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The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: Data Integration, Geophysical Modelling and Implications for Exploration

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The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: Data Integration, Geophysical Modelling and Implications for Exploration Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: Data Integration, Geophysical Modelling and Implications for Exploration Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2018-0048.R2 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the 31-Aug-2018 Author: Complete List of Authors: Ugalde, Hernan; Brock University, Earth Sciences Morris, William; School of Geography and Geology van Staal, DraftCees; Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada Bathurst Mining Camp, Geophysical compilation, Geophysical Keyword: interpretation, Geophysical modelling, 3D Geological Modelling Is the invited manuscript for consideration in a Special Geophysics applied to mineral exploration Issue? : https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 1 of 50 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: Data Integration, Geophysical Modelling and 8 Implications for Exploration 9 10 Ugalde, H.1, Morris, W.A.2, van Staal, C.3 11 1Brock University, Department of Earth Sciences, St. Catharines, ON 12 2McMaster University, School of Geography and Earth Sciences, Hamilton, ON 13 3Geological Survey of Canada, Vancouver, BC 14 15 16 Draft 1 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 2 of 50 17 ABSTRACT 18 The Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) is one of Canada's oldest mining districts for volcanogenic 19 massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. Most of the 46 known deposits were discovered in the 1950s 20 using a combination of geological and geophysical methods. However, renewed exploration 21 efforts over the past 15 years have not been as successful as one would expect for the level 22 of expenditure the camp has gone through. Nevertheless, this has created a large database 23 of high resolution airborne geophysical data (magnetics, electromagnetics, radiometrics, full 24 tensor gravity gradiometry) which makes Bathurst a unique case. We show data compilation 25 and map view interpretation, followed by 2.5D gravity and magnetic modelling. From this, we 26 provide constraints on the folded structure of the mafic and felsic volcanic units, and we 27 interpret a large gravity anomaly in the Draftsouth-east as a possible ophiolite or a dense thick 28 package of basaltic rocks. Finally, we show an example of 3D modelling in the northwestern 29 part of the camp, where we combine map view interpretation with section-based modelling 30 and 3D geophysical inversion. 31 32 KEY WORDS: Bathurst Mining Camp; Geophysical data compilation; Geophysical data 33 interpretation; Geophysical modelling; 3D geological modelling 34 35 2 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 3 of 50 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36 INTRODUCTION 37 38 The Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) is one of Canada's oldest mining districts for volcanogenic 39 massive sulfide (VMS) deposits. The BMC is host to 46 massive sulphide deposits, 25 of 40 which include resources of 1 million metric tons (Mt) or more (McCutcheon et al., 2003). 41 Approximately 70% of those were discovered in the 1950s using a combination of geological 42 and geophysical methods (McCutcheon et al., 2003). Almost every deposit and occurrence, 43 except for satellite lenses drilled during underground development of major deposits, were 44 found at the surface or below a generally thin and discontinuous layer of glacial sediments 45 (Goodfellow and McCutcheon, 2003). In the quest for finding new orebodies at depth, federal 46 and provincial government programs (ExplorationDraft Science and Technology Initiative, 47 EXTECH II; Targeted Geoscience Initiative 3, TGI3, and Targeted Geoscience Initiative 4, 48 TGI4) put considerable emphasis on geophysical data acquisition (Thomas et al., 2000; 49 Keating et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2008; Tschirhart and Morris, 2015). This makes the BMC 50 a great work area where multiple airborne geophysical datasets can be integrated, modelled 51 and interpreted to determine what are the best practices for interpreting geology in 3D from 52 geophysical data. 53 This contribution presents an overview of 2D and 3D modelling and interpretation routines 54 applied to the existing datasets. We start with an overview of the regional geophysical data 55 available at Natural Resources Canada’s Geoscience Data Repository, followed by a map 56 (2D) interpretation, 2.5D section modelling from the gravity magnetic data, as well as 57 published geology, and finally a 3D geological modelling exercise in the NW part of the camp. 58 3 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 4 of 50 59 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 60 The Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) encompasses an area of approximately 70 x 70 km in the 61 Miramichi Highlands of northern New Brunswick. Figure 1 shows a regional geology map of 62 the camp (Thomas et al., 2000; van Staal et al., 2002, 2003a). In general terms the BMC 63 consists of a Middle Ordovician predominantly felsic volcanic sequence structurally overlain 64 by Middle to Upper Ordovician mafic volcanic and minor interbedded pelagic sedimentary 65 rocks. The felsic volcanics rocks range in composition from dacite to rhyolite, locally 66 interbedded with tholeiitic basalts, whereas the structurally overlying mafic pile comprises 67 oceanic tholeiitic to alkali pillow basalts (Rogers and van Staal, 2003). The dominantly felsic 68 volcanic pile was erupted onto an older sequence of clastic sedimentary rocks (Miramichi 69 Group). Sedimentary rocks are intercalatedDraft with the volcanic rocks.There is a distinctive post- 70 volcanic turbidite succession ( e.g. Tomogonops Formation), which was deposited during 71 backarc closure (Wilson et al., 2015). The BMC comprises several distinct tectonic blocks 72 and slivers, each characterized by unique volcanic stratigraphies, reflecting deposition in 73 separate parts of the Tetagouche back-arc basin. These blocks developed during the Early to 74 Middle Ordovician in response to protracted rifting of the peri-Gondwanan west-facing 75 Popelogan arc. Subsequent closure of the Tetagouche back-arc basin and incorporation in 76 the Brunswick subduction complex in the Late Ordovician to Early Silurian resulted in 77 juxtaposition and imbrication of the tectonic blocks into a series of large thrust nappes. 78 Deformation was polyphase, complex and long-lived creating the complex structures and 79 tectono-stratigraphic relationships present in the BMC (van Staal et al., 2003b). 80 At least 4 distinct deformation events can be recognized in the area (van Staal et al., 2001, 81 2008; Wilson et al., 2017): 4 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 5 of 50 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 82 D1: thrust faults and overturned isoclinal folds with axial planar foliation (Late Ordovician – 83 Early Silurian), which formed under high pressure greenschist and blueschist facies 84 conditions. 85 D2: tight to isoclinal folds with shallowly to steeply plunging fold axes accompanied by steeply 86 dipping axial planar cleavages formed under greenschist facies conditions (Late Silurian). 87 D3: open to tight recumbent folds (Late Silurian). 88 D4: regional scale, N-NE to S–SW trending folds and cleavages (Early Devonian). 89 The BMC is host to 46 volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits, 25 of them with 90 resources over 1Mt, including the supergiant 229 Mt Brunswick No. 12 Mine, and over 141 91 massive sulphide occurrences (McCutcheonDraft et al., 2003). In 2001 the BMC produced 30% of 92 Canada's Zn, 53% of its Pb, and 17% of its Ag (Goodfellow et al., 2003). Thomas et al. (2000) 93 present an excellent overview of the observed geophysical data over some of the known VMS 94 deposits in the camp. Thomas (2003) extends the previous work with an analysis of the 95 gravity signature of massive sulphide deposits, with constraints on the extent of the expected 96 anomalies for buried bodies. However, as pointed out by Tschirhart et al. (2013) and Rogers 97 et al. (2014), in the particular case of Bathurst, most of the observed gravity and magnetic 98 geophysical signal is being driven by regional mafic volcanic units, and not by the ore bodies 99 themselves. Therefore, rather than aiming at direct detection of ore bodies, geophysical data 100 should be used for resolving regional structure and the geometry of the main lithological 101 contacts. A detailed understanding of the distribution of lithologies at depth and the 3D 102 geometry of structures is key in regional exploration targeting. 5 https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Page 6 of 50 103 104 GEOPHYSICAL DATA 105 A) Magnetic Data 106 The Bathurst Mining Camp is a unique case due to its wealth of airborne geophysical data in 107 the form of multiple overlapping surveys covering the entire camp. Table 1 and Figure 2 show 108 the details of the airborne surveys compiled for this work. The main surveys are two high 109 resolution airborne magnetic, radiometric and frequency domain electromagnetic (FDEM) 110 surveys flown by EXTECH II in 1995 (Wright et al., 1998) and a magnetic and MEGATEM 111 survey flown by Fugro Airborne Surveys for Noranda Inc. in 2004. In order to provide 112 complete aeromagnetic coverage for theDraft entire camp, additional regional magnetic surveys 113 from NRCAN’s Geoscience Data Repository were compiled with the aforementioned two 114 surveys (Table 1; Fig. 2). 115 For the magnetic data, the processing sequence involved downward continuation of all the 116 profile data to a common surface of 60 m above the ground. This was achieved via a 2nd 117 order Taylor expansion of the magnetic data (Pilkington and Thurston, 2001). The objective of 118 this correction is the normalization of observed amplitudes to a common datum above the 119 ground. Then the data were microlevelled to reduce corrugations associated to line-to-line 120 leveling artifacts. The original microlevelling routine involves the generation of a “noise” grid 121 via FFT calculation of a combination of a high-pass and a directional cosine filter in the 122 direction of the flight lines (Minty, 1991), followed by a subtraction of this noise grid from the 123 original one.
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