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TITLE : FECUNDITY AND REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN THE BRACHYURAN CRABS Scylla serrata (Forsskal, 1755) AND Thai amita orenata (H. Milne Edwards, 1834) AT THE KENYA COAST.'1 BY : DORCUS AUMA [uNYANGO. B. Ed. (Science). A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PART FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (HYDROBIOl.OGY ) IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI (1995). — i i — DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by means of references. ——J^^^^z^L DORCUS AUMA ONYANGO DATE This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as University supervisor. Prof. ^TCTOR JACCARINI DATE. -111- DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents, the late Mr. Simeon Onyango Oyugi and Mrs. Zipporah Were Onyango. -VI11- TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE Title page Declaration Dedication 111 Table of contents iv List of figures viii List of tables x List of plates xi Acknowledgements xii Abstract xiv 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 10 1.1.1 Distribution and growth 11 1.1.2 Feeding habits 16 1.1.3 Methods of capture 18 1.1.4 Nutritive values of crab meat 20 1.1.5 Culture of crabs 21 1.1.6 Reproduction 25 1.1.7 Diseases of crabs 30 1.2 OBJECTIVES 32 2.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 33 2.1 Study sites 33 2.2 General crab fishing methods 33 2.2.1 Rods with metal hooks 33 2.2.2 Trot 1 ine 37 2.2.3 Traps 38 2.2.4 Scoop nttt 43 -V- 2.2.5 Fishing nets 43 2.3 Collection of samples 43 2.3.1 Materials 43 2.3.2 Methods 44 2.4 Preservation and treatment 2.5 Analysis of samples 47 2.5.1 Ovarian maturity stages 47 2.5.2 Developmental phases of embryos 4<? 2.5.3 Size at first maturity 50 2.5.4 Fecundity 50 2.5.5 Sex ratio 52 2.5.6 Sex ratio in relation to size (carapace width) of the crabs 52 2.5.7 Breeding cycle 53 3.0 RESULTS 54 3.1 Ovarian maturity stages 54 3.1.1 Maturity stages of S. serrata ovaries 54 3.1.2 Maturity stages of T. crenata ovaries 59 3.2 Developmental phases of embryos 59 3.2.1 Developmental phases of S. serrata embryos 3.2.2 Developmental phases of T. crenata embryos 3.3 Size at first maturity 3.3.1 Size at first maturity of S. serrata 67 3.3.2 Size at first maturity of T. crenata 67 3.4 Fecundity 68 3.4.1 Fecundity of S. srrrmta -v i - 3.4.1.1 The relationship between fecundity and carapace width 68 3.4.1.2 The relationship between fecundity and embryo-mass weight 70 3.4.1.3 The relationship between fecundity and embryo—size 73 3.4.2 Fecundity of T. crenata 74 3.4.2.1 The relationship between fecundity and carapace width 75 3.4.2.1 The relationship between fecundity and embryo-mass weight 75 3.4.2.3 The relationship between fecundity and embryo-size 78 3.5 Sex ratio of the crabs 80 3.5.1 Sex ratio of S. serrata 80 3.5.2 Sex ratio in relation to size (carapace width) in S. serrata . 80 3.5.3 Sex ratio of T. crenata 83 3.5.4 Sex ratio in relation to size (carapace width) in T. crenata ... 85 3.6 Breeding cycles of the crabs 85 3.6.1 Breeding cycle of S. serrata 85 3.6.2 Breeding cycle of T. crenata 88 4.0 DISCUSSION 97 4.1 Ovarian maturity stages 97 4.1.1 Maturity stages of S. serrata ovaries 98 -VI 1- 4.1.2 Maturity stages of T. crenata ovaries 101 4.2 Developmental phases of crab embryos 102 4.2.1 Developmental phases of S. serrata embryos 104 4.2.2 Developmental phases of T. crenata embryos 104 4.3 Size at first maturity 105 4.3.1 Size at first maturity in S. serrata 106 4.3.2 Size at first maturity in T. crenata 107 4.4 Fecundity 107 4.4.1 Fecundity of S. serrata 108 4.4.2 Fecundity of T. crenata 110 4.5 Sex ratio Ill 4.5.1 Sex ratio in S. serrata 112 4.5.2 Sex ratio in relation to size (carapace width) in S. serrata .... 113 4.5.3 Sex ratio in T. crenata 114 4.5.4 Sex ratio in relation to size (carapace width) in T. crenata .... 114 4.6 Breeding cycles 115 4.6.1 Breeding cycle of S. serrata 116 4.6.2 Breeding cycle of T. crenata 120 5.0 SUMMARY 123 REFERENCES 128 -VI11- L1ST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1. The Kenyan South coast 34 2. Sampling site of S. serrata 35 3. Sampling site of T. crenata 36 4. Trotline 39 5. S. serrata. Maturity stages 0-3 of ovaries 55 6. T. crenata. Maturity stages 0-3 of ovaries 7. T. crenata. Developmental phases of embryos Sa. S. serrata. Relationship between fecundity and carapace width 71 Sb. S. 5errata. Relationship between fecundity and embryo-mass weight 72 Sc. S. serrata. Relationship between fecundity and embryo-size 74 9a. T. crenata. Relationship between fecundity and carapace width 76 9b. T. crenata. Relationship between fecundity and embryo-mass weight 77 9c. T. crenata. Relationship between fecundity and embryo-size 79 10. S. serrata. Percentage of ovigerous female crabs ®J -i x - 11. S. serrata. Percentage frequency of ovarian maturity stages of all non-ovigerous female crabs 09 12. S. serrata. Variation in the mean monthly carapace width of female crabs . 90 13. T. crenata. Percentages of ovigerous female crabs 91 14. T. crenata. Size frequency distribution of ovigerous and non- ovigerous female crabs 92 15. T. crenata. Percentage frequency of ovarian maturity stages of all female crabs 94 16. T. crenata. Variation in the mean monthly carapace width of mature female crabs 96 17. Shimoni. Annual variation in rainfall and temperature distribution 118 18. Gazi. Annual variation in rainfall and temperature distribution 121 —x — LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Monthly landings of crustaceans by groups and weight (metric tonnes) 2 2. Landings of crustaceans by groups and weight (metric tonnes) in 1988 and 1989 4 3. Monthly landings of crabs in Kenya between 1980 and 1989 7 4A. S. serrata. Sizes and colour of peri-ovarian fatty body 57 4B. Estimates of female S. serrata with peri-ovarian fatty body 60 5. S. serrata. Developmental phases of embryos 63 6. S. serrata. Fecundity, carapace width, live weight, embryo-mass weight, and embryo-size 69 7. S. serrata. Sex ratio during the sampling period 81 8. S. serrata. Sex ratio in relation to size (width) of carapace 82 9. T. crenata. Sex ratio during the sampling period 84 10. T. crenata. Sex ratio in relation to size (width) of carapace 86 -xi- LIST OF PLATES PLATE PAGE 1:A. Smaller adult S. serrata. Dorsal view of the crab 5 B. Ventral view of a mating pair of S. serrata ^ 2A. Top. Adult S. serrata Dorsal view Bottom. Adult T. crenata Dorsal view 8 B. T. crenata. Ventral view of Female and male crabs 3. Scoop net 40 4. Madema trap 41 5A. S. serrata. Maturity stage two of the ovary development without accumulation of the fatty body 56 B. I & II. S. serrata. Maturity stage two of the ovary development with accumulation of the fatty body 58 6. Ovigerous S. serrata 64 7. Ovigerous T. crenata 66 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere thanks to Dr. W. M. Kudoja for suggesting the topic and supervising the field work, and to Prof. V. Jaccarini for supervising me at the stage of the writing up of this work. I also wish to thank the Director of Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute Dr. Ezekiel Okemwa for providing the facilities for this study. I am also grateful to all technicians at the research institute who were helpful in one way or another especially Mr. Boaz Orembo who accompanied me to the sampling sites. I also cannot forget the services of the fisherman Issa Kombo for his dedication during the sampling period. Special thanks to my colleagues for their valuable assistance during the writing up of the work, not forgetting Dr. R. Okello and Dr. Vanden Berghe for their statistical advice during analysis of this work, Mr. M. Odido of the RECOSCIX -WIO for the literature and Mr. R. Oswaggo for the drawings. I am very grateful to the University of Nairobi for awarding me a scholarship and the National Council for Science and Technology for providing a grant which made the execution of this project possible. -x111- Lastly, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my husband Apollo W. 0. Sigana, my sister Ruth and my children Stella and Lynnette for their patience during this study period and not forgetting my cousin Judith for material assistance. - x i v - ABSTRACT Scy 1 la serrata and Thalamita crenata are crustaceans belonging to the class Malacostraca, Order Decapoda and infra-order Brachyura (the true crabs). Both belong to the family Portunidae, (the swimming crabs) and occur both intertidally and subtidally along the coast of Kenya especially in estuaries and mangrove areas. Along the Kenyan coast S. serrata is known as Kaa mkubwa and T. crenata is known as chanje. Scylla serrata (Forsskal) was sampled at Kiwambale near Shimoni using madema traps between January 1990 to December 1990.
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  • Classification & Characteristics of Crab

    Classification & Characteristics of Crab

    Classification & Characteristics of Crab Taxonomic Classification of Crab Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Mandibulata Class: Crustacea Subclass: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Dendrobranchia (Penaeid Prawn) Pleocyemata (Palaemonid Prawn, Carbs, Lobster) General Information about Brachyura Crab • Brachyuran crabs belong to the Order Decapoda, the most diverse group of crustaceans alive. • The known size of crabs now ranges from a maximum leg span of approximately 4 m in the giant Japanese spider crab Macrocheira kaempferi and a maximum Carapace width of 46 cm in the giant Tasmanian crab Pseudocarcinus gigas (as cited in Schmitt, 1965) to a minimum of 1.5 mm across the Carapace for a mature ovigerous female pinnotherid, Nannotheres moorei, the smallest known species of crab. Taxonomic Classification of Crab Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Mandibulata Class: Crustacea Subclass: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Infraorder: Brachyura (true crab) Infraorder: Anomura (Hermit, king, galatheid, king, porcelain, mole and sand carb) Taxonomic Classification of Brachyura Crab • Infraorder: Brachyura • Section Eubrachyura • Sub Section: Heterotremata • Superfamily: 29 in nos. including extinct • Superfamily: Portunoidea • Family: Portnidae • Subfamily: Podophthalmidae, Catoptrinae, Portuninae, Caphyrinae, Carcininae and Polybiinae Fishery Resources and their distribution • In India, most of the edible crabs caught from marine and brackish water environments belong to the family Portunidae. • In the Indian Ocean, the crab fauna of Portunidae family is included under sub families, Podophthalmidae (Borradaile), Catoptrinae (Sakai), Portuninae (Rafinesque), Caphyrinae (Alcock), Carcininae (Macleay) and Polybiinae (Ortmann). • Most of the edible crabs caught from marine and brackishwater environments belong to the sub family Portuninae. Subfamily: Portuninae • Most of the edible crabs caught from marine and brackishwater environments belong to the sub family Portuninae.
  • Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation of Marine Commercial 11 Crabs of India Josileen Jose Crustacean Fisheries Division

    Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation of Marine Commercial 11 Crabs of India Josileen Jose Crustacean Fisheries Division

    Classification, Biodiversity and Conservation of Marine Commercial 11 Crabs of India Josileen Jose Crustacean Fisheries Division 9 One of the best known and most intensely studied groups is the true crabs of the infraorder Brachyura. Brachyuran crabs belong to the Order Decapoda, the most diverse group of crustaceans alive today (Ng et al., 2008). The known size of crabs now ranges from a maximum leg span of approximately 4 m in the giant Japanese spider crab Macrocheira kaempferi and a maximum carapace width of 46 cm in the giant Tasmanian crab Pseudocarcinus gigas to a minimum of 1.5 mm across the carapace for a mature ovigerous female pinnotherid, Nannotheres moorei, the smallest known species of crab. Every living thing is classified into one of the three domains. Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are the three domains. The eight levels of classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. True crabs are classified as follows: Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Pleocyemata Infraorder: Brachyura Linnaeus, 1758 Training Manual on Species Identification The basic crab design consists of an expanded carapace (formed by a fusion of the head and some thoracic somites), and a strongly reduced abdomen that is tightly tucked underneath the thorax. In addition, the first pereiopods of brachyurans are fully chelate, and the walking legs are placed at the sides of the body. True brachyuran crabs are often confused with hermit and porcelain crabs belonging to the infraorder Anomura. In general, most anomuran crabs have only three pairs of walking legs clearly visible, with the last pair being very small and normally positioned under the abdomen and not visible externally.