. The rete was constructed from the following arterial resources: Most of the lateral and inferior surfaces of the rete and deep part of the maxillary nerve tunnel from the intraretial branches; the posterior surface and posterior part of the lateral surface from the medial retial branches, and the anterosuperior part of the lateral surface from the anterior retial branches. Eight efferent arterial branches were observed. The external ethmoidal, lacrimal, interretial and anastomotic arteries, the extraocular muscular, meningeal and temporal muscular branches and the communicating branch with the external ethmoidal artery. The anastomotic artery was always well developed and played the role of the main supply route to the brain instead of the obliterated internal carotid artery as observed in the cat. Unlike that of the cat, however, the maxillary artery of the lion always passed lateral to the pterygoideus lateralis muscle, and the lateral part of the rete was not constructed because there were no lateral retial branches such as those observed in the cat. The first description of the carotid system of the Materials and Methods Felis domestica (s. Felis catus) was presented by Tandler in 1899. Since then, the external and internal Four young lion (Panthera s. Felis leo) heads carotid systems in the felis family have been reported injected with acryl plastic into the carotid system, by several investigators. Recently, the existence of preserved in the Department of Anatomy, Osaka the rete mirabile, which is named the rete mirabile Dental University, were used for this study. The a. maxillaris, has been confirmed. This rete is observed acryl plastic was injected via the common carotid as a large-scale arterial plexus intertwined with a arteries by means of the plastic injection method venous plexus, but an adequate explanation of its (Taniguchi, Ohta et al., 1952, 1955). Six of these functional significance has not been given. lairlimann injected heads were treated with 20% sodium (1913) and Takemura (1982) carried out detailed hydroxide to digest soft tissues and prepare corrosion observations on the vascularization of the rete, and casts of the carotid system. The remaining two sides its afferent and efferent arterial branches in the were preserved in 10% formalin solution to prepare domestic cat. Takemura elucidated that the anasto- dissection specimens. These materials were used for motic artery diverging from the rete supplied a large observation and measurement of the rete and maxil- amount of blood to the brain instead of the obliter- lary artery. ated internal carotid artery. There have been few reports on the gross angiology of the giant cat family (Panthera). The facial artery of the lion was described Findings by Lin et al. (1990), the arterial supply of the lion masseter muscle by Matsushita et al. (1992) and the Maxillary artery: ramifications of the external carotid artery in the lion This artery (7.0 mm in diameter), a continuation by Takemura et al. (1992). The present authors of the external carotid artery as a main vessel, curved attempted to investigate the rete mirabile of the anteromedially at the level of the mandibular angular maxillary artery, and its afferent and efferent arterial end 2/5 at the posterior margin of the mandibular branches utilizing plastic corrosion casts. We com- ramus. It finally gave rise to the masseteric artery pared the findings with those of the cat rete. (2.6 mm in diameter) and the posterior deep tern- 1 2 H-M. Hsieh and A. Takemura poral artery (2.0 mm in diameter) from its superior lateralis muscle and superior to the mandibular nerve wall, and after bending antero-supero-medially, gave (Figs. 2, 6), and gave rise to the middle meningeal rise to the inferior alveolar artery (2.5 mm in diam- artery (2.0 mm in diameter) posteromedially (Figs. 1, eter) from its anterior wall (Figs. 1, 5). However, 2, 8). The posterolateral end of the maxillary rete retial branches corresponding to the lateral retial was located just on the level of its point of origin. branch in the cat (Takemura 1982) from the middle The maxillary artery passed along the inferolateral and last arteries were not observed in any of the margin of the rete and bent anterolaterally toward 8 examples. The maxillary artery ran antero-supero- the anteroinferior end of the rete, where it gave rise medially on the lateral surface of the pterygoideus to the anterior deep temporal and zygomatic arteries Fig. I. Lateral view of the maxillary rete of the left side. Schematic illustration of the rete and its vicinity. The mandible and the zygomatic arch were removed. The maxillary rete extends from the oval foramen to the optic canal surrounding the maxillary nerve. The maxillary artery passes along the inferolateral margin of the rete. Key to Abbreviations in Figs. 1 and 2 aa : Anastomotic artery mx : Maxillary artery ad : Anterior deep temporal artery ob : Extraocular muscular branch ar : Anterior retial branch pd : Posterior deep temporal artery bn : Buccal nerve rm : Anastomotic ramus between the middle ee : External ethmoidal artery meningeal and anastomotic arteries eo : External ophthalmic artery za : Zygomatic artery ia : Inferior alveolar artery C : Condyle of mandible ic : Internal carotid artery G : Trigeminal ganglion if : Inferior alveolar nerve L : Pterygoideus lateralis muscle ir1 : Superior intraretial branch MD : Mandibular nerve lb : Lingual branch MX : Maxillary nerve ln : Lingual nerve O : Ophthalmic nerve ma Masseteric artery R : Rete mirabile of the maxillary artery mm : Middle meningeal artery Arrow : Direction of snout The Rete Mirabile of the Maxillary Artery in the Lion 3 Fig. 2. Superior view of the maxillary rete of the left side. Schematic illustration of the rete and its vicinity. Part of the sphenoid bone and the mandibular fossa were removed. The maxillary artery passes lateral to the pterygoideus lateralis muscle. The maxillary nerve penetrates the maxillary rete. (Figs. 2, 7). The maxillary nerve penetrated the rete middle meningeal artery in 7 of them (Fig. 1), and in anterolaterally from the middle of its posterior mar- the remaining case arose directly superomedially gin, in company with the maxillary artery in the from the superior wall of the maxillary artery at the anterior half of the rete, but they were not parallel to level of the origin of the middle meningeal artery each other. (Fig. 8). Ramifying repeatedly, it gave off branches to the superomedial that passed up to the antero- 1. Afferent arterial branches to the rete superior end of the rete, forming a ridge between its The medial, anterior retial and intraretial posterior and lateral surfaces, and finally became branches were observed as resources of component component arterial branches which formed the anas- arterial branches of the rete in the lion. The passage tomotic artery. Branches to the medial formed the of the maxillary artery was clearly visible from the posteroinferior margin and posterior surface of the lateral side because the above three retial branches rete and the posterior wall of the maxillary nerve did not surround this artery but passed medially. tunnel (named in the cat by Takemura 1982), which 1) Medial retial branches (in the cat by Takemura perforated the rete as an arterial-mesh cylinder sur- 1982) rounding the maxillary nerve. These were observed as the superomedial and (b) Inferomedial retial branch (in the cat by inferomedial retial branches. The former was seen in Takemura 1982) (Figs. 5, 8) all 8 examples observed and the latter in only 2 of This branch was seen in only 2 of the 8 examples them. observed. In one of the two cases, it arose antero- (a) Superomedial retial branch (in the cat by medially from the inferomedial wall of the maxillary Takemura 1982) (Figs. 1, 5, 8, 9) artery, proximal to the origin of the superomedial This branch (1.0 mm in diameter), seen in all 8 retial branch and distal to the origin of the posterior examples observed, arose medially from the medial deep temporal artery (Fig. 8). In the other cases it wall of the maxillary artery in common with the arose in common with the lingual branch from the 4 H-M. Hsieh and A. Takemura maxillary artery (Fig. 5). This branch reached the perior, and posteromedial. Only the last was located inferoposterior part of the rete by passing along the in the cranial cavity. The whole rete appeared as a inferomedial to the maxillary artery for a short dis- type of trigonal pyramid, the top of which was the tance, where it constructed the posterior foramen anterosuperior corner and the base of which was and wall of the maxillary nerve tunnel. In the 6 cases formed by the inferior surface of the rete. The in which this branch was defective (Fig. 13), it was posterior surface was flat, in close contact with the supplemented by a branch passing medially from the cranial bone, but the anteromedial surface was con- superomedial retial branch.
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