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Zinc Energy and Mines Minerals and Petroleum Mineral Commodity Profile No Zinc Energy and Mines Minerals and Petroleum Mineral Commodity Profile No. 9 inc (Zn) is the 23rd most abundant element in the Earth's Uses Zcrust and accounts for approximately 0.0075% of the crust by weight. The name zinc is of German origin and may Over half of the world’s production of zinc is used as a have been derived from the Persian word sing meaning protective coating on steel and iron to prevent rusting. Zinc is stone. Zinc is included with the base metals, which are those also used in the making of brass (an alloy of zinc and copper), common metals that are readily corroded by oxidization. in batteries and solder, and in medicinal compounds. Pure zinc (Zn) is a bluish white metal and has a relative World Production density of 7.14 g/cm3, slightly less dense than iron (Fe), and has a melting point (420ºC) which is low relative to most In terms of tonnage produced, zinc is fourth among all metals other metals. Zinc readily combines with sulphur (S) to form in world production behind iron, aluminum and copper. Zinc is the mineral sphalerite (ZnS), which accounts for the bulk of produced in many countries, and annual global production is global zinc production. Other zinc minerals include franklinite in the order of 12 million tonnes. In 2011, Canada ranked seventh in the world with an annual production of 670,000 (ZnFe2O4) and smithsonite (ZnCO3). tonnes. Approximately a third of this production came from mines in New Brunswick. In Canada, zinc production comes from a variety of deposit types that are exploited by open pit and underground mining methods. Global zinc production in 2011 (total = 12.4 million tonnes) China Australia Peru 5% 4% 4% 3% 5% United States 6% India 32% 6% Canada Mexico 11% 11% 13% Bolivia Kazakhstan Ireland Source: USGS 2012 Other Zinc Mining in New Brunswick Sphalerite (ZnS, dark brown) and pyrite (FeS2, yellow) from the Nigadoo deposit in northern New Brunswick. Almost all of New Brunswick's present and historical zinc production has come from the world famous Bathurst Mining Camp, located in the northeastern part of the province (Figure 1). Historically, production has come from open pit and underground mining operations at several volcanogenic Hot-dip massive sulphide (VMS) deposits (Figure 1), including: galvanization Brunswick No. 6 (1), Heath Steele (2), Caribou (3), Stratmat where steel parts (4), Restigouche (5) and Halfmile (6). According to Lydon are dipped in (2007), the value of total historical zinc production from the liquid zinc Bathurst Mining Camp is approximately $27.5 billion (2005 (bottom of Canadian dollars). The majority of the production has come photograph) to from the giant Brunswick No. 12 underground mine (7), prevent corrosion which to the end of 2010 has produced 11.43 million tonnes of the steel. of Zn metal as well as appreciable amounts of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag). Significant zinc mineralization also occurs in VMS-like deposits in Early Devonian submarine sequences dominated by volcanic and sedimentary rocks in northeast and west- central parts of New Brunswick (Figures 1 and 2), such as Nash Creek (8), Sewell Brook (9), and Gravel Hill (10). In addition, zinc mineralization occurs in granite-related polymetallic deposits such as Nigadoo (11), Keymet (12), Mount Costigan (13), and Mount Pleasant (14). Mineral Commodity Profile No. 9 Zinc / 1 Selected VMS zinc deposits 48°00'00" N of the Bathurst Mining Camp 8 W 20 1 Brunswick No. 6 (144) 12 11 2 Heath Steele (395 / 396) 23 68°30'00" 3 Caribou (444) 22 21 Bathurst 4 Stratmat Boundry, N5 (255 / 257) 3 19 5 7 1 5 Restigouche (139) 6 Halfmile (420) 6 4 7 Brunswick No. 12 (54) 2 Gulf VMS-like zinc deposits 9 of outside Bathurst Mining Camp St. Lawrence 13 8 Nash Creek (1090) 9 Sewell Brook (986) 10 Gravel Hill (225) Granite-related zinc deposits 11 Nigadoo (128) 19 McKenzie Gulch (497) 12 Keymet (368) 20 Patapat Brook (75) 10 13 Mount Costigan (720) 21 Beresford Cu (125) Moncton 14 Mount Pleasant North (314) 16 Fredericton Stratabound sediment-hosted zinc Sackville W 15 Peekaboo Corner (27) Sussex 17 15 16 Breau Creek North (1326) 18 Shear zone-hosted zinc 64°00'00" 14 45°30'00" N 17 Lumsden (56) 18 Teahan Mine (30) 22 Hachey (859) Fundy of 23 Shaft (13) Saint Bay John Late Devonian to Triassic sedimentary and volcanic rocks Devonian granite intrusions 0 40 km Late Ordovician to Early Devonian sedimentary and volcanic rocks Ordovician granite intrusions Late Cambrian to Middle Ordovician sedimentary and intrusive rocks Neoproterozoic to Cambrian volcanic, sedimentary and intrusive rocks Figure 1. Significant zinc deposits in New Brunswick. Numbers in brackets correspond to the unique reference number in the New Brunswick mineral occurrence database (NBDEM 2013). New Brunswick Zinc Deposits Mining Camp that collectively contained an estimated sulphide resource of 500 million tonnes. These deposits range in size from small bodies of about 100,000 tonnes to Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Deposits the giant Brunswick No. 12 with a size of 350 million tonnes. Likewise, grade can be highly varied among deposits, ranging New Brunswick zinc resources come primarily from VMS from low grades of about 2% Zn + Pb to higher grade deposits deposits associated with Ordovician felsic (silica-rich) containing 8% Zn and 4% Pb such as at Brunswick No. 12. volcanic rocks of the Bathurst Mining Camp (Franklin et al. 1981; McCutcheon et al. 2003; Goodfellow and McCutcheon 2003). VMS deposits form in marine basins that are undergoing extension, such as in backarc basins where new Sphalerite (dark ocean floor is being generated by spreading along oceanic brown) in high- ridges (Figure 2, top). VMS deposits have accounted for the grade massive bulk of the world's primary zinc resource, which occurs sulphide ore from almost exclusively in the mineral sphalerite. VMS deposits the Brunswick No. are bedded accumulations of Fe-, Zn-, Pb-, and Cu-bearing 12 deposit. sulphides that have precipitated from hot metal-rich fluids discharged from hydrothermal vents (more commonly known as black smokers) located on the sea floor. (Figure 3) These vents commonly occur in clusters, which accounts for the distribution of the 46 known deposits in the Bathurst Mineral Commodity Profile No. 9 Zinc / 2 Early Paleozoic backarc basin 1 through 7 NW SE 22 and 23 Middle Paleozoic 11 through 13 and 19 through 21 8 through 10 1 through 7 17 and 18 NW SE Late Paleozoic 11 through 13 and 19 through 21 15 and 16 8 through 10 1 through 7 14 22 and 23 17 and 18 NW SE VMS VMS-like outside of Bathurst Mining Camp Granite-related 1. Brunswick No. 6 8. Nash Creek 11. Nigadoo 2. Heath Steele 9. Sewell Brook 12. Keymet 3. Caribou 10. Gravel Hill Shear zone-hosted 13. Mount Costigan 4. Stratmat Boundry, N5 17. Lumsden 14. Mount Pleasant Stratabound sediment-hosted 5. Restigouche 18. Teahan Mine 19. McKenzie Gulch 15. Peekaboo Corner 6. Halfmile 22. Hachey 20. Patapat Brook 16. Breau Creek North 7. Brunswick No. 12 23. Shaft 21. Beresford Cu Figure 2. Schematic diagram showing geologic setting of New Brunswick zinc deposits. See Figure 1 legend for ages and types of host rocks (dark blue are Cambrian to Early Ordovician sedimentary rocks found in Nova Scotia). Granite-related Zinc Deposits pressure of the overlying rocks decreased. The expanding fluid fractured the overlying rock and the subsequent sudden Granite-related deposits in New Brunswick include three decrease in pressure, and the cooling that accompanied it, types of mineralization – endogranitic, polymetallic veins, favoured the precipitation of complex ore-mineral and skarn (Figures 1, 2 and 4). These three types all formed assemblages. from hot, hydrothermal fluids that were generated during the slow cooling and crystallization of granitic (silica-rich) Sphalerite (ZnS) is an important accessory ore mineral in the magma as it rose high into the Earth's crust during the Mount Pleasant polymetallic deposit located south of Devonian time period. Volatile-enriched fluids, containing Fredericton (Figures 1, 2 and 4). The Zn and associated Sn in CO2, SO2, and H2S, and dissolved metals (including Zn, Pb, the North Zone at Mount Pleasant (14) occur in stockwork Cu, and characteristic granophile metals such as tungsten veins and as irregular lodes within subvolcanic granitic (W), molybdenum (Mo), tin (Sn), and antimony (Sb)), were intrusions and so are referred to as endogranitic released from the ascending magma as the confining mineralization. Mount Pleasant contains an indicated Mineral Commodity Profile No. 9 Zinc / 3 resource of 12.4 million tonnes grading 0.86% Zn, and an Caldera additional inferred resource of 2.8 million tonnes grading zone of fracturing 1.13% Zn (McCutcheon et al. 2012). The value of sphalerite at Mount Pleasant is enhanced by its content of the rare Polymetallic vein Exogranitic Nigadoo/Keymet element indium (up to 300 grams per tonne of ore). Endogranitic Cu-Mo-Zn-Pb Polymetallic vein deposits form when a single large quartz Cu-Mo-Zn-Pb Mount Pleasant Patapat Brook vein or sets of quartz veins precipitate from hydrothermal fluids injected into fractured country rocks surrounding Granite granitic intrusions. Zn-rich veins of economic grade have intrusion been mined in New Brunswick at Nigadoo (11) and Keymet (12). Beresford Cu/ McKenzie Gulch Limestone Oxygenated Hydrothermal plume; Felsic Sulphide particles volcanic Hydrothermal vent Hydrothermal fluid flow (black smokers) Contact metamorphic aureole rocks Iron Skarn mineralization Bedded sulphides formation and alteration developed in limestone Seafloor Felsic dyke Area of disseminated / vein / massive sulphide mineralization fault Figure 4. Model relating endogranitic, polymetallic vein, and Altered rocks Sulphide Black shale skarn zinc mineralization to granitic intrusions with examples feeder zone cited in text.
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