林業研究季刊 40(3)：217-221, 2018 217

研究報告 臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草

陳志雄1 呂碧鳳2 王秋美1＊

【摘要】本文發表臺灣龍膽科 () 的新紀錄屬與新紀錄種－鋪地穿心草 ( (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.)。此物種分佈於華西、熱帶亞洲、熱帶非洲、和熱帶澳洲等地區， 被首度發現於南台灣的低海拔，約海拔 100-200 公尺山區。本文提供分佈圖，分類特徵描述，手繪 圖，照片以供區分鑑定。 【關鍵詞】鋪地穿心草、龍膽科、新紀錄屬、臺灣、分類

Research paper Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Gentianaceae), a newly recorded genus and species in Taiwan

Chih-Hsiung Chen1 Pi-Fong Lu2 Chiu-Mei Wang1＊

【Abstract】 Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. (Gentianaceae), a newly recorded genus and species from Taiwan, is so far known only from one locality on a low-elevation (ca. 100~200 m) moist rocky slope in southern Taiwan. This species is native to western China, tropical Asia, tropical Africa, and tropical Australia. We provide a taxonomic description, an illustration, and photographs to facilitate identification. 【Key words】Canscora diffusa; Gentianaceae; newly recorded genus; Taiwan;

Introduction The genus Canscora was first established species were recorded in the genus (Ho & Pringle by Lamarck (1785), and the diagnostic characters 1995). Subsequently, about 10 species were include two- or three-flowered inflorescence, circumscribed, and Canscora was represented four unequal petals (two larger and two smaller), as being monophyletic by the morphological and four unequal stamens. Previously, about 30 cladistics analysis, including zygomorphic corolla

1國立自然科學博物館生物學組Department of Biology, National Museum of Natural Science 2台灣植物分類學會 Taiwan Society of Systematics *通訊作者。40453 台中市館前路1號Corresponding author. 1 Guancian Rd., Taichung 40453, Taiwan Email: [email protected] 218 臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草 and anisomorphic androecium (Thiv & Kadereit Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. 2002; Thiv 2003). After that, two species were Syst. Veg. 3: 301 1818. 鋪地穿心草(Figures 1-2) separated to Canscorinella according to an Gentiana diffusa Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 47 actinomorphic corolla and isomorphic stamens (1794). Type: Vahl s.n. (holo C), India orientalis. in a recent treatment, so 11 species in total were Erect herb, annual, up to 60 cm tall, recorded in a revision of the Canscora (Shahina glabrous throughout. Branched from base, ridges & Nampy 2014). In Taiwan, six genera and smooth. Leaves subsessile-petiolate, opposite, about 30 species of the Gentianaceae have been membranous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, ca 0.5~4 recorded (Wang & Chen 1998; Wang et al. 2009; cm long, 0.4~2 cm wide, apex acute, cuneate at Hsu & Chung 2012). In the present study, we base; veins 3~5. Inflorescences cymes terminal or recognized this unrecorded genus and species axillary, dichasial, pedicels 1~3 cm long, slender. from a botanical exploration of the southern part Flowers usually 4-merous, irregular. Calyx of Central Mountain Range in Taiwan. without wings or striations, persistent; lobes 4, tube 4~8 mm long, lobes unequal, linear to Systematic Treatment lanceolate, ca. 1~2 mm long, ca. 0.6~1 mm wide, Canscora is a newly recorded genus for the apex acuminate. Corolla tube cylindrical, white, flora of Taiwan. 4~8 mm long; lobes lanceolate to ovate, unequal, Canscora Lamarck, Encycl. 1: 601. 1785. 穿心草 2 shorter and 2 longer (also wider), ca. 2.5~4 mm 屬 long, 1~2 mm wide; filaments unequal, 1 longer, Annual or perennial. Leaves simple, always inserted higher up in the corolla tube, 3 opposite, sessile or petiolate, with 1 or 3 main shorter; anthers up to 0.5 mm long, oblong, 1 veins. Inflorescences cymes axillary or complex. or 2 perhaps sterile. Ovary 3~5 mm long; style Flowers 4 merous, sessile or pedicellate, salver- 1.2~2 mm long; stigma ca. 1~2 mm long, bilobed, funnel shaped. Calyx usually tubular, winged papillose. Capsule oblong to ellipsoid, 4~7 mm or wingless, persistent; corolla zygomorphic, long, 2~3 mm diameter. Seeds numerous, up to 0.3 usually with 2 smaller and 2 larger lobes, smaller mm in diameter, surface reticulate-pitted. lobes fused together near apex, sometimes separated, white, cream, or pink, usually tubular, Distribution: Native to tropical Asia, including W. campanulate, or salverform; stamens inserted on China, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, apical or middle part of corolla tube, sometimes the Philippines, and Vietnam; tropical Africa and with 1~3 sterile anthers; ovary 1 locular, globose Madagascar; and Australasia. In Taiwan, it occurs or cylindrical; stigma bilobed, lobes oblong or at about 100~200 m in elevation in southern capitate, papillose. Capsules globose, oblong- Taiwan (Figure 3). Only one small population was ovate, unilocular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous, found on a moist rocky slope, or in grasslands and suborbicular, seed-coat usually reticulate. roadside earth cuts. The Taiwanese population About 11 species: tropical and subtropical Africa, flower from November to February and fruit from Asia, and Australia; only one species in Taiwan. January to April. The withered or dried after fruiting. 林業研究季刊 40(3)：217-221, 2018 219

Figure 1. Canscora diffusa. A, habit; B, flower, calyx removed and corolla opened; C, calyx; D, flower; E, pistil; F, stamen; G, capsule; H, seeds. (C. H. Chen 11510) 220 臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草

Figure 2. Canscora diffusa. A, habit; B, leaves; C, flower, side view; D, flower, front view; E, fruit, with persistent calyx and corolla; F, seed. Bars, A= 5 cm; B= 1 cm; C, D, E= 2 mm; F=0.1 mm

Specimens examined: Pingtung Co.: Chunrih C. diffusa are often rose, or sometimes white or Township, Lili (力里), 7 Jan. 2017, C.H. Chen orange, but in the ethnic group in Taiwan, only 11510 (TNM); same loc. 22 Jan. 2017, C.H. Chen individuals with white flowers have so far been 11511(TNM); same loc. 16 May 2017, C.H. Chen found. Around the habitat, the main associated 11582 (TNM); Chichia (七佳), 31 Dec. 2016, P.F. plant is Arundo formosana Hack. (Poaceae), Lu 30229 (TAIF). which also grows on wet, steep rocky slopes.

Acknowledgements Notes: Canscora diffusa has large morphological We are thankful to Ms. Shang-Yu Hung variations, including variations in habit size and for the nice line drawings, and also to Ms. Yi- sometimes has the appearance of an actinomorphic Wen Chen for information and support with corolla, and a different length range of the stamen; photographic assistance. so different synonyms have been published and merged (Shahina & Nampy 2014). Corollas of 林業研究季刊 40(3)：217-221, 2018 221

Figure 3. Distribution map of Canscora diffusa in Taiwan (star).

References distic analysis of Gentianaceae-Canscorinae Ho TN, Pringle JS (1995) Canscora. In Editorial and the evolution of anisomorphic androecia Committee, Flora of China, vol. 16, Genti- in the subtribe. Systematic botany 27(4): anaceae through Boraginaceae. P. 5. Science 780-788. Press (Beijing) and Missouri Bot. Gard. Thiv M (2003) A taxonomic revision of Canscora, Hsu TC, Chung SW (2012) Tripterospermum Cracosna, Duplipetala, Hoppea, Microrphi- hualienense (Gentianaceae), a New Species um, Phyllocyclus and Schinziella (Gentiana- from Taiwan.Taiwania 57(2): 183-187. ceae-Canscorinae). Blumea 48(1): 1-46. Lamarck, JBAPMde (1785) Encyclopedie Wang JC, Chen CH (1998) Gentianaceae. In: Methodique Botanique. Vol. 1. Panckouck, Huang TC et al. (eds.), Flora of Taiwan, 2nd Paris. pp. 601. ed. vol. 4. Editorial Committee of the Flora Shahina PM, Nampy S (2014) A taxonomic revi- of Taiwan, second Edition, Taipei. pp. 154- sion of the genus Canscora in South India, 191. and the erection of the new genus Canscori- Wang JC, Chen CH, Lu CT (2009) Flora of Tai- nella (Canscorinae, Gentianaceae) with two wan. Gentianceae. National Taiwan Normal new combinations. Phytotaxa 164(4): 201- University, Taipei, Taiwan. pp. 1-109. 225. Thiv M, Kadereit JW (2002) A morphological cla- 222 臺灣產龍膽科新紀錄屬及新紀錄種：鋪地穿心草